MALLOC(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MALLOC(3)
NAME
 malloc, free, calloc, realloc, reallocarray - allocate and free dynamic
 memory
SYNOPSIS
 #include <stdlib.h>
 void *malloc(size_t size);
 void free(void *ptr);
 void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
 void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
 void *reallocarray(void *ptr, size_t nmemb, size_t size);
 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
 reallocarray():
 Since glibc 2.29:
 _DEFAULT_SOURCE
 Glibc 2.28 and earlier:
 _GNU_SOURCE
DESCRIPTION
 The malloc() function allocates size bytes and returns a pointer to the
 allocated memory. The memory is not initialized. If size is 0, then
 malloc() returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can later
 be successfully passed to free().
 The free() function frees the memory space pointed to by ptr, which
 must have been returned by a previous call to malloc(), calloc(), or
 realloc(). Otherwise, or if free(ptr) has already been called before,
 undefined behavior occurs. If ptr is NULL, no operation is performed.
 The calloc() function allocates memory for an array of nmemb elements
 of size bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. The
 memory is set to zero. If nmemb or size is 0, then calloc() returns
 either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can later be successfully
 passed to free(). If the multiplication of nmemb and size would result
 in integer overflow, then calloc() returns an error. By contrast, an
 integer overflow would not be detected in the following call to mal-
 loc(), with the result that an incorrectly sized block of memory would
 be allocated:
 malloc(nmemb * size);
 The realloc() function changes the size of the memory block pointed to
 by ptr to size bytes. The contents will be unchanged in the range from
 the start of the region up to the minimum of the old and new sizes. If
 the new size is larger than the old size, the added memory will not be
 initialized. If ptr is NULL, then the call is equivalent to mal-
 loc(size), for all values of size; if size is equal to zero, and ptr is
 not NULL, then the call is equivalent to free(ptr). Unless ptr is
 NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to malloc(), cal-
 loc(), or realloc(). If the area pointed to was moved, a free(ptr) is
 done.
 The reallocarray() function changes the size of the memory block
 pointed to by ptr to be large enough for an array of nmemb elements,
 each of which is size bytes. It is equivalent to the call
 realloc(ptr, nmemb * size);
 However, unlike that realloc() call, reallocarray() fails safely in the
 case where the multiplication would overflow. If such an overflow oc-
 curs, reallocarray() returns NULL, sets errno to ENOMEM, and leaves the
 original block of memory unchanged.
RETURN VALUE
 The malloc() and calloc() functions return a pointer to the allocated
 memory, which is suitably aligned for any built-in type. On error,
 these functions return NULL. NULL may also be returned by a successful
 call to malloc() with a size of zero, or by a successful call to cal-
 loc() with nmemb or size equal to zero.
 The free() function returns no value.
 The realloc() function returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory,
 which is suitably aligned for any built-in type, or NULL if the request
 failed. The returned pointer may be the same as ptr if the allocation
 was not moved (e.g., there was room to expand the allocation in-place),
 or different from ptr if the allocation was moved to a new address. If
 size was equal to 0, either NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to
 free() is returned. If realloc() fails, the original block is left un-
 touched; it is not freed or moved.
 On success, the reallocarray() function returns a pointer to the newly
 allocated memory. On failure, it returns NULL and the original block
 of memory is left untouched.
ERRORS
 calloc(), malloc(), realloc(), and reallocarray() can fail with the
 following error:
 ENOMEM Out of memory. Possibly, the application hit the RLIMIT_AS or
 RLIMIT_DATA limit described in getrlimit(2).
VERSIONS
 reallocarray() first appeared in glibc in version 2.26.
ATTRIBUTES
 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see at-
 tributes(7).
 +---------------------+---------------+---------+
 |Interface | Attribute | Value |
 +---------------------+---------------+---------+
 |malloc(), free(), | Thread safety | MT-Safe |
 |calloc(), realloc() | | |
 +---------------------+---------------+---------+
CONFORMING TO
 malloc(), free(), calloc(), realloc(): POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, C89,
 C99.
 reallocarray() is a nonstandard extension that first appeared in Open-
 BSD 5.6 and FreeBSD 11.0.
NOTES
 By default, Linux follows an optimistic memory allocation strategy.
 This means that when malloc() returns non-NULL there is no guarantee
 that the memory really is available. In case it turns out that the
 system is out of memory, one or more processes will be killed by the
 OOM killer. For more information, see the description of
 /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory and /proc/sys/vm/oom_adj in proc(5), and
 the Linux kernel source file Documentation/vm/overcommit-account-
 ing.rst.
 Normally, malloc() allocates memory from the heap, and adjusts the size
 of the heap as required, using sbrk(2). When allocating blocks of mem-
 ory larger than MMAP_THRESHOLD bytes, the glibc malloc() implementation
 allocates the memory as a private anonymous mapping using mmap(2).
 MMAP_THRESHOLD is 128 kB by default, but is adjustable using mal-
 lopt(3). Prior to Linux 4.7 allocations performed using mmap(2) were
 unaffected by the RLIMIT_DATA resource limit; since Linux 4.7, this
 limit is also enforced for allocations performed using mmap(2).
 To avoid corruption in multithreaded applications, mutexes are used in-
 ternally to protect the memory-management data structures employed by
 these functions. In a multithreaded application in which threads si-
 multaneously allocate and free memory, there could be contention for
 these mutexes. To scalably handle memory allocation in multithreaded
 applications, glibc creates additional memory allocation arenas if mu-
 tex contention is detected. Each arena is a large region of memory
 that is internally allocated by the system (using brk(2) or mmap(2)),
 and managed with its own mutexes.
 SUSv2 requires malloc(), calloc(), and realloc() to set errno to ENOMEM
 upon failure. Glibc assumes that this is done (and the glibc versions
 of these routines do this); if you use a private malloc implementation
 that does not set errno, then certain library routines may fail without
 having a reason in errno.
 Crashes in malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), or free() are almost always
 related to heap corruption, such as overflowing an allocated chunk or
 freeing the same pointer twice.
 The malloc() implementation is tunable via environment variables; see
 mallopt(3) for details.
SEE ALSO
 valgrind(1), brk(2), mmap(2), alloca(3), malloc_get_state(3),
 malloc_info(3), malloc_trim(3), malloc_usable_size(3), mallopt(3),
 mcheck(3), mtrace(3), posix_memalign(3)
 For details of the GNU C library implementation, see
 <https://sourceware.org/glibc/wiki/MallocInternals>.
COLOPHON
 This page is part of release 5.10 of the Linux man-pages project. A
 description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
 latest version of this page, can be found at
 https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
GNU 2020年06月09日 MALLOC(3)