Data/Foldable.hs

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFoldable #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}
{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
{-# LANGUAGE StandaloneDeriving #-}
{-# LANGUAGE Trustworthy #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module : Data.Foldable
-- Copyright : Ross Paterson 2005
-- License : BSD-style (see the LICENSE file in the distribution)
--
-- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org
-- Stability : experimental
-- Portability : portable
--
-- Class of data structures that can be folded to a summary value.
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

module Data.Foldable (
 Foldable(..),
 -- * Special biased folds
 foldrM,
 foldlM,
 -- * Folding actions
 -- ** Applicative actions
 traverse_,
 for_,
 sequenceA_,
 asum,
 -- ** Monadic actions
 mapM_,
 forM_,
 sequence_,
 msum,
 -- * Specialized folds
 concat,
 concatMap,
 and,
 or,
 any,
 all,
 maximumBy,
 minimumBy,
 -- * Searches
 notElem,
 find
 ) where

import Data.Bool
import Data.Either
import Data.Eq
import Data.Functor.Utils (Max(..), Min(..), (#.))
import qualified GHC.List as List
import Data.Maybe
import Data.Monoid
import Data.Ord
import Data.Proxy

import GHC.Arr ( Array(..), elems, numElements,
 foldlElems, foldrElems,
 foldlElems', foldrElems',
 foldl1Elems, foldr1Elems)
import GHC.Base hiding ( foldr )
import GHC.Generics
import GHC.Num ( Num(..) )

infix 4 `elem`, `notElem`

-- | Data structures that can be folded.
--
-- For example, given a data type
--
-- > data Tree a = Empty | Leaf a | Node (Tree a) a (Tree a)
--
-- a suitable instance would be
--
-- > instance Foldable Tree where
-- > foldMap f Empty = mempty
-- > foldMap f (Leaf x) = f x
-- > foldMap f (Node l k r) = foldMap f l `mappend` f k `mappend` foldMap f r
--
-- This is suitable even for abstract types, as the monoid is assumed
-- to satisfy the monoid laws. Alternatively, one could define @foldr@:
--
-- > instance Foldable Tree where
-- > foldr f z Empty = z
-- > foldr f z (Leaf x) = f x z
-- > foldr f z (Node l k r) = foldr f (f k (foldr f z r)) l
--
-- @Foldable@ instances are expected to satisfy the following laws:
--
-- > foldr f z t = appEndo (foldMap (Endo . f) t ) z
--
-- > foldl f z t = appEndo (getDual (foldMap (Dual . Endo . flip f) t)) z
--
-- > fold = foldMap id
--
-- > length = getSum . foldMap (Sum . const 1)
--
-- @sum@, @product@, @maximum@, and @minimum@ should all be essentially
-- equivalent to @foldMap@ forms, such as
--
-- > sum = getSum . foldMap Sum
--
-- but may be less defined.
--
-- If the type is also a 'Functor' instance, it should satisfy
--
-- > foldMap f = fold . fmap f
--
-- which implies that
--
-- > foldMap f . fmap g = foldMap (f . g)

class Foldable t where
 {-# MINIMAL foldMap | foldr #-}

 -- | Combine the elements of a structure using a monoid.
 fold :: Monoid m => t m -> m
 fold = foldMap id

 -- | Map each element of the structure to a monoid,
 -- and combine the results.
 foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> t a -> m
 {-# INLINE foldMap #-}
 -- This INLINE allows more list functions to fuse. See #9848.
 foldMap f = foldr (mappend . f) mempty

 -- | A variant of 'foldMap' that is strict in the accumulator.
 --
 -- @since 4.13.0.0
 foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> t a -> m
 foldMap' f = foldl' (\ acc a -> acc <> f a) mempty

