Hydrological implications of inland boundary conditions in coastal aquifers subject to sea level rise
Implications hydrogéologiques des conditions limites à terre des aquifères côtiers sujets à une augmentation du niveau de la mer
Implicancias hidrológicas de las condiciones de contorno hacia el interior en acuíferos costeros afectados por el aumento del nivel del mar
海平面上升背景下滨海含水层内陆边界条件的水文意义
Implicações hidrológicas das condições de contorno interiores em aquíferos costeiros sujeitos à elevação do nível do mar
- Paper
- Published:
- Volume 33, pages 1877–1895 (2025)
- Cite this article
- Rajagopal Sadhasivam 1 ,
- Venkatraman Srinivasan ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-8893 1,2 &
- T. Prabhakar Clement 3
-
351 Accesses
-
1 Altmetric
Abstract
Climate change-induced sea level rise (SLR) is widely perceived as a significant driver of increased saltwater intrusion (SWI) in coastal aquifers. Previous studies show that, depending on the choice of inland freshwater boundary conditions, models predict contrasting results regarding SWI due to SLR. While simulations employing head-controlled (HC) freshwater boundary conditions show considerable additional SWI, those using flux-controlled (FC) freshwater boundary conditions show negligible additional SWI. However, the hydrological implications of inland freshwater boundary conditions on coastal water balances remain underexplored. Here, a widely studied field-scale conceptual problem is employed to comprehensively assess the hydrological implications of inland freshwater boundary conditions in coastal aquifers subject to SLR. The results show that coastal aquifers subject to SLR under: (i) HC conditions experience a flux-decline effect wherein freshwater fluxes reduce; and (ii) FC conditions experience a head-lift effect wherein freshwater heads increase. The analysis shows that HC aquifers exhibit prolonged transient responses in salt-wedge movement, suggesting ongoing responses to recent sea level changes. Additionally, the flux-decline effect in HC systems alters the overall aquifer and catchment coastal hydrological water balances and requires appropriate hydrological evaluations. FC systems, on the other hand, are mass-conservative and do not suffer from hydrological water balance artifacts. However, the head-lift effect in FC aquifers can cause inundation in low-lying regions with topographically limited aquifers. This study helps to comprehensively characterize the underlying mechanisms behind SWI and the hydrological implications of the choice of inland boundary conditions for studying the impacts of SLR.
Resume
L’augmentation du niveau de mer induite par le changement climatique est perçu largement comme un facteur significatif de l’augmentation de l’intrusion marine dans les aquifères côtiers. Les précédentes études montrent qu’en fonction de la sélection des conditions limites eau douce à terre, les modèles prédisent des résultats contrastés concernant l’intrusion d’eau de mer à cause de l’augmentation du niveau de la mer. Alors que les simulations employant de conditions limites eau douce de charge hydraulique contrôlée (CH) montrent des intrusions d’eau saline supplémentaires considérables, celles utilisant les conditions limites eau douce de type écoulement contrôlé (EC) montrent des augmentations d’intrusion saline négligeables. Cependant, les implications hydrologiques des conditions limites eau douce à terre sur les bilans hydrologiques côtiers demeurent sous étudiés. Ici, un problème conceptuel à l’échelle du terrain largement étudié est employé pour évaluer les implications hydrologiques des conditions limites eau douce à terre dans les aquifères côtiers sujets à l’augmentation du niveau de la mer. Les résultats montrent que les aquifères côtiers soumis à l’augmentation du niveau de la mer dans : (i) des conditions CH subissent un effet de déclin du flux dans lequel les flux d’eau douce diminuent ; et (ii) des conditions EC subissent un effet d’élévation de la charge hydraulique dans lequel les charges d’eau douce augmentent. L’analyse montre que les aquifères CH présentent des réponses transitoires prolongées dans le mouvement du coin de sel, suggérant des réponses continues aux récents changements du niveau de la mer. De plus, l’effet du déclin du flux dans les systèmes CH altère l’aquifère dans son ensemble et les bilans hydriques du bassin d’alimentation et nécessite des évaluations hydrologiques appropriées. Les systèmes EC, en revanche, sont conservateurs en termes de masse et ne souffrent pas d’artéfacts de bilan hydrologique. Cependant, l’effet d’élévation de charge hydraulique dans les aquifères EC peut provoquer des inondations dans les régions de basse altitude où les limites des aquifères sont marquées par la topographie. Cette étude permet de caractériser de manière exhaustive les mécanismes sous-jacents à l’intrusion des eaux de mer et les implications hydrologiques du choix des conditions limites à terre pour étudier les impacts de l’augmentation du niveau de la mer.
