A church was a type of religious building in Human religion, particularly Christianity.
The novel The Big Good-Bye mentioned Trinity Church, a church located in Manhattan in New York City. (TNG: "The Big Goodbye")
Mrs. Carmichael, an inhabitant of 19th century San Francisco, had some acting experience from participating in church plays when she was a lass. (TNG: "Time's Arrow, Part II")
In 2053, during World War III, the East Fork Presbyterian Church in Richmond, Indiana was used as a refuge by a few hundred people. They believed they were about to die in a nuclear attack, but before this could happen, the church and its occupants were transported to the Beta Quadrant planet Terralysium, where it became a shrine in a new religion. (DIS: "New Eden")
According to Christopher Pike, one of his cousins only gave a straight answer when in church. (DIS: "Saints of Imperfection")
In 2367, Doctor Noonien Soong mentioned churches as one of the old things that Humans found fascinating. (TNG: "Brothers")
A church was part of the Fair Haven holoprogram. In 2376, Harry Kim mentioned the church as one of many possibilities for what to try and save first after USS Voyager's holodeck malfunctioned. (VOY: "Fair Haven")
The Caldos colony had a church building near its cemetery. (TNG: "Sub Rosa")
In 2376, Tom Paris suggested going to church (or the Klingon equivalent) would be an easier way for B'Elanna Torres to explore her spirituality than inducing a near-death experience. (VOY: "Barge of the Dead")
Among the items stored in the USS Cerritos' anomaly storage room was a hat that turned Andy Billups into a church tower. (LD: "In the Cradle of Vexilon")