 -- | Right-associative fold of a structure.
 --
 -- In the case of lists, 'foldr', when applied to a binary operator, a
 -- starting value (typically the right-identity of the operator), and a
 -- list, reduces the list using the binary operator, from right to left:
 --
 -- > foldr f z [x1, x2, ..., xn] == x1 `f` (x2 `f` ... (xn `f` z)...)
 --
 -- Note that, since the head of the resulting expression is produced by
 -- an application of the operator to the first element of the list,
 -- 'foldr' can produce a terminating expression from an infinite list.
 --
 -- For a general 'Foldable' structure this should be semantically identical
 -- to,
 --
 -- @foldr f z = 'List.foldr' f z . 'toList'@
 --
 foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> t a -> b
 foldr f z t = appEndo (foldMap (Endo #. f) t) z

 -- | Right-associative fold of a structure, but with strict application of
 -- the operator.
 --
 -- @since 4.6.0.0
 foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> t a -> b
 foldr' f z0 xs = foldl f' id xs z0
 where f' k x z = k $! f x z

 -- | Left-associative fold of a structure.
 --
 -- In the case of lists, 'foldl', when applied to a binary
 -- operator, a starting value (typically the left-identity of the operator),
 -- and a list, reduces the list using the binary operator, from left to
 -- right:
 --
 -- > foldl f z [x1, x2, ..., xn] == (...((z `f` x1) `f` x2) `f`...) `f` xn
 --
 -- Note that to produce the outermost application of the operator the
 -- entire input list must be traversed. This means that 'foldl'' will
 -- diverge if given an infinite list.
 --
 -- Also note that if you want an efficient left-fold, you probably want to
 -- use 'foldl'' instead of 'foldl'. The reason for this is that latter does
 -- not force the "inner" results (e.g. @z \`f\` x1@ in the above example)
 -- before applying them to the operator (e.g. to @(\`f\` x2)@). This results
 -- in a thunk chain \(\mathcal{O}(n)\) elements long, which then must be
 -- evaluated from the outside-in.
 --
 -- For a general 'Foldable' structure this should be semantically identical
 -- to,
 --
 -- @foldl f z = 'List.foldl' f z . 'toList'@
 --
 foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> t a -> b
 foldl f z t = appEndo (getDual (foldMap (Dual . Endo . flip f) t)) z
 -- There's no point mucking around with coercions here,
 -- because flip forces us to build a new function anyway.

 -- | Left-associative fold of a structure but with strict application of
 -- the operator.
 --
 -- This ensures that each step of the fold is forced to weak head normal
 -- form before being applied, avoiding the collection of thunks that would
 -- otherwise occur. This is often what you want to strictly reduce a finite
 -- list to a single, monolithic result (e.g. 'length').
 --
 -- For a general 'Foldable' structure this should be semantically identical
 -- to,
 --
 -- @foldl' f z = 'List.foldl'' f z . 'toList'@
 --
 -- @since 4.6.0.0
 foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> t a -> b
 foldl' f z0 xs = foldr f' id xs z0
 where f' x k z = k $! f z x

 -- | A variant of 'foldr' that has no base case,
 -- and thus may only be applied to non-empty structures.
 --
 -- @'foldr1' f = 'List.foldr1' f . 'toList'@
 foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> t a -> a
 foldr1 f xs = fromMaybe (errorWithoutStackTrace "foldr1: empty structure")
 (foldr mf Nothing xs)
 where
 mf x m = Just (case m of
 Nothing -> x
 Just y -> f x y)

 -- | A variant of 'foldl' that has no base case,
 -- and thus may only be applied to non-empty structures.
 --
 -- @'foldl1' f = 'List.foldl1' f . 'toList'@
 foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> t a -> a
 foldl1 f xs = fromMaybe (errorWithoutStackTrace "foldl1: empty structure")
 (foldl mf Nothing xs)
 where
 mf m y = Just (case m of
 Nothing -> y
 Just x -> f x y)

 -- | List of elements of a structure, from left to right.
 --
 -- @since 4.8.0.0
 toList :: t a -> [a]
 {-# INLINE toList #-}
 toList t = build (\ c n -> foldr c n t)

 -- | Test whether the structure is empty. The default implementation is
 -- optimized for structures that are similar to cons-lists, because there
 -- is no general way to do better.
 --
 -- @since 4.8.0.0
 null :: t a -> Bool
 null = foldr (\_ _ -> False) True