Resumen
El aumento del nivel del mar (SLR) provocado por el cambio climático se considera ampliamente como un factor importante del aumento de la intrusión de agua salada (SWI) en los acuíferos costeros. Estudios previos muestran que, dependiendo de la elección de las condiciones de contorno de agua dulce hacia el interior, los modelos predicen resultados contradictorios con respecto a la SWI debido al SLR. Mientras que las simulaciones que emplean condiciones de contorno de agua dulce controladas por la altura (HC) muestran un aumento considerable de la SWI, aquellas que utilizan condiciones de contorno de agua dulce controladas por el flujo (FC) muestran un aumento insignificante de la SWI. Sin embargo, las consecuencias hidrológicas de las condiciones de contorno de agua dulce hacia el interior en el balance hídrico costero siguen sin estar suficientemente estudiadas. En este trabajo se emplea un problema conceptual a escala de campo ampliamente estudiado para evaluar de forma exhaustiva las implicancias hidrológicas de las condiciones de contorno del agua dulce continental en los acuíferos costeros sujetos al SLR. Los resultados muestran que los acuíferos costeros sujetos al SLR bajo: (i) condiciones HC experimentan un efecto de disminución del flujo en el que se reducen los flujos de agua dulce; y (ii) condiciones FC experimentan un efecto de elevación de la carga hidráulica en el que aumentan las cargas hidráulicas del agua dulce. El análisis muestra que los acuíferos HC muestran respuestas transitorias prolongadas en el movimiento de la cuñña de sal, lo que sugiere respuestas continuas a los cambios recientes del nivel del mar. Además, el efecto de disminución del flujo en los sistemas HC altera el balance hídrico costero general del acuífero y de la cuenca hidrográfica, y requiere evaluaciones hidrológicas adecuadas. Por otro lado, los sistemas FC son conservadores en cuanto a la masa y no sufren alteraciones en el balance hídrico. Sin embargo, el efecto de elevación de la carga hidráulica en los acuíferos FC puede causar inundaciones en regiones bajas con acuíferos limitados topográficamente. Este estudio ayuda a caracterizar de manera exhaustiva los mecanismos subyacentes detrás del SWI y las implicaciones hidrológicas de la elección de las condiciones de contorno interiores para estudiar los impactos del SLR.
摘要
气候变化引发的海平面上升(SLR)被广泛认为是滨海含水层咸水入侵(SWI)加剧的重要驱动因素。已有研究表明,模型对SLR引发的SWI预测结果受内陆淡水边界条件选择的显著影响。采用水头控制(HC)淡水边界条件的模拟结果显示,SLR会导致大量额外的咸水入侵;而采用通量控制(FC)淡水边界条件的模拟则表明,额外的咸水入侵可忽略。然而,内陆淡水边界条件对滨海地区水量平衡的水文影响尚缺乏系统研究。本文采用一个广泛研究的场地尺度概念模型,系统评估了海平面上升情景下内陆淡水边界条件对滨海含水层水文过程的影响。结果显示,海平面上升下:(i)HC条件下滨海含水层出现淡水通量下降效应,即淡水流动通量减少;(ii)FC条件下则出现水头提升效应,即淡水水头升高。分析还发现,HC含水层中的咸水楔移动响应呈现出更为持久的过渡过程,表明其对近期海平面变化的延续性响应。此外,HC系统中的淡水通量下降效应会改变整体含水层及其流域的滨海水量平衡,需要开展针对性的水文评价。相比之下,FC系统具有质量守恒特性,不会出现水量平衡失真问题,但其水头提升效应可能导致地势低洼且含水层厚度受限地区出现淹没风险。该研究有助于全面揭示海平面上升驱动下咸水入侵的机制,并为研究海平面上升影响时内陆边界条件的选择及其水文意义提供了理论支撑。
Resumo
A elevação do nível do mar (ENM) induzida por mudanças climáticas é amplamente percebida como um fator significativo para o aumento da intrusão de água salgada (IAS) em aquíferos costeiros. Estudos anteriores mostram que, dependendo da escolha das condições de contorno para água doce interior, os modelos preveem resultados contrastantes em relação à IAS devido à ENM. Enquanto simulações empregando condições de contorno para água doce controladas por carga (CC) mostram IAS adicional considerável, aquelas que usam condições de contorno para água doce controladas por fluxo (CF) mostram IAS adicional insignificante. No entanto, as implicações hidrológicas das condições de contorno para água doce interior nos balanços hídricos costeiros permanecem pouco exploradas. Aqui, um problema conceitual em escala de campo amplamente estudado é empregado para avaliar de forma abrangente as implicações hidrológicas das condições de contorno para água doce interior em aquíferos costeiros sujeitos à ENM. Os resultados mostram que aquíferos costeiros sujeitos à ENM sob: (i) condições CC sofrem um efeito de declínio de fluxo, no qual os fluxos de água doce reduzem; e (ii) as condições CF sofrem um efeito de elevação de carga em que as cargas de água doce aumentam. A análise mostra que os aquíferos CC apresentam respostas transitórias prolongadas no movimento da cunha salina, sugerindo respostas contínuas às recentes mudanças no nível do mar. Além disso, o efeito de declínio do fluxo em sistemas HC altera os balanços hidrológicos costeiros gerais do aquífero e da captação e requer avaliações hidrológicas apropriadas. Os sistemas CF, por outro lado, são conservadores em massa e não sofrem de artefatos de balanço hídrico hidrológico. No entanto, o efeito de elevação de carga em aquíferos CF pode causar inundação em regiões baixas com aquíferos topograficamente limitados. Este estudo ajuda a caracterizar de forma abrangente os mecanismos subjacentes por trás da IAS e as implicações hidrológicas da escolha das condições de contorno interiores para estudar os impactos da ENM.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this article