 -- | Returns the size/length of a finite structure as an 'Int'. The
 -- default implementation is optimized for structures that are similar to
 -- cons-lists, because there is no general way to do better.
 --
 -- @since 4.8.0.0
 length :: t a -> Int
 length = foldl' (\c _ -> c+1) 0

 -- | Does the element occur in the structure?
 --
 -- @since 4.8.0.0
 elem :: Eq a => a -> t a -> Bool
 elem = any . (==)

 -- | The largest element of a non-empty structure.
 --
 -- @since 4.8.0.0
 maximum :: forall a . Ord a => t a -> a
 maximum = fromMaybe (errorWithoutStackTrace "maximum: empty structure") .
 getMax . foldMap (Max #. (Just :: a -> Maybe a))

 -- | The least element of a non-empty structure.
 --
 -- @since 4.8.0.0
 minimum :: forall a . Ord a => t a -> a
 minimum = fromMaybe (errorWithoutStackTrace "minimum: empty structure") .
 getMin . foldMap (Min #. (Just :: a -> Maybe a))

 -- | The 'sum' function computes the sum of the numbers of a structure.
 --
 -- @since 4.8.0.0
 sum :: Num a => t a -> a
 sum = getSum #. foldMap Sum

 -- | The 'product' function computes the product of the numbers of a
 -- structure.
 --
 -- @since 4.8.0.0
 product :: Num a => t a -> a
 product = getProduct #. foldMap Product

-- instances for Prelude types

-- | @since 2.01
instance Foldable Maybe where
 foldMap = maybe mempty

 foldr _ z Nothing = z
 foldr f z (Just x) = f x z

 foldl _ z Nothing = z
 foldl f z (Just x) = f z x

-- | @since 2.01
instance Foldable [] where
 elem = List.elem
 foldl = List.foldl
 foldl' = List.foldl'
 foldl1 = List.foldl1
 foldr = List.foldr
 foldr1 = List.foldr1
 length = List.length
 maximum = List.maximum
 minimum = List.minimum
 null = List.null
 product = List.product
 sum = List.sum
 toList = id

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
instance Foldable NonEmpty where
 foldr f z ~(a :| as) = f a (List.foldr f z as)
 foldl f z (a :| as) = List.foldl f (f z a) as
 foldl1 f (a :| as) = List.foldl f a as

 -- GHC isn't clever enough to transform the default definition
 -- into anything like this, so we'd end up shuffling a bunch of
 -- Maybes around.
 foldr1 f (p :| ps) = foldr go id ps p
 where
 go x r prev = f prev (r x)

 -- We used to say
 --
 -- length (_ :| as) = 1 + length as
 --
 -- but the default definition is better, counting from 1.
 --
 -- The default definition also works great for null and foldl'.
 -- As usual for cons lists, foldr' is basically hopeless.

 foldMap f ~(a :| as) = f a `mappend` foldMap f as
 fold ~(m :| ms) = m `mappend` fold ms
 toList ~(a :| as) = a : as

-- | @since 4.7.0.0
instance Foldable (Either a) where
 foldMap _ (Left _) = mempty
 foldMap f (Right y) = f y

 foldr _ z (Left _) = z
 foldr f z (Right y) = f y z

 length (Left _) = 0
 length (Right _) = 1

 null = isLeft

-- | @since 4.7.0.0
instance Foldable ((,) a) where
 foldMap f (_, y) = f y

 foldr f z (_, y) = f y z
 length _ = 1
 null _ = False

-- | @since 4.8.0.0
instance Foldable (Array i) where
 foldr = foldrElems
 foldl = foldlElems
 foldl' = foldlElems'
 foldr' = foldrElems'
 foldl1 = foldl1Elems
 foldr1 = foldr1Elems
 toList = elems
 length = numElements
 null a = numElements a == 0

-- | @since 4.7.0.0
instance Foldable Proxy where
 foldMap _ _ = mempty
 {-# INLINE foldMap #-}
 fold _ = mempty
 {-# INLINE fold #-}
 foldr _ z _ = z
 {-# INLINE foldr #-}
 foldl _ z _ = z
 {-# INLINE foldl #-}
 foldl1 _ _ = errorWithoutStackTrace "foldl1: Proxy"
 foldr1 _ _ = errorWithoutStackTrace "foldr1: Proxy"
 length _ = 0
 null _ = True
 elem _ _ = False
 sum _ = 0
 product _ = 1

-- | @since 4.8.0.0
instance Foldable Dual where
 foldMap = coerce

 elem = (. getDual) #. (==)
 foldl = coerce
 foldl' = coerce
 foldl1 _ = getDual
 foldr f z (Dual x) = f x z
 foldr' = foldr
 foldr1 _ = getDual
 length _ = 1
 maximum = getDual
 minimum = getDual
 null _ = False
 product = getDual
 sum = getDual
 toList (Dual x) = [x]

-- | @since 4.8.0.0
instance Foldable Sum where
 foldMap = coerce

 elem = (. getSum) #. (==)
 foldl = coerce
 foldl' = coerce
 foldl1 _ = getSum
 foldr f z (Sum x) = f x z
 foldr' = foldr
 foldr1 _ = getSum
 length _ = 1
 maximum = getSum
 minimum = getSum
 null _ = False
 product = getSum
 sum = getSum
 toList (Sum x) = [x]

-- | @since 4.8.0.0
instance Foldable Product where
 foldMap = coerce

 elem = (. getProduct) #. (==)
 foldl = coerce
 foldl' = coerce
 foldl1 _ = getProduct
 foldr f z (Product x) = f x z
 foldr' = foldr
 foldr1 _ = getProduct
 length _ = 1
 maximum = getProduct
 minimum = getProduct
 null _ = False
 product = getProduct
 sum = getProduct
 toList (Product x) = [x]

-- | @since 4.8.0.0
instance Foldable First where
 foldMap f = foldMap f . getFirst

-- | @since 4.8.0.0
instance Foldable Last where
 foldMap f = foldMap f . getLast

-- | @since 4.12.0.0
instance (Foldable f) => Foldable (Alt f) where
 foldMap f = foldMap f . getAlt

-- | @since 4.12.0.0
instance (Foldable f) => Foldable (Ap f) where
 foldMap f = foldMap f . getAp

-- Instances for GHC.Generics
-- | @since 4.9.0.0
instance Foldable U1 where
 foldMap _ _ = mempty
 {-# INLINE foldMap #-}
 fold _ = mempty
 {-# INLINE fold #-}
 foldr _ z _ = z
 {-# INLINE foldr #-}
 foldl _ z _ = z
 {-# INLINE foldl #-}
 foldl1 _ _ = errorWithoutStackTrace "foldl1: U1"
 foldr1 _ _ = errorWithoutStackTrace "foldr1: U1"
 length _ = 0
 null _ = True
 elem _ _ = False
 sum _ = 0
 product _ = 1

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable V1

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable Par1

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable f => Foldable (Rec1 f)

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable (K1 i c)

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable f => Foldable (M1 i c f)

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance (Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (f :+: g)

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance (Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (f :*: g)

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance (Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (f :.: g)

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable UAddr

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable UChar

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable UDouble

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable UFloat

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable UInt

-- | @since 4.9.0.0
deriving instance Foldable UWord

-- Instances for Data.Ord
-- | @since 4.12.0.0
deriving instance Foldable Down

-- | Monadic fold over the elements of a structure,
-- associating to the right, i.e. from right to left.
foldrM :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (a -> b -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m b
foldrM f z0 xs = foldl c return xs z0
 -- See Note [List fusion and continuations in 'c']
 where c k x z = f x z >>= k
 {-# INLINE c #-}

-- | Monadic fold over the elements of a structure,
-- associating to the left, i.e. from left to right.
foldlM :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (b -> a -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m b
foldlM f z0 xs = foldr c return xs z0
 -- See Note [List fusion and continuations in 'c']
 where c x k z = f z x >>= k
 {-# INLINE c #-}

-- | Map each element of a structure to an action, evaluate these
-- actions from left to right, and ignore the results. For a version
-- that doesn't ignore the results see 'Data.Traversable.traverse'.
traverse_ :: (Foldable t, Applicative f) => (a -> f b) -> t a -> f ()
traverse_ f = foldr c (pure ())
 -- See Note [List fusion and continuations in 'c']
 where c x k = f x *> k
 {-# INLINE c #-}

-- | 'for_' is 'traverse_' with its arguments flipped. For a version
-- that doesn't ignore the results see 'Data.Traversable.for'.
--
-- >>> for_ [1..4] print
-- 1
-- 2
-- 3
-- 4
for_ :: (Foldable t, Applicative f) => t a -> (a -> f b) -> f ()
{-# INLINE for_ #-}
for_ = flip traverse_

-- | Map each element of a structure to a monadic action, evaluate
-- these actions from left to right, and ignore the results. For a
-- version that doesn't ignore the results see
-- 'Data.Traversable.mapM'.
--
-- As of base 4.8.0.0, 'mapM_' is just 'traverse_', specialized to
-- 'Monad'.
mapM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m ()
mapM_ f = foldr c (return ())
 -- See Note [List fusion and continuations in 'c']
 where c x k = f x >> k
 {-# INLINE c #-}

-- | 'forM_' is 'mapM_' with its arguments flipped. For a version that
-- doesn't ignore the results see 'Data.Traversable.forM'.
--
-- As of base 4.8.0.0, 'forM_' is just 'for_', specialized to 'Monad'.
forM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m ()
{-# INLINE forM_ #-}
forM_ = flip mapM_

-- | Evaluate each action in the structure from left to right, and
-- ignore the results. For a version that doesn't ignore the results
-- see 'Data.Traversable.sequenceA'.
sequenceA_ :: (Foldable t, Applicative f) => t (f a) -> f ()
sequenceA_ = foldr c (pure ())
 -- See Note [List fusion and continuations in 'c']
 where c m k = m *> k
 {-# INLINE c #-}

-- | Evaluate each monadic action in the structure from left to right,
-- and ignore the results. For a version that doesn't ignore the
-- results see 'Data.Traversable.sequence'.
--
-- As of base 4.8.0.0, 'sequence_' is just 'sequenceA_', specialized
-- to 'Monad'.
sequence_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t (m a) -> m ()
sequence_ = foldr c (return ())
 -- See Note [List fusion and continuations in 'c']
 where c m k = m >> k
 {-# INLINE c #-}

-- | The sum of a collection of actions, generalizing 'concat'.
--
-- >>> asum [Just "Hello", Nothing, Just "World"]
-- Just "Hello"
asum :: (Foldable t, Alternative f) => t (f a) -> f a
{-# INLINE asum #-}
asum = foldr (<|>) empty

-- | The sum of a collection of actions, generalizing 'concat'.
-- As of base 4.8.0.0, 'msum' is just 'asum', specialized to 'MonadPlus'.
msum :: (Foldable t, MonadPlus m) => t (m a) -> m a
{-# INLINE msum #-}
msum = asum

-- | The concatenation of all the elements of a container of lists.
concat :: Foldable t => t [a] -> [a]
concat xs = build (\c n -> foldr (\x y -> foldr c y x) n xs)
{-# INLINE concat #-}

-- | Map a function over all the elements of a container and concatenate
-- the resulting lists.
concatMap :: Foldable t => (a -> [b]) -> t a -> [b]
concatMap f xs = build (\c n -> foldr (\x b -> foldr c b (f x)) n xs)
{-# INLINE concatMap #-}

-- These use foldr rather than foldMap to avoid repeated concatenation.

-- | 'and' returns the conjunction of a container of Bools. For the
-- result to be 'True', the container must be finite; 'False', however,
-- results from a 'False' value finitely far from the left end.
and :: Foldable t => t Bool -> Bool
and = getAll #. foldMap All

-- | 'or' returns the disjunction of a container of Bools. For the
-- result to be 'False', the container must be finite; 'True', however,
-- results from a 'True' value finitely far from the left end.
or :: Foldable t => t Bool -> Bool
or = getAny #. foldMap Any

-- | Determines whether any element of the structure satisfies the predicate.
any :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool
any p = getAny #. foldMap (Any #. p)

-- | Determines whether all elements of the structure satisfy the predicate.
all :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool
all p = getAll #. foldMap (All #. p)

-- | The largest element of a non-empty structure with respect to the
-- given comparison function.