Subscribe and save
- Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
- Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
- Cancel anytime
Buy Now
Price includes VAT (Japan)
Instant access to the full article PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.Availability of data and material
Not applicable
References
Abd-Elhamid HF, Javadi AA, Qahman KM (2015) Impact of over-pumping and sea level rise on seawater intrusion in Gaza aquifer (Palestine). J Water Climate Change 6(4):891–902. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.055
Abdoulhalik A, Ahmed AA, Abdelgawad AM, Hamill GA (2021) Towards a correlation between long-term seawater intrusion response and water level fluctuations. Water 13(5):719. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050719
Akbarpour S, Niksokhan MH (2018) Investigating effects of climate change, urbanization, and sea level changes on groundwater resources in a coastal aquifer: an integrated assessment. Environ Monit Assess 190(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6953-3
Alley WM, Healy RW, LaBaugh JW, Reilly TE (2002) Flow and storage in groundwater systems. Science 296(5575):1985–1990. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067123
Ataie-Ashtiani B, Werner AD, Simmons CT, Morgan LK, Lu C (2013) How important is the impact of land-surface inundation on seawater intrusion caused by sea-level rise? Hydrogeol J 21(7):1673–1677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1021-0
Barlow PM, Reichard EG (2010) Saltwater intrusion in coastal regions of North America. Hydrogeol J 18(1):247–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0514-3
Becker M, Karpytchev M, Hu A (2023) Increased exposure of coastal cities to sea-level rise due to internal climate variability. Nat Clim Chang. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01603-w
Cao T, Han D, Song X (2021) Past, present, and future of global seawater intrusion research: a bibliometric analysis. J Hydrol 603:126844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126844
Carretero S, Rapaglia J, Bokuniewicz H, Kruse E (2013) Impact of sea-level rise on saltwater intrusion length into the coastal aquifer, Partido de La Costa, Argentina. Cont Shelf Res 61–62:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013年04月02日9
Chang SW, Nemec K, Kalin L, Clement TP (2016) Impacts of climate change and urbanization on groundwater resources in a barrier island. J Environ Eng 142(12). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001123
Chang SW, Clement TP, Simpson MJ, Lee K-K (2011) Does sea-level rise have an impact on saltwater intrusion? Adv Water Resour 34(10):1283–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.201106006
Chang Q, Zheng T, Chen Y, Zheng X, Walther M (2020) Investigation of the elevation of saltwater wedge due to subsurface dams. Hydrol Process 34:4251–4261. ISSN 10991085. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13863
Church JA, White NJ (2011) Sea-Level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century. Surv Geophys 32(4–5):585–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1
CIESIN, Columbia University (2018) Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Count, Revision 11. https://doi.org/10.7927/H4JW8BX5. Center For International Earth Science Information Network
Collini RC, Carter J, Auermuller L, Engeman L, Hintzen K, Gambill J, Johnson RE, Miller I, Schafer C, Stiller H (2022) Application guide for the 2022 sea level rise technical report. Technical report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office for Coastal Management, Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium (MASGP-22-028), and Florida Sea Grant (SGEB 88)
Custodio E, Bruggeman GA (1987) Groundwater problems in coastal areas. UNESCO
Dausman AM, Langevin CD (2005) Movement of the saltwater interface in the surficial aquifer system in response to hydrologic stresses and water-management practices, (Broward County, Florida). Scientific Investigations Report: USGS Numbered Series 2004-5256. United States Geological Survey
Delsman JR, Mulder T, Romero Verastegui B, Bootsma H, Zitman P, Huizer S, Oude Essink GH (2023) Reproducible construction of a high-resolution national variable-density groundwater salinity model for the netherlands. Environ Model Softw 164:105683. ISSN 1364-8152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2023.105683
Famiglietti JS (2014) The global groundwater crisis. Nat Clim Chang 4(11):945–948. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2425
Feseker T (2007) Numerical studies on saltwater intrusion in a coastal aquifer in northwestern Germany. Hydrogeol J 15(2):267–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0151-z
Gao M, Zheng T, Chang Q, Zheng X, Walther M (2021) Effects of mixed physical barrier on residual saltwater removal and groundwater discharge in coastal aquifers. Hydrol Proces 35. ISSN 10991085. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14263