-- See Note [maximumBy/minimumBy space usage]
maximumBy :: Foldable t => (a -> a -> Ordering) -> t a -> a
maximumBy cmp = foldl1 max'
 where max' x y = case cmp x y of
 GT -> x
 _ -> y

-- | The least element of a non-empty structure with respect to the
-- given comparison function.

-- See Note [maximumBy/minimumBy space usage]
minimumBy :: Foldable t => (a -> a -> Ordering) -> t a -> a
minimumBy cmp = foldl1 min'
 where min' x y = case cmp x y of
 GT -> y
 _ -> x

-- | 'notElem' is the negation of 'elem'.
notElem :: (Foldable t, Eq a) => a -> t a -> Bool
notElem x = not . elem x

-- | The 'find' function takes a predicate and a structure and returns
-- the leftmost element of the structure matching the predicate, or
-- 'Nothing' if there is no such element.
find :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Maybe a
find p = getFirst . foldMap (\ x -> First (if p x then Just x else Nothing))

{-
Note [List fusion and continuations in 'c']
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Suppose we define
 mapM_ f = foldr ((>>) . f) (return ())
(this is the way it used to be).

Now suppose we want to optimise the call

 mapM_ <big> (build g)
 where
 g c n = ...(c x1 y1)...(c x2 y2)....n...

GHC used to proceed like this:

 mapM_ <big> (build g)

 = { Definition of mapM_ }
 foldr ((>>) . <big>) (return ()) (build g)

 = { foldr/build rule }
 g ((>>) . <big>) (return ())

 = { Inline g }
 let c = (>>) . <big>
 n = return ()
 in ...(c x1 y1)...(c x2 y2)....n...

The trouble is that `c`, being big, will not be inlined. And that can
be absolutely terrible for performance, as we saw in #8763.

It's much better to define

 mapM_ f = foldr c (return ())
 where
 c x k = f x >> k
 {-# INLINE c #-}

Now we get
 mapM_ <big> (build g)

 = { inline mapM_ }
 foldr c (return ()) (build g)
 where c x k = f x >> k
 {-# INLINE c #-}
 f = <big>

Notice that `f` does not inline into the RHS of `c`,
because the INLINE pragma stops it; see
Note [Simplifying inside stable unfoldings] in SimplUtils.
Continuing:

 = { foldr/build rule }
 g c (return ())
 where ...
 c x k = f x >> k
 {-# INLINE c #-}
 f = <big>

 = { inline g }
 ...(c x1 y1)...(c x2 y2)....n...
 where c x k = f x >> k
 {-# INLINE c #-}
 f = <big>
 n = return ()

 Now, crucially, `c` does inline

 = { inline c }
 ...(f x1 >> y1)...(f x2 >> y2)....n...
 where f = <big>
 n = return ()

And all is well! The key thing is that the fragment
`(f x1 >> y1)` is inlined into the body of the builder
`g`.
-}

{-
Note [maximumBy/minimumBy space usage]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When the type signatures of maximumBy and minimumBy were generalized to work
over any Foldable instance (instead of just lists), they were defined using
foldr1. This was problematic for space usage, as the semantics of maximumBy
and minimumBy essentially require that they examine every element of the
data structure. Using foldr1 to examine every element results in space usage
proportional to the size of the data structure. For the common case of lists,
this could be particularly bad (see #10830).

For the common case of lists, switching the implementations of maximumBy and
minimumBy to foldl1 solves the issue, as GHC's strictness analysis can then
make these functions only use O(1) stack space. It is perhaps not the optimal
way to fix this problem, as there are other conceivable data structures
(besides lists) which might benefit from specialized implementations for
maximumBy and minimumBy (see
https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc/issues/10830#note_129843 for a further
discussion). But using foldl1 is at least always better than using foldr1, so
GHC has chosen to adopt that approach for now.
-}