Goswami RR, Clement TP (2007) Laboratory-scale investigation of saltwater intrusion dynamics. Water Resources Res 43(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005151
Green NR, MacQuarrie KTB (2014) An evaluation of the relative importance of the effects of climate change and groundwater extraction on seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers in Atlantic Canada. Hydrogeol J 22(3):609–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1092-y
Harbaugh AW, Banta ER, Hill MC, McDonald MG (2000) MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model: user guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process. USGS. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr200092
Holman IP (2005) Climate change impacts on groundwater recharge- uncertainty, shortcomings, and the way forward? Hydrogeol J 14(5):637–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-005-0467-0
Hugman R, Stigter T, Costa L, Monteiro JP (2017) Numerical modelling assessment of climate-change impacts and mitigation measures on the Querença-Silves coastal aquifer (Algarve, Portugal). Hydrogeol J 25(7):2105–2121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1594-0
Jasechko S, Perrone D, Seybold H, Fan Y, Kirchner JW (2020) Groundwater level observations in 250,000 coastal US wells reveal scope of potential seawater intrusion. Nature Commun 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17038-2
Ketabchi H, Mahmoodzadeh D, Ataie-Ashtiani B, Simmons CT (2016) Sea-level rise impacts on seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers: review and integration. J Hydrol 535:235–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016年01月08日3
Konikow LF (2011) Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea-level rise. Geophys Res Lett 38(17). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl048604
Kooi H, Groen J, Leijnse A (2000) Modes of seawater intrusion during transgressions. Water Resour Res 36(12):3581–3589. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900243
Langevin CD, Thorne DT, Dausman AM, Sukop MC, Guo W (2008) SEAWAT Version 4: a computer program for simulation of multi-species solute and heat transport
Langevin CD, Guo W (2006) MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based simulation of variable-density ground water flow and transport. Groundwater 44(3):339–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00156.x
Langevin CD, Zygnerski M (2012) Effect of sea-level rise on salt water intrusion near a coastal well field in Southeastern Florida. Groundwater 51(5):781–803. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.01008.x
Loáiciga HA, Pingel TJ, Garcia ES (2012) Sea water intrusion by sea-level rise: scenarios for the 21st century. Groundwater 50(1):37–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00800.x
Lu C, Werner AD (2013) Timescales of seawater intrusion and retreat. Adv Water Resour 59:39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.201305005
Lu C, Xin P, Li L, Luo J (2015) Seawater intrusion in response to sea-level rise in a coastal aquifer with a general-head inland boundary. J Hydrol 522:135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014年12月05日3
Manivannan V, Elango L (2019) Seawater intrusion and submarine groundwater discharge along the indian coast. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(31):31592–31608. ISSN 1614-7499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06103-z
Manivannan V, Manoj S, RamyaPriya R, Elango L (2022) Delineation and quantification of groundwater resources affected by seawater intrusion along the east coast of india. Environ Earth Sci 81(10). ISSN 1866-6299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10418-5
Mao X, Prommer H, Barry D, Langevin C, Panteleit B, Li L (2006) Three-dimensional model for multi-component reactive transport with variable density groundwater flow. Environ Model Softw 21(5):615–628. ISSN 1364-8152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.200411008
Masciopinto C, Liso IS (2016) Assessment of the impact of sea-level rise due to climate change on coastal groundwater discharge. Sci Total Environ 569-570:672–680. ISSN 0048-9697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016年06月18日3
Masterson JP, Garabedian SP (2007) Effects of sea-level rise on ground water flow in a coastal aquifer system. Groundwater 45(2):209–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00279.x
Mazi K, Koussis AD, Destouni G (2013) Tipping points for seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers under rising sea level. Environ Res Lett 8(1):014001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014001
Meyer R, Engesgaard P, Sonnenborg TO (2019) Origin and dynamics of saltwater intrusion in a regional aquifer: combining 3-d saltwater modeling with geophysical and geochemical data. Water Resour Res 55(3):1792–1813. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018wr023624
Michael HA, Russoniello CJ, Byron LA (2013) Global assessment of vulnerability to sea-level rise in topography-limited and recharge-limited coastal groundwater systems. Water Resour Res 49(4):2228–2240. https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20213
Morgan LK (2024) Sea-level rise impacts on groundwater: exploring some misconceptions with simple analytic solutions. Hydrogeology J 32(5):1287–1294. ISSN 1435-0157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-024-02791-1
Morgan LK, Bakker M, Werner AD (2015) Occurrence of seawater intrusion overshoot. Water Resour Res 51(4):1989–1999. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016329
Motallebian M, Ahmadi H, Raoof A, Cartwright N (2022) Impacts of receding of the lakes located in the arid and semi-arid areas on the coastal groundwater: integrated modeling and experimental study. Water Resour Manage 36(11):4057–4080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03236-8
Narayanan D, Eldho T (2023) Validation of boundary layer solution for assessing mixing zone dynamics of saltwater wedge in a coastal aquifer. J Hydrol 617:128899. ISSN 0022-1694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128899
Narayanan D, Eldho T (2025) Investigations on the saline groundwater pumping method and its impact on active saltwater intrusion on a layered aquifer system. J Environ Manag 373:123747. ISSN 0301-4797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123747
Plane E, Hill K, May C (2019) A rapid assessment method to identify potential groundwater flooding hotspots as sea levels rise in coastal cities. Water 11(11):2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112228
Pool M, Carrera J (2011) A correction factor to account for mixing in Ghyben-Herzberg and critical pumping rate approximations of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. Water Resources Res 47(5). ISSN 1944-7973. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr010256
Pörtner HO, Roberts DC, Delmotte V, Zhai P, Tignor M, Poloczanska E, Mintenbeck K, Nicolai M, Okem A, Petzold J (2022) Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. Cambridge University Press, pp 3–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.001
Provost AM, Voss CI (2019) SUTRA, a model for saturated-unsaturated, variable-density groundwater flow with solute or energy transport—Documentation of generalized boundary conditions, a modified implementation of specified pressures and concentrations or temperatures, and the lake capability
Pruess K, Oldenburg C, Moridis G (1999) TOUGH2 User’s Guide Version 2. Technical Report LBNL-43134R&D Project: 469602; TRN: US0003482, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Rajaveni SP, Nair IS, Brindha K, Elango L (2021) Finite element modelling to assess the submarine groundwater discharge in an over exploited multilayered coastal aquifer. Environ Sci Pollution Res 28(47):67456–67471. ISSN 1614-7499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15219-0
Ranjbar A, Cherubini C, Saber A (2020) Investigation of transient sea level rise impacts on water quality of unconfined shallow coastal aquifers. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17(5):2607–2622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02684-2
Rasmussen P, Sonnenborg TO, Goncear G, Hinsby K (2013) Assessing impacts of climate change, sea level rise, and drainage canals on saltwater intrusion to coastal aquifer. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 17(1):421–443. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-421-2013
Rathore SS, Tang Y, Lu C, Luo J (2020) A simplified equation of approximate interface profile in stratified coastal aquifers. J Hydrol 580:124249. ISSN 0022-1694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124249
Rathore SS, Zhao Y, Lu C, Luo J (2018) Analytical analysis of the temporal asymmetry between seawater intrusion and retreat. Adv Water Resources 111:121–131. ISSN 0309-1708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.201711001
Safi A, Rachid G, El-Fadel M, Doummar J, Najm MA, Alameddine I (2018) Synergy of climate change and local pressures on saltwater intrusion in coastal urban areas: effective adaptation for policy planning. Water Int 43(2):145–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2018.1434957
Sathish S, Elango L (2019) Impact of sea level rise and tidal effects on flux-controlled and partially isolated shallow aquifer on the southeast coast of India. Environ Monitoring Assess 191(2). ISSN 1573-2959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7157-6
Scanlon BR, Zhang Z, Save H, Sun AY, Schmied HM, van Beek LPH, Wiese DN, Wada Y, Long D, Reedy RC, Longuevergne L, Doll P, Bierkens MFP (2018) Global models underestimate large decadal declining and rising water storage trends relative to GRACE satellite data. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(6). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704665115
Shen Y, Xin P, Yu X (2020) Combined effect of cutoff wall and tides on groundwater flow and salinity distribution in coastal unconfined aquifers. J Hydrol 581. ISSN 00221694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124444
Sherif MM, Singh VP (1999) Effect of climate change on sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers. Hydrol Process 13(8):1277–1287. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19990615)13
Shi W, Lu C, Ye Y, Wu J, Li L, Luo J (2018) Assessment of the impact of sea-level rise on steady-state seawater intrusion in a layered coastal aquifer. J Hydrol 563:851–862. ISSN 0022-1694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018年06月04日6
Shrivastava GS (1998) Impact of sea level rise on seawater intrusion into coastal aquifer. J Hydrol Eng 3(1):74–78. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(1998)3:1(74)
Song S-H, Zemansky G (2013) Groundwater level fluctuation in the Waimea Plains, New Zealand: changes in a coastal aquifer within the last 30 years. Environ Earth Sci 70(5):2167–2178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2359-2
Strack ODL (1976) A single-potential solution for regional interface problems in coastal aquifers. Water Resour Res 12(6):1165–1174. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr012i006p01165
Sun D-M, Xiang Niu S, Ge Zang Y (2017) Impacts of inland boundary conditions on modeling seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers due to sea-level rise. Natural Hazards 88(1):145–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2860-0
Trefry MG, Muffels C (2007) FEFLOW: a finite-element ground water flow and transport modeling tool. Groundwater 45(5):525–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00358.x
Trenberth KE (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Climate Res 47(1):123–138. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00953
Watson TA, Werner AD, Simmons CT (2010) Transience of seawater intrusion in response to sea level rise. Water Resources Res 46(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009564
Webb MD, Howard KWF (2010) Modeling the transient response of saline intrusion to rising sea-levels. Groundwater 49(4):560–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00758.x
Werner AD, Simmons CT (2009) Impact of sea-level rise on sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers. Groundwater 47(2):197–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00535.x
Werner AD, Ward JD, Morgan LK, Simmons CT, Robinson NI, Teubner MD (2011) Vulnerability indicators of sea water intrusion. Groundwater 50(1):48–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00817.x
Xiao H, Wang D, Medeiros SC, Hagen SC, Hall CR (2018) Assessing sea-level rise impact on saltwater intrusion into the root zone of a geo-typical area in coastal east-central Florida. Sci Total Environ 630:211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018年02月18日4
Yakirevich A, Melloul A, Sorek S, Shaath S, Borisov V (1998) Simulation of seawater intrusion into the Khan Yunis area of the Gaza Strip coastal aquifer. Hydrogeol J 6(4):549–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050175
Yang J, Graf T, Ptak T (2015) Impact of climate change on freshwater resources in a heterogeneous coastal aquifer of Bremerhaven, Germany: a5 three-dimensional modeling study. J Contam Hydrol 177–178:107–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015年03月01日4
Yechieli Y, Shalev E, Wollman S, Kiro Y, Kafri U (2010) Response of the Mediterranean and Dead Sea coastal aquifers to sea level variations. Water Resources Res 46(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008708
Zheng C, Wang PP et al (1999) MT3DMS: a modular three-dimensional multispecies transport model for simulation of advection, dispersion, and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems; documentation and user’s guide
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the associate editor and the three anonymous reviewers for their comments, which have helped improve the quality of this manuscript. This research was in part supported by the following grants (i) Department of Science and Technology, India (Grant No: DST/CCP/CoE/141/2018(G)), and (ii) US National Science Foundation (Grant No:OIA 2019561).
Funding
This research was in part supported by the following grants (i) Department of Science and Technology, India (Grant No: DST/CCP/CoE/141/2018(G)), and (ii) US National Science Foundation (Grant No:OIA 2019561).
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sadhasivam, R., Srinivasan, V. & Clement, T.P. Hydrological implications of inland boundary conditions in coastal aquifers subject to sea level rise. Hydrogeol J 33, 1877–1895 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-025-02974-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-025-02974-4
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative