diff --git "a/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円-344円271円240円351円242円230円.ipynb" "b/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円-344円271円240円351円242円230円.ipynb"
new file mode 100644
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+++ "b/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円-344円271円240円351円242円230円.ipynb"
@@ -0,0 +1,9298 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 基础环境准备"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "在python console中计算1+3+5+7+9。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "建立xxx.py文件,内容如课上所说。成功执行xxx.py,并得到正确结果。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# Python基本语法"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "不借助python,说出以下输入的对应输出。再回到python console中检验是否正确。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "5432E1"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "54320.0"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "5432E1"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "'5432E1'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'5432E1'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "'5432E1'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "'''5432E1'''"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'5432E1'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "'''5432E1'''"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "\"5432E1'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "ename": "SyntaxError",
+ "evalue": "EOL while scanning string literal (<ipython-input-25-0b45ac6e0813>, line 2)",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;36m File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-25-0b45ac6e0813>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m2\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m \"5432E1'\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m EOL while scanning string literal\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 能说出是错误即可,不必细究错误类型。\n",
+ "\"5432E1'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "0E12345 == False"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "True"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "0E12345 == False"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "0E12345 == none"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "ename": "NameError",
+ "evalue": "name 'none' is not defined",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-26-0b92e7405896>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# 能说出是错误即可,不必细究错误类型。\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;36m0E12345\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'none' is not defined"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 能说出是错误即可,不必细究错误类型。\n",
+ "0E12345 == none"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "把下面一段文字转换成python中的字符串表示。要求使用print输出后和原始文字一致。首尾的空白字符可视为无影响。\n",
+ "\n",
+ " You can specify multi-line strings using triple quotes - (\"\"\" or '''). You can use single quotes and double quotes freely within the triple quotes. An example is:"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "You can specify multi-line strings using triple quotes - (\"\"\" or '''). You can use single quotes and double quotes freely within the triple quotes. An example is:\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 最简答案如下。任何答案输出和原始一致都可。\n",
+ "print('''You can specify multi-line strings using triple quotes - (\"\"\" or \\''').\\\n",
+ " You can use single quotes and double quotes freely within the triple quotes. An example is:''')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "把下面一段文字转换成python中的字符串表示。要求使用print输出后和原始文字一致。首尾的空白字符可视为无影响。\n",
+ "\n",
+ " legal_chars is [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789!\\#\\$%\\&'\\*\\+\\-\\.\\^_`\\&#124;\\~:]+"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "legalchars is [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789!#$%\\&'*+-.\\^`&#124;~:]+\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 最简答案如下。任何答案输出和原始一致都可。\n",
+ "print('''legalchars is [abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789!#$%\\&'*+-.\\^`&#124;~:]+''')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 算符和表达式"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "用括号为以下表达式指明求值顺序。\n",
+ "\n",
+ " user[lowbound>>1 or 0:highbound>>1]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "[1]\n",
+ "[1]\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "user = [1, 2, 3]\n",
+ "lowbound = 1\n",
+ "highbound = 2\n",
+ "print(user[lowbound>>1 or 0:highbound>>1])\n",
+ "print(user[((lowbound>>1) or 0):(highbound>>1)])"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "用括号为以下表达式指明求值顺序。\n",
+ "\n",
+ " i+j&i-j^j+k&j-k"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "6\n",
+ "6\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "i,j,k=1,2,3\n",
+ "print(i+j&i-j^j+k&j-k)\n",
+ "print(((i+j)&(i-j))^((j+k)&(j-k)))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "试着用格式化输出以下字符串,原始字符串中不得出现username和shell。\n",
+ "\n",
+ " When you try to use variable in string, always wrap it with {}. For example, if you want to print 'my username is \"somebody\"'. You should use 'my username is {username}' as unformatted template. Format it with username equals to shell, it will generate 'my username is shell' as result."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "scrolled": false,
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When you try to use variable in string, always wrap it with {}. For example, if you want to print 'my username is \"somebody\"'. You should use 'my username is {username}' as unformatted template. Format it with username equals to shell, it will generate 'my username is shell' as result.\n",
+ "When you try to use variable in string, always wrap it with {}. For example, if you want to print 'my username is \"somebody\"'. You should use 'my username is {username}' as unformatted template. Format it with username equals to shell, it will generate 'my username is shell' as result.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print('''When you try to use variable in string, always wrap it with {}.\\\n",
+ " For example, if you want to print 'my username is \"somebody\"'.\\\n",
+ " You should use 'my username is {username}' as unformatted template.\\\n",
+ " Format it with username equals to shell, it will generate 'my username is shell' as result.''')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('''When you try to use variable in string, always wrap it with {}.\\\n",
+ " For example, if you want to print 'my %s is \"somebody\"'.\\\n",
+ " You should use 'my %s is {%s}' as unformatted template.\\\n",
+ " Format it with %s equals to %s, it will generate 'my %s is %s' as result.'''\n",
+ " % ('username', 'username', 'username', 'username', 'shell', 'username', 'shell'))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "python有两种format方式,使用另一种format方式完成上一题。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When you try to use variable in string, always wrap it with {}. For example, if you want to print 'my username is \"somebody\"'. You should use 'my username is {username}' as unformatted template. Format it with username equals to shell, it will generate 'my username is shell' as result.\n",
+ "When you try to use variable in string, always wrap it with {}. For example, if you want to print 'my username is \"somebody\"'. You should use 'my username is {username}' as unformatted template. Format it with username equals to shell, it will generate 'my username is shell' as result.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print('''When you try to use variable in string, always wrap it with {}.\\\n",
+ " For example, if you want to print 'my username is \"somebody\"'.\\\n",
+ " You should use 'my username is {username}' as unformatted template.\\\n",
+ " Format it with username equals to shell, it will generate 'my username is shell' as result.''')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('''When you try to use variable in string, always wrap it with {{}}.\\\n",
+ " For example, if you want to print 'my {variable} is \"somebody\"'.\\\n",
+ " You should use 'my {variable} is {{{variable}}}' as unformatted template.\\\n",
+ " Format it with {variable} equals to {username}, it will generate 'my {variable} is {username}' as result.'''.format(\n",
+ " variable='username', username='shell'))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "以下一段内容为2018年政府工作报告英文版。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Over past five years, China' s gross domestic product (GDP) has risen from 54 trillion to 82.7 trillion yuan, registering average annual growth of 7.1 percent. More than 68 million people have been lifted out of poverty.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "下面有一系列变量,代表原始数据。请适当的设计格式化代码,输出和上文类似的文本。并在原始数据发生变更时,输出文本会自动做相应变化。\n",
+ "\n",
+ " prior_gdp = 5.4E13\n",
+ " current_gdp = 8.2700012E13\n",
+ " out_of_poverty = 6.8E7\n",
+ "\n",
+ "tips: 增长率在数据中没有,需要用两个gdp的比值,基于指数公式自行计算。计算结果和7.1并不一致,可以忽略。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "over past five years, China' s gross domestic product (GDP) has risen from 54 trillion to 82.7 trillion yuan, registering average annual growth of 8.9 percent. More than 68 million people have been lifted out of poverty.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "prior_gdp = 5.4E13\n",
+ "current_gdp = 8.2700012E13\n",
+ "out_of_poverty = 6.8E7\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('''Over past five years, China' s gross domestic product (GDP) has risen from %d trillion to %.1f trillion yuan,\\\n",
+ " registering average annual growth of %.1f percent. More than %d million people have been lifted out of poverty.'''\n",
+ " % (prior_gdp/10**12, current_gdp/10**12, ((current_gdp/prior_gdp)**.2-1)*100, out_of_poverty/10**6))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "python有两种format方式,使用另一种format方式完成上一题。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "over past five years, China' s gross domestic product (GDP) has risen from 54 trillion to 82.7 trillion yuan, registering average annual growth of 8.9 percent. More than 68 million people have been lifted out of poverty.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "prior_gdp = 5.4E13\n",
+ "current_gdp = 8.2700012E13\n",
+ "out_of_poverty = 6.8E7\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('''over past five years, China' s gross domestic product (GDP) has risen from {:d} trillion to {:.1f} trillion yuan,\\\n",
+ " registering average annual growth of {:.1f} percent. More than {:d} million people have been lifted out of poverty.'''\\\n",
+ " .format(int(prior_gdp/10**12), current_gdp/10**12, ((current_gdp/prior_gdp)**.2-1)*100, int(out_of_poverty/10**6)))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "试着写一段代码,打印自身。不得读取自身所在的python文件并打印。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "s='s=%r;print(s%%s)';print(s%s)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 任何能够通过测试的代码都行,以下是我所知的最简答案。\n",
+ "# that's called [quine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quine_(computing))\n",
+ "s='s=%r;print(s%%s)';print(s%s)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 执行流控制"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "有一个数n,请判断这个数是否可以被3整除。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "输入:当前环境中存在变量n。`0<n<10**10`\n", + "\n", + "输出:True or False" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 42, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "True\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "n = 99\n", + "\n", + "print(n % 3 == 0)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "不借助int,进行number to hex的转换。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 149, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true, + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "# TODO:" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "[Fibonacci sequence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number)是指满足以下条件的序列。\n", + "\n", + "1. f(1)=1\n", + "2. f(2)=1\n", + "3. f(n)=f(n-1)+f(n-2)\n", + "\n", + "请写出代码,以O(n)的复杂度计算f(n)。\n", + "\n", + "输入:当前环境中存在变量n。`0<n<10**5`\n", + "\n", + "输出:打印fib(n)。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 41, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "354224848179261915075\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "n = 10**2\n", + "\n", + "a, b = 1, 1\n", + "while n>2:\n",
+ " a, b, n = a+b, a, n-1\n",
+ "print(a)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "[Euclidean algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm)是求解最大公约数问题([Greatest common divisor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor))的有效方法。其基本思路为。\n",
+ "\n",
+ " gcd(a, b) = gcd(b, a mod b)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "请写出gcd算法,计算任意两个正整数的最大公约数。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "输入:当前环境中存在变量a, b,两者均满足`0<a<10**10`。并且a>=b。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "输出:打印gcd(a, b)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "21\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "a, b = 1071, 462\n",
+ "\n",
+ "while b != 0:\n",
+ " a, b = b, a%b\n",
+ "print(a)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 函数"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "将上面的Fibonacci sequence计算过程封装为函数。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "输入:n。`0<n<10**5`\n", + "\n", + "输出:fib(n)。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 140, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "354224848179261915075\n", + "CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns\n", + "Wall time: 10 μs\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "832040" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 140, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "def fib(n):\n", + " a, b = 1, 1\n", + " while n>2:\n",
+ " a, b, n = a+b, a, n-1\n",
+ " return a\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(fib(10**2))\n",
+ "%time fib(30)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "用递归实现Fibonacci sequence,并比较效率。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 141,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "CPU times: user 160 ms, sys: 4 ms, total: 164 ms\n",
+ "Wall time: 164 ms\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "832040"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 141,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def fib(n):\n",
+ " if n <= 2:\n", + " return 1\n", + " return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)\n", + "\n", + "%time fib(30)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "计算Fibonacci sequence迭代模式和递归模式的时间复杂度。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "source": [ + "* 迭代模式:`O(n)`\n", + "* 递归模式:`O(e^n)` (更精确的说,是`(1+sqrt(5))/2`的n次方)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "矩阵法计算Fibonacci sequence。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 145, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true, + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "# TODO:" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "递归法求解Towers of Hanoi问题" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 146, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true, + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "# TODO:" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "将上面Euclidean algorithm计算过程封装为函数。\n", + "\n", + "输入:a, b,两者均满足`0<a<10**10`。并且a>=b。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "输出:gcd(a, b)。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 143,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "21\n",
+ "The slowest run took 11.55 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.\n",
+ "1000000 loops, best of 3: 293 ns per loop\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def gcd(a, b):\n",
+ " while b != 0:\n",
+ " a, b = b, a%b\n",
+ " return a\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(gcd(1071, 462))\n",
+ "%timeit gcd(1071, 462)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "将Euclidean algorithm计算过程改为递归,并计算效率。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "21\n",
+ "The slowest run took 6.69 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.\n",
+ "1000000 loops, best of 3: 459 ns per loop\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def gcd(a, b):\n",
+ " if b == 0:\n",
+ " return a\n",
+ " return gcd(b, a%b)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(gcd(1071, 462))\n",
+ "%timeit gcd(1071, 462)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "分析Euclidean algorithm递归和迭代模式的时间和空间复杂度,并和Fibonacci sequence比较。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "迭代:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* 时间复杂度:`O(log(a))`\n",
+ "* 空间复杂度:`O(1)`\n",
+ "\n",
+ "递归:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* 时间复杂度:`O(log(a))`\n",
+ "* 空间复杂度:`O(log(a))`"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "不定方程(又称[丢番图方程](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9F%E7%95%AA%E5%9C%96%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B),[Indeterminate equation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminate_equation))是未知数只能使用整数的多项式方程,其中形如`a1*x1+a2*x2+...+an*xn=c`的方程,称为一次不定方程。一次不定方程有整数解的充要条件为:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " c mod gcd(a1,a2,...,an) = 0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "我国数学家很早就开始研究一次不定方程。古代数学家张丘建在《张丘建算经》一书中提出了&quot;百鸡问题&quot;:鸡翁一,值钱五,鸡母一,值钱三,鸡雏三,值钱一。百钱买百鸡,问鸡翁、鸡母、鸡雏各几何?\n",
+ "\n",
+ "请判定百鸡问题是否可解。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "tips: 可利用上文的Euclidean algorithm。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "True\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 百鸡问题的不定方程组为\n",
+ "# 5x+3y+z/3=100\n",
+ "# x+y+z=100\n",
+ "# 1式可变为z=300-15x-9y,代入2消去z后可得x+y+300-15x-9y=100,化简可得7x+4y=100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(100 % gcd(7, 4) == 0)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "[Extended Euclidean algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Euclidean_algorithm)是Euclidean algorithm的一个扩展,能够求出a, b最大公约数的同时,找到整数x, y,使其满足[Bézout's identity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zout%27s_identity)。\n",
+ "\n",
+ " a*x+b*y=gcd(a,b)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "其基本思路如下:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "对于一般Euclidean algorithm,在求解gcd(a, b)时,倒数第三步应为`r(n-2)=r(n-1)*q(n)+gcd(a,b)`(见下表)。通过变形,这个式子可以变为`gcd(a,b)=r(n-2)-r(n-1)*q(n)`。注意这个式子具有`gcd(a,b)=Y*r(n-1)+X*r(n-2)`的特征。此处我们令`Y(n-1)=-q(n)`,`X(n-1)=1`,式子可表为`gcd(a,b)=Y(n-1)*r(n-1)+X(n-1)*r(n-2)`。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "而倒数第四步的式子应为`r(n-3)=r(n-2)*q(n-1)+r(n-1)`,变形可得`r(n-1)=r(n-3)-r(n-2)*q(n-1)`。代入前式可得\n",
+ "\n",
+ " gcd(a,b)=Y(n-1)*r(n-1)+X(n-1)*r(n-2)\n",
+ " =Y(n-1)*(r(n-3)-r(n-2)*q(n-1))+X(n-1)*r(n-2)\n",
+ " =(X(n-1)-Y(n-1)*q(n-1))*r(n-2)+Y(n-1)*r(n-3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "此时我们令`Y(n-2)=X(n-1)-Y(n-1)*q(n-1)`,`X(n-2)=Y(n-1)`,这个式子同样具有`gcd(a,b)=Y*r(n-2)+X*r(n-3)`的特征。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "依此类推,可以得到`gcd=Y(0)r(0)+X(0)r(-1)`的式子。而我们知道,`r(0)=b`, `r(-1)=a`。因此Y(0)和X(0)即为Bézout's identity的一个特解。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "推算补全所有数字的话,可以得到计算表如下:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " a b Y X\n",
+ " a=b*q1+r1 a b X(1)-Y(1)*q(1) Y(1)\n",
+ " b=r1*q2+r2 b r1 X(2)-Y(2)*q(2) Y(2)\n",
+ " ...\n",
+ " r(n-3)=r(n-2)*q(n-1)+r(n-1) r(n-3) r(n-2) X(n-1)-Y(n-1)*q(n-1) Y(n-1)\n",
+ " r(n-2)=r(n-1)*q(n)+r(n) r(n-2) r(n-1) 0-1*q(n) 1\n",
+ " r(n-1)=r(n)*q(n)+r(n+1) r(n-1) r(n) 1 0\n",
+ " gcd(a,b) 0 0 1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "请实现扩展欧几里得算法,求出方程`7x+4y=1`的一个解。并做验算。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "输入:a, b。均满足a>0,且可以假定a>b。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "输出:x, y。满足`a*x+b*y=gcd(a,b)`"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "-1 2 1\n",
+ "1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 来源[扩展欧几里得算法](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95)\n",
+ "def ext_euclid(a, b):\n",
+ " if b == 0:\n",
+ " return 1, 0, a\n",
+ " x, y, q = ext_euclid(b, a % b)\n",
+ " return y, (x - (a // b) * y), q\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x, y, q = ext_euclid(7, 4)\n",
+ "print(x, y, q)\n",
+ "print(7*x+4*y)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "对于一次不定方程`ax+by=c`,如x0,y0为其一个解,则方程的一切解都具有如下的形式。\n",
+ "\n",
+ " x = x0-(b/gcd(a,b))*t\n",
+ " y = y0+(a/gcd(a,b))*t\n",
+ " \n",
+ "其中t为整数。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "基于以上知识,给出百鸡问题的所有正整数解组,并且验算是否满足原始的百鸡问题。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 101,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "12 4 84\n",
+ "8 11 81\n",
+ "4 18 78\n",
+ "0 25 75\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 首先需要解出系数a1, b1。实际由于可以直接看出gcd(7,4)=1,因此a1=7, b1=4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# 上文给出了Bézout's identity:7x+4y=1的一个特解,x=-1,y=2。我们又知道百鸡问题满足可解条件100 mod gcd(7,4) = 0。\n",
+ "# 因此我们可以向两边乘以系数s = 100/gcd(7,4) = 100。得到7x+4y=100的一个特解,x0=-100,y0=200。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# 同时,解需要满足正数要求,因此\n",
+ "# -100-4*t>=0 t<=-25\n", + "# 200+7*t>=0 t>=-200/7=-28.57>-29\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for t in range(-28,-24):\n",
+ " x, y = -100-4*t, 200+7*t\n",
+ " z = 300 - 15*x - 9*y\n",
+ " print(x, y, z)\n",
+ " # 验算\n",
+ " if 5*x + 3*y + int(z/3) != 100:\n",
+ " print('error')\n",
+ " if x + y + z != 100:\n",
+ " print('error')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "将百鸡问题推广到一般二元一次不定方程,形如`a1*x1+a2*x2=c`。判定其可解性,并求出`x1>=0`且`x2>=0`范围内所有可能解。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "输入:a1, a2, c。皆为正整数,取值范围`0<c<2**31-1`。\n", + "\n", + "输出:打印出所有可能解。\n", + "\n", + "tips: 可以使用上文已经封装的所有函数。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "one match: -100 200\n", + "rslt: 12 4\n", + "rslt: 8 11\n", + "rslt: 4 18\n", + "rslt: 0 25\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# 限定方程组为\n", + "# X1 + q1*t>= 0\n",
+ "# X2 + q2*t>= 0\n",
+ "# 并且q1 < 0, q2> 0\n",
+ "def solve(a1, a2, c):\n",
+ " X1, X2, g = ext_euclid(a1, a2)\n",
+ " if c % g != 0:\n",
+ " print('no result')\n",
+ " return\n",
+ " X1, X2 = X1*c/g, X2*c/g\n",
+ " print('one match: %d %d' % (X1, X2))\n",
+ " q1, q2 = -int(a2/g), int(a1/g)\n",
+ " for t in range(-int(X2/q2), -int(X1/q1)+1):\n",
+ " x1, x2 = X1 + q1*t, X2 + q2*t\n",
+ " print('rslt:', t, int(x1), int(x2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "solve(7, 4, 100)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "-1467859 351641 1\n",
+ "1610347517 9688640734\n",
+ "56070685437719104\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "X1, X2, g = ext_euclid(1333310, 5565651)\n",
+ "print(X1, X2, g)\n",
+ "import random\n",
+ "X1=random.randint(0, 10**10)\n",
+ "X2=random.randint(0, 10**10)\n",
+ "print('%d %d' % (X1, X2))\n",
+ "print(1333310*X1+5565651*X2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "one match: -82303860255924930215936 19716751898004984692736\n",
+ "rslt: 42043703296 0\n",
+ "rslt: 42043703296 0\n",
+ "rslt: 42043703296 4194304\n",
+ "rslt: 42026926080 4194304\n",
+ "rslt: 42026926080 4194304\n",
+ "rslt: 42026926080 8388608\n",
+ "rslt: 42026926080 8388608\n",
+ "rslt: 42010148864 8388608\n",
+ "rslt: 42010148864 12582912\n",
+ "rslt: 42010148864 12582912\n",
+ "rslt: 41993371648 12582912\n",
+ "rslt: 41993371648 16777216\n",
+ "rslt: 41993371648 16777216\n",
+ "rslt: 41976594432 16777216\n",
+ "rslt: 41976594432 20971520\n",
+ "rslt: 41976594432 20971520\n",
+ "rslt: 41959817216 20971520\n",
+ "rslt: 41959817216 25165824\n",
+ "rslt: 41959817216 25165824\n",
+ "rslt: 41943040000 25165824\n",
+ "rslt: 41943040000 29360128\n",
+ "rslt: 41943040000 29360128\n",
+ "rslt: 41926262784 29360128\n",
+ "rslt: 41926262784 29360128\n",
+ "rslt: 41926262784 33554432\n",
+ "rslt: 41909485568 33554432\n",
+ "rslt: 41909485568 33554432\n",
+ "rslt: 41909485568 37748736\n",
+ "rslt: 41892708352 37748736\n",
+ "rslt: 41892708352 37748736\n",
+ "rslt: 41892708352 41943040\n",
+ "rslt: 41875931136 41943040\n",
+ "rslt: 41875931136 41943040\n",
+ "rslt: 41875931136 46137344\n",
+ "rslt: 41859153920 46137344\n",
+ "rslt: 41859153920 46137344\n",
+ "rslt: 41859153920 50331648\n",
+ "rslt: 41842376704 50331648\n",
+ "rslt: 41842376704 50331648\n",
+ "rslt: 41842376704 54525952\n",
+ "rslt: 41825599488 54525952\n",
+ "rslt: 41825599488 54525952\n",
+ "rslt: 41825599488 58720256\n",
+ "rslt: 41808822272 58720256\n",
+ "rslt: 41808822272 58720256\n",
+ "rslt: 41808822272 58720256\n",
+ "rslt: 41792045056 62914560\n",
+ "rslt: 41792045056 62914560\n",
+ "rslt: 41792045056 62914560\n",
+ "rslt: 41775267840 67108864\n",
+ "rslt: 41775267840 67108864\n",
+ "rslt: 41775267840 67108864\n",
+ "rslt: 41758490624 71303168\n",
+ "rslt: 41758490624 71303168\n",
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+ "rslt: 16777216 10070523904\n",
+ "rslt: 16777216 10070523904\n",
+ "rslt: 0 10074718208\n",
+ "rslt: 0 10074718208\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "solve(1333310, 5565651, 56070685437719104)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "56065088460685312"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "41909485568*1333310+33554432*5565651"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 模块"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "寻找系统模块os的位置。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 120,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'/usr/lib/python3.5/os.py'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 120,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 每个人位置不同,我这里是/usr/lib/python3.5/os.py。\n",
+ "import os\n",
+ "os.__file__"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "1. 导入系统模块socket,观察其位置。\n",
+ "2. 检查`socket._socket`,观察这是什么类型的变量(使用type())。\n",
+ "3. 对于模块`socket._socket`,观察其位置(如果可能的话)。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 122,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "/usr/lib/python3.5/socket.py\n",
+ "<class 'module'>\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "ename": "AttributeError",
+ "evalue": "module '_socket' has no attribute '__file__'",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-122-f2c97135a3cf>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0msocket\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__file__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 3\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0msocket\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_socket\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 4\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0msocket\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_socket\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__file__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: module '_socket' has no attribute '__file__'"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import socket\n",
+ "print(socket.__file__)\n",
+ "print(type(socket._socket))\n",
+ "# 无法直接观察其位置\n",
+ "print(socket._socket.__file__)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 127,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "__doc__\n",
+ "__loader__\n",
+ "__name__\n",
+ "__package__\n",
+ "__spec__\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 观察其内部变量\n",
+ "for name in dir(socket._socket):\n",
+ " if name.startswith('_'):\n",
+ " print(name)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 131,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "ModuleSpec(name='_socket', loader=<class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, origin='built-in')"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 131,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 不用费劲了,这是内置模块,编译到python执行文件里去的\n",
+ "socket._socket.__spec__"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "在当前目录下产生以下包结构:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* p1为一个包。\n",
+ "* u1, u2为该包的两个模块。\n",
+ "* i1, i2为u1的两个变量。i1, i2为u2的两个变量。\n",
+ "* f为p1的一个函数。f不在u1或u2内定义。f输入四个参数,最终返回其中最小的非负整数。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "例如\n",
+ "\n",
+ " import p1\n",
+ "\n",
+ " p1.u1.i1 = 1\n",
+ " p1.u1.i2 = -2\n",
+ " p1.u2.i1 = 0.5\n",
+ " p1.u2.i2 = 4\n",
+ "\n",
+ " p1.f(p1.u1.i1, p1.u1.i2, p1.u2.i1, p1.u2.i2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 118,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "1"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 118,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def f(i1, i2, i3, i4):\n",
+ " r = None\n",
+ " for i in [i1, i2, i3, i4]:\n",
+ " if not isinstance(i, int):\n",
+ " continue\n",
+ " if i < 0:\n", + " continue\n", + " if r is None or i < r:\n", + " r = i\n", + " if r is None:\n", + " print('error')\n", + " return r\n", + "\n", + "f(1, -2, 0.5, 4)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "source": [ + "建立目录p1,其中包含三个文件,__init__.py,u1.py,u2.py。\n", + "\n", + " __init__.py:\n", + "\n", + " def f(i1, i2, i3, i4):\n", + " r = None\n", + " for i in [i1, i2, i3, i4]:\n", + " if not isinstance(i, int):\n", + " continue\n", + " if i < 0:\n", + " continue\n", + " if r is None or i < r:\n", + " r = i\n", + " if r is None:\n", + " print('error')\n", + " return r\n", + "\n", + " u1.py:\n", + " i1 = 1\n", + " i2 = -2\n", + "\n", + " u2.py:\n", + " i1 = 0.5\n", + " i2 = 4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "# 内置数据结构" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "a为[0, 100)数组。请对a进行归一化,产生数组b。使得sum(b) = 1,同时对任意x, y,`0<=x<100`。`a[x]/a[y] == b[x]/b[y]`。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 139, + "metadata": { + "scrolled": true + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]\n", + "[0.0, 0.00020202020202020202, 0.00040404040404040404, 0.0006060606060606061, 0.0008080808080808081, 0.00101010101010101, 0.0012121212121212121, 0.0014141414141414141, 0.0016161616161616162, 0.0018181818181818182, 0.00202020202020202, 0.0022222222222222222, 0.0024242424242424242, 0.0026262626262626263, 0.0028282828282828283, 0.0030303030303030303, 0.0032323232323232323, 0.0034343434343434343, 0.0036363636363636364, 0.0038383838383838384, 0.00404040404040404, 0.004242424242424243, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.004646464646464647, 0.0048484848484848485, 0.005050505050505051, 0.0052525252525252525, 0.005454545454545455, 0.0056565656565656566, 0.005858585858585859, 0.006060606060606061, 0.006262626262626263, 0.006464646464646465, 0.006666666666666667, 0.006868686868686869, 0.007070707070707071, 0.007272727272727273, 0.007474747474747475, 0.007676767676767677, 0.00787878787878788, 0.00808080808080808, 0.008282828282828282, 0.008484848484848486, 0.008686868686868687, 0.008888888888888889, 0.00909090909090909, 0.009292929292929294, 0.009494949494949495, 0.009696969696969697, 0.009898989898989899, 0.010101010101010102, 0.010303030303030303, 0.010505050505050505, 0.010707070707070707, 0.01090909090909091, 0.011111111111111112, 0.011313131313131313, 0.011515151515151515, 0.011717171717171718, 0.01191919191919192, 0.012121212121212121, 0.012323232323232323, 0.012525252525252526, 0.012727272727272728, 0.01292929292929293, 0.013131313131313131, 0.013333333333333334, 0.013535353535353536, 0.013737373737373737, 0.013939393939393939, 0.014141414141414142, 0.014343434343434344, 0.014545454545454545, 0.014747474747474747, 0.01494949494949495, 0.015151515151515152, 0.015353535353535354, 0.015555555555555555, 0.01575757575757576, 0.01595959595959596, 0.01616161616161616, 0.016363636363636365, 0.016565656565656565, 0.016767676767676768, 0.01696969696969697, 0.01717171717171717, 0.017373737373737375, 0.017575757575757574, 0.017777777777777778, 0.01797979797979798, 0.01818181818181818, 0.018383838383838384, 0.018585858585858588, 0.018787878787878787, 0.01898989898989899, 0.01919191919191919, 0.019393939393939394, 0.019595959595959597, 0.019797979797979797, 0.02]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "a = list(range(100))\n", + "print(a)\n", + "s = sum(a)\n", + "print([i/s for i in a])" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "回朔法求解Eight queens puzzle" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 148, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true, + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "# TODO:" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 3", + "language": "python", + "name": "python3" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 3 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", + "version": "3.7.3" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +} diff --git "a/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円.ipynb" "b/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円.ipynb" index 113a343..9538d94 100644 --- "a/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円.ipynb" +++ "b/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円.ipynb" @@ -1,5737 +1,5584 @@ { - "metadata": { - "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", - "name": "", - "signature": "sha256:7ca92165037692606a3b404d1d2be3afacf7a5404c7a038c1ed44ebf258f9fc8" - }, - "nbformat": 3, - "nbformat_minor": 0, - "worksheets": [ + "cells": [ { - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# Python\u5165\u95e8" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## License\n", - "\n", - "CC-BY-SA 4.0\n", - "\n", - "\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u81ea\u201da byte of python\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u611f\u8c22\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\n", - "\n", - "http://python.swaroopch.com/" - ] - }, + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "# Python入门" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## License\n", + "\n", + "CC-BY-SA 4.0\n", + "\n", + "大部分内容来自&quot;a byte of python&quot;,在此感谢作者。\n", + "\n", + "http://python.swaroopch.com/" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## Python的历史\n", + "\n", + "作者:Guido van Rossum\n", + "\n", + "首次发行时间:1991\n", + "\n", + "版本系列:2.7 / 3.8\n", + "\n", + "分类:强类型动态语言\n", + "\n", + "支持系统:几乎全部" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## 本讲义的兼容性\n", + "\n", + "本讲义的基础环境为Python3.8,代码保证在3.8上可运行。原则上可兼容Python2.7,Python3.3-3.7,但是并未一一测试。如发现问题可反馈。\n", + "\n", + "其中部分代码有少量代码有2/3不兼容现象,在讲课时会特别提出。\n", + "\n", + "本讲义的系统环境为Linux(Debian Buster),有少量指令在Windows下有变化,亦会特别提出。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## Python的成功案例\n", + "\n", + "知名公司\n", + "\n", + "* Industrial Light & Magic (工业光魔) 电影制作\n", + "* D-Link Australia Firmware更新\n", + "* Odoo ERP产品\n", + "* Douban 全站\n", + "* Eleme 全站\n", + "\n", + "知名应用\n", + "\n", + "* Django 网页开发\n", + "* Odoo ERP产品\n", + "* OpenStack 虚拟化管理平台\n", + "* SaltStack 自动化运维\n", + "* Ansible 自动化运维\n", + "* Pandas 数据分析\n", + "* PySpark 内存计算\n", + "* TensorFlow 机器学习" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "# 基础环境准备" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## Python环境安装\n", + "\n", + "Windows/MacOS:\n", + "\n", + "1. 访问 https://www.python.org/downloads/\n", + "2. 下载合适的版本\n", + "3. 点击安装\n", + "\n", + "Linux:\n", + "\n", + "1. 多数系统自带\n", + "2. 请找对应系统手册" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## Python运行交互界面\n", + "\n", + "在命令行下执行python,进入Python交互界面。类似这样:\n", + "\n", + " Python 3.7.3 (default, Dec 20 2019, 18:57:59) \n", + " [GCC 8.3.0] on linux\n", + " Type \"help\", \"copyright\", \"credits\" or \"license\" for more information.\n", + ">>> \n",
+ "\n",
+ "出现这个界面,说明你正常的安装了python。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Jupyter演示界面\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Jupyter是一种记事本工具。可以插入代码,进行执行,显示结果,并把这些内容保存成记事本以供后续查阅。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "下面我们会大量使用Jupyter进行代码执行展示。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 简单命令测试\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在交互界面敲入1 + 2,出现如下结果:\n",
+ "\n",
+ ">>> 1 + 2\n",
+ " 3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在交互界面敲入print(‘1+2’),出现如下结果:\n",
+ "\n",
+ ">>> print('1+2')\n",
+ " 1+2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "3"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## python\u7684\u5386\u53f2\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aGuido van Rossum\n",
- "\n",
- "\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a1991\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7248\u672c\u7cfb\u5217\uff1a2.7 / 3.5\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5206\u7c7b\uff1a\u5f3a\u7c7b\u578b\u52a8\u6001\u8bed\u8a00\n",
- "\n",
- "\u652f\u6301\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90e8"
- ]
- },
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "1 + 2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u672c\u8bb2\u4e49\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\n",
- "\n",
- "\u672c\u8bb2\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u73af\u5883\u4e3apython2.7/3.5\u3002\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u4ee3\u7801\u67092/3\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5728\u8bb2\u8bfe\u65f6\u4f1a\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u672c\u8bb2\u4e49\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u73af\u5883\u4e3aLinux(Debian Stretch)\uff0c\u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u6307\u4ee4\u5728windows\u4e0b\u6709\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ea6\u4f1a\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u51fa\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "1+2\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print('1+2')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 文件编辑和执行\n",
+ "\n",
+ "用任意编辑器(随你喜欢)新建一文件,修改内容为print('1+2'),然后将其保存为xxx.py文件。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "然后用python执行文件:python xxx.py\n",
+ "\n",
+ "注意,如果python不在默认路径中(常见于windows),需要写完整路径。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "以下代码,%%开头的为jupyter内部指令。writefile为写入文件。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "!开头的为系统指令。cat和rm为linux系统指令,windows下需要做变更。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## Python\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6848\u4f8b\n",
- "\n",
- "\u77e5\u540d\u516c\u53f8\n",
- "\n",
- "* Industrial Light & Magic (\u5de5\u4e1a\u5149\u9b54) \u7535\u5f71\u5236\u4f5c\n",
- "* D-Link Australia Firmware\u66f4\u65b0\n",
- "* Odoo ERP\u4ea7\u54c1\n",
- "* Douban \u5168\u7ad9\n",
- "* Eleme \u5168\u7ad9\n",
- "\n",
- "\u77e5\u540d\u5e94\u7528\n",
- "\n",
- "* Django \u7f51\u9875\u5f00\u53d1\n",
- "* Odoo ERP\u4ea7\u54c1\n",
- "* OpenStack \u865a\u62df\u5316\u7ba1\u7406\u5e73\u53f0\n",
- "* SaltStack \u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u8fd0\u7ef4\n",
- "* Ansible \u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u8fd0\u7ef4\n",
- "* Pandas \u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\n",
- "* PySpark \u5185\u5b58\u8ba1\u7b97\n",
- "* TensorFlow \u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Writing test.py\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "slide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "# \u57fa\u7840\u73af\u5883\u51c6\u5907"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "%%writefile test.py\n",
+ "print('1+2')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "print('1+2')"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!cat test.py"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## python\u73af\u5883\u5b89\u88c5\n",
- "\n",
- "Windows/MacOS:\n",
- "\n",
- "1. \u8bbf\u95ee https://www.python.org/downloads/\n",
- "2. \u4e0b\u8f7d\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7248\u672c\n",
- "3. \u70b9\u51fb\u5b89\u88c5\n",
- "\n",
- "Linux:\n",
- "\n",
- "1. \u591a\u6570\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u5e26\n",
- "2. \u8bf7\u627e\u5bf9\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u624b\u518c"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "1+2\r\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!python test.py"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "skip"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "!rm test.py"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# Python基本语法"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 基本类型\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* 注释:以#开头的为注释,直到行结束为止。\n",
+ "* 数字:以数字,.或者-开头的为数字。带小数点.的为浮点数,不带小数点的为整数。支持科学计数法,例如52.3E-4。可以以\\_作为分隔,增强可读性,例如1\\_000\\_000。\n",
+ "* 字符串:以单引号’,双引号&quot;,三引号’’’开始,同样符号结束。\n",
+ "* 布尔值:只有两个,True和False。大小写敏感。\n",
+ "* 空值:只有一个,None。大小写敏感。表示没有值的值。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "练习:写出数字和字符串的例子,并加以注释。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 例子"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "0.00523"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## python\u8fd0\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u754c\u9762\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e0b\u6267\u884cpython\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165python\u4ea4\u4e92\u754c\u9762\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a\n",
- "\n",
- " Python 2.7.11+ (default, Apr 17 2016, 14:00:29)\n",
- " [GCC 5.3.1 20160409] on linux2\n",
- " Type \"help\", \"copyright\", \"credits\" or \"license\" for more information.\n",
- ">>>\n",
- "\n",
- "\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4f60\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86python\u3002"
- ]
- },
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "52.3E-4"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'string'"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## Jupyter\u6f14\u793a\u754c\u9762\n",
- "\n",
- "Jupyter\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bb0\u4e8b\u672c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d2\u5165\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u4fdd\u5b58\u6210\u8bb0\u4e8b\u672c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u540e\u7eed\u67e5\u9605\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528Jupyter\u8fdb\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u6267\u884c\u5c55\u793a\u3002"
- ]
- },
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "'string'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'string'"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b80\u5355\u547d\u4ee4\u6d4b\u8bd5\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u4ea4\u4e92\u754c\u9762\u6572\u51651 + 2\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5982\u4e0b\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\n",
- "\n",
- ">>> 1 + 2\n",
- " 3\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u4ea4\u4e92\u754c\u9762\u6572\u5165print(\u20181+2\u2019)\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5982\u4e0b\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\n",
- ">>> print('1+2')\n",
- " 1+2"
- ]
- },
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "\"string\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "1 + 2"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'string'"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "pyout",
- "prompt_number": 1,
- "text": [
- "3"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 1
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "print('1+2')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "execution_count": 10,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "1+2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 2
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "'''string'''"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "True"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## \u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u6267\u884c\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7528\u4efb\u610f\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff08\u968f\u4f60\u559c\u6b22\uff09\u65b0\u5efa\u4e00\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u5185\u5bb9\u4e3aprint('1+2')\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3axxx.py\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7136\u540e\u7528python\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\uff1apython xxx.py\n",
- "\n",
- "\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5982\u679cpython\u4e0d\u5728\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\uff08\u5e38\u89c1\u4e8ewindows\uff09\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5199\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84\u3002"
- ]
- },
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "True"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "False"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c%%\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u4e3ajupyter\u5185\u90e8\u6307\u4ee4\u3002writefile\u4e3a\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "!\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6307\u4ee4\u3002cat\u548crm\u4e3alinux\u7cfb\u7edf\u6307\u4ee4\uff0cwindows\u4e0b\u9700\u8981\u505a\u53d8\u66f4\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "%%writefile test.py\n",
- "print('1+2')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "execution_count": 12,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Writing test.py\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 3
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "False"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "-"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "!cat test.py"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "False"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 13,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "print('1+2')"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 4
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "1 == 0"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "!python test.py"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "True"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 14,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "1+2\r\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 5
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "1 == 1"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "None"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 字符串转义\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在单引号字符串中表达单引号需要转义,双引号和三引号同。例如:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "&quot;what’s wrong&quot;是合法字符串。’what’s wrong’会出错,需要写为’what\\’s wrong’。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "转义也可以用于表达不可见字符,例如tab:\\t。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "如果要表达\\本身,也需要转义,写为\\\\\\\\。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "!rm test.py"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "skip"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "\"what's wrong\""
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [],
- "prompt_number": 6
- },
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "'what\\'s wrong'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Raw String\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在字符串的开始加r,使得字符串中不发生转义。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "常用于大量需要表达\\的字符串。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "slide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "\"what\\\\'s wrong\""
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "# Python\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5"
- ]
- },
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "r'what\\'s wrong'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u57fa\u672c\u7c7b\u578b\n",
- "\n",
- "* \u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a\u4ee5#\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u4e3a\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u884c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002\n",
- "* \u6570\u5b57\uff1a\u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\uff0c.\u6216\u8005-\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u5e26\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9.\u7684\u4e3a\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e26\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u7684\u4e3a\u6574\u6570\u3002\u652f\u6301\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u6570\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u598252.3E-4\u3002\n",
- "* \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1a\u4ee5\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u2019\uff0c\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u201d\uff0c\u4e09\u5f15\u53f7\u2019\u2019\u2019\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u7b26\u53f7\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\n",
- "* \u5e03\u5c14\u503c\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff0cTrue\u548cFalse\u3002\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u654f\u611f\u3002\n",
- "* \u7a7a\u503c\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0cNone\u3002\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u654f\u611f\u3002\u8868\u793a\u6ca1\u6709\u503c\u7684\u503c\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u5199\u51fa\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "what\\'s wrong\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(r'what\\'s wrong')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Unicode字符串\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在字符串前加u,表示这是一个unicode字符串。前面加b,表示是一个bytes字符串(也叫raw字符串)。如果什么都不加,则看Python版本。Python2中默认为raw字符串,Python3中默认为unicode字符串。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "unicode字符串和普通字符串的区别在于。unicode字符串中,每一个位表示一个&quot;字&quot;。而普通字符串中,一个位表示一个字节。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "一个&quot;字&quot;可能由一个字节表示,也可能由多个字节表示。尤其是中文的情况下。这种&quot;字符串&quot;在处理文字的时候容易发生混乱。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "unicode字符串和普通字符串外形相似,但是很多地方无法混用。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'string'"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## \u4f8b\u5b50"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "52.3E-4"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "pyout",
- "prompt_number": 7,
- "text": [
- "0.00523"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 7
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'string'"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "pyout",
- "prompt_number": 8,
- "text": [
- "'string'"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 8
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\"string\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "execution_count": 19,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "pyout",
- "prompt_number": 9,
- "text": [
- "'string'"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 9
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "u'string'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''string'''"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "True"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 20,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "pyout",
- "prompt_number": 10,
- "text": [
- "'string'"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 10
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "'string' == u'string'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "True"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "True"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "pyout",
- "prompt_number": 11,
- "text": [
- "True"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 11
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "False"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "execution_count": 21,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "pyout",
- "prompt_number": 12,
- "text": [
- "False"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 12
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n",
+ "'中文' == u'中文'\n",
+ "# 在Python2下不相等,Python3下相等。因为Python3下都是Unicode。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 变量\n",
+ "\n",
+ "变量需要一个名字。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "首字母需要是字母或下划线,其余部分可以是字母,下划线和数字。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "变量大小写敏感,但是使用大小写区分变量是不可取的。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 变量类型\n",
+ "\n",
+ "每个变量都会指向一个值,每个值都拥有一个类型。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "变量在运行过程中可以指向不同的值,拥有不同的类型。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "因此在运行前无法知道名字所对应的类型。(动态类型语言特征)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 算符和表达式"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 算符\n",
+ "\n",
+ "算符是连接一个或多个元素的符号,用来表达计算。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "常见算符:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " + - * ** / // % <<strong>> & &#124; ^ ~ <strong> <=>= == != not and or\n",
+ "\n",
+ "算符和赋值的快速写法\n",
+ "\n",
+ " a = 10\n",
+ " a = a + 10\n",
+ " a += 10"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "可以挑讲常见算符。一般+ - * /需要重点讲解,其他算符可以简单介绍,等到合适的机会再讲。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在这里,/和//算符,2和3的差异是常被提到的话题。//是整数除法,无论参与数是浮点还是整数。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "另一个讲解重点在于python不会自动转换类型。这点即是&quot;强类型语言&quot;。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 算符优先级\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* lambda\n",
+ "* if - else\n",
+ "* or\n",
+ "* and\n",
+ "* not\n",
+ "* in, not in, is, is not, <, <=,>,>=, !=, == \n",
+ "* &#124;\n",
+ "* ^\n",
+ "* &\n",
+ "* <<,>>\n",
+ "* +, -\n",
+ "* *, /, //, %\n",
+ "* +x, -x, ~x\n",
+ "* \\*\\*\n",
+ "* x[index], x[index:index], x(arguments...), x.attribute\n",
+ "* (expressions...), [expressions...], {key: value...}, {expressions...} \n",
+ "\n",
+ "使用()可以改变优先级顺序"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "同样挑讲优先级,重点几乎只有+ - * /之间。101不要全部展开。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "优先级的正解应当是尽量使用(),不确定的应当用python去解决而不是大脑。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "计算以下表达式的求值顺序,并求值算出结果:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " 1 + 8 <= 1 + 2 * 3\n", + " 1 + 2 and 3 * 4 or 5 ** 6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "notes" + } + }, + "source": [ + "强调值的真假,and和or的运算特性。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## 答案" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "1 == 0" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" - } + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "False" + ] }, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 13, - "text": [ - "False" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 13 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "1 == 1" - ], - "language": "python", + "execution_count": 22, "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 14, - "text": [ - "True" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 14 - }, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "1 + 8 <= 1 + 2 * 3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "None" - ], - "language": "python", + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "12" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 23, "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 15 - }, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "1 + 2 and 3 * 4 or 5 ** 6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## 表达式\n", + "\n", + "表达式为一串由算符连接的元素。\n", + "\n", + "表达式一般会有值,值为按照优先级依次求解表达式得到的结果。\n", + "\n", + "有些表达式在语法上亦不可求值。\n", + "\n", + "表达式除了值以外,还可能造成&quot;副作用&quot;。即造成环境改变,或执行某些操作。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u4e49\n", - "\n", - "\u5728\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u9700\u8981\u8f6c\u4e49\uff0c\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u548c\u4e09\u5f15\u53f7\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n", - "\n", - "\u201cwhat\u2019s wrong\u201d\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u2019what\u2019s wrong\u2019\u4f1a\u51fa\u9519\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5199\u4e3a\u2019what\\\u2019s wrong\u2019\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u8f6c\u4e49\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982tab\uff1a\\t\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5982\u679c\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\\\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u8f6c\u4e49\uff0c\u5199\u4e3a\\\\\u3002" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "area is 78.5\n" ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "'what\\'s wrong'" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 16, - "text": [ - "\"what's wrong\"" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 16 - }, + } + ], + "source": [ + "Pi = 3.14\n", + "r = 5\n", + "area = Pi * r * r\n", + "print(\"area is {0}\".format(area))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## 格式化字符串\n", + "\n", + "将变量的值格式化到字符串中,形成新的字符串。\n", + "\n", + "常用于输出数据内容。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Raw String\n", - "\n", - "\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u52a0r\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u8f6c\u4e49\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u91cf\u9700\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\\\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "my name is shell and the length of name is 5\n", + "my name is shell and the length of name is 5\n" ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "r'what\\'s wrong'" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 17, - "text": [ - "\"what\\\\'s wrong\"" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 17 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "print(r'what\\'s wrong')" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "what\\'s wrong\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 18 - }, + } + ], + "source": [ + "name = 'shell'\n", + "\n", + "print('my name is {0} and the length of name is {1}'.format(name, len(name)))\n", + "print('my name is %s and the length of name is %d' % (name, len(name)))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "# f-string\n", + "\n", + "借助f-string,我们可以在字符串内直接引用变量,格式化字符串。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Unicode\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\n", - "\n", - "\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u52a0u\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2aunicode\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\n", - "\n", - "unicode\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u548c\u666e\u901a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u3002unicode\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5b57\u201d\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u800c\u666e\u901a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5b57\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u4f4d\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u3002\n", - "\n", - "unicode\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u548c\u666e\u901a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5916\u5f62\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u65e0\u6cd5\u6df7\u7528\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u201c\u5b57\u7b26\u7f16\u7801\u7b80\u8bf4\u201d\u8fd9\u7ae0\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u3002" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "my name is shell and the length of name is 5\n" ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "u'string'" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 19, - "text": [ - "u'string'" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 19 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "'string' == u'string'" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 20, - "text": [ - "True" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 20 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n", - "'\u4e2d\u6587' == u'\u4e2d\u6587'\n", - "# \u5728Python2\u4e0b\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b49\uff0cPython3\u4e0b\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u4e3aPython3\u4e0b\u90fd\u662fUnicode\u3002" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stderr", - "text": [ - "-c:2: UnicodeWarning: Unicode equal comparison failed to convert both arguments to Unicode - interpreting them as being unequal\n" - ] - }, - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 21, - "text": [ - "False" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 21 - }, + } + ], + "source": [ + "name = 'shell'\n", + "\n", + "print(f'my name is {name} and the length of name is {len(name)}')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## 练习\n", + "\n", + "* 编写一行代码,打印出hello, world。\n", + "* 假定有变量name,值为你的名字。编写代码打印出hello, [your name]。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "# 执行流控制\n", + "\n", + "执行流控制代码控制流的先后执行顺序。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## 逻辑行和物理行\n", + "\n", + "Python语句执行以行为单位。每行可选的可以以分号;结尾。\n", + "\n", + "但是物理上的一行可以包含多个执行单位,例如:" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 27, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u53d8\u91cf\n", - "\n", - "\u53d8\u91cf\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u9700\u8981\u662f\u5b57\u6bcd\u6216\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u548c\u6570\u5b57\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u53d8\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u533a\u5206\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u3002" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "5\n" ] - }, + } + ], + "source": [ + "i = 5; print(i);" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "同一个执行单位也可以拆分为多行,例如:" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 28, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\n", - "\n", - "\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u90fd\u4f1a\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u503c\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u524d\u65e0\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u540d\u5b57\u6240\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\uff08\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u5f81\uff09" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Hello, world\n" ] - }, + } + ], + "source": [ + "print(\n", + "'Hello, world')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## 格式对齐\n", + "\n", + "Python使用对齐表达逻辑,例如:" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# \u7b97\u7b26\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ok\n", + "done\n" ] - }, + } + ], + "source": [ + "a = 1\n", + "if a == 1:\n", + " print('ok')\n", + "print('done')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "-" + } + }, + "source": [ + "当print(‘done’)和if对齐时,必然被执行。而和print(‘ok’)对齐时,在条件下执行。\n", + "\n", + "因此对齐不合适的代码会引发语法错误。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7b97\u7b26\n", - "\n", - "\u7b97\u7b26\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5e38\u89c1\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a\n", - "\n", - " + - * ** / // % <<strong>> & &#124; ^ ~ <strong> <=>= == != not and or\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7b97\u7b26\u548c\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u5199\u6cd5\n",
- "\n",
- " a = 10\n",
- " a = a + 10\n",
- " a += 10"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "done\n",
+ "------\n",
+ "ok\n",
+ "done\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "a = 0\n",
+ "if a == 1:\n",
+ " print('ok')\n",
+ "print('done')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('------')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a = 1\n",
+ "if a == 1:\n",
+ " print('ok')\n",
+ "print('done')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "notes"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u53ef\u4ee5\u6311\u8bb2\u5e38\u89c1\u7b97\u7b26\u3002\u4e00\u822c+ - * /\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u70b9\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7b97\u7b26\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u5408\u9002\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u518d\u8bb2\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c/\u548c//\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c2\u548c3\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u5e38\u88ab\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u3002//\u662f\u6574\u6570\u9664\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u53c2\u4e0e\u6570\u662f\u6d6e\u70b9\u8fd8\u662f\u6574\u6570\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bb2\u89e3\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8epython\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u6362\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u70b9\u5373\u662f\u201c\u5f3a\u7c7b\u578b\u8bed\u8a00\u201d\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "------\n",
+ "ok\n",
+ "done\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "a = 0\n",
+ "if a == 1:\n",
+ " print('ok')\n",
+ " print('done')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('------')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a = 1\n",
+ "if a == 1:\n",
+ " print('ok')\n",
+ " print('done')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 单行写法"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\n",
- "\n",
- "* lambda\n",
- "* if - else\n",
- "* or\n",
- "* and\n",
- "* not\n",
- "* in, not in, is, is not, <, <=,>,>=, !=, == \n",
- "* &#124;\n",
- "* ^\n",
- "* &\n",
- "* <<,>>\n",
- "* +, -\n",
- "* *, /, //, %\n",
- "* +x, -x, ~x\n",
- "* \\*\\*\n",
- "* x[index], x[index:index], x(arguments...), x.attribute\n",
- "* (expressions...), [expressions...], {key: value...}, {expressions...} \n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f7f\u7528()\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u987a\u5e8f"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ok\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "notes"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u540c\u6837\u6311\u8bb2\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ea\u6709+ - * /\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002101\u4e0d\u8981\u5168\u90e8\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u7684\u6b63\u89e3\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u5c3d\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528()\uff0c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5e94\u5f53\u7528python\u53bb\u89e3\u51b3\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5927\u8111\u3002"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "if True: print('ok')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## if"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number: 12\n",
+ "guess: 23\n",
+ "No, it is a little lower than that\n",
+ "Done\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8ba1\u7b97\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u6c42\u503c\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u6c42\u503c\u7b97\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\n",
- "\n",
- " 1 + 8 <= 1 + 2 * 3\n", - " 1 + 2 and 3 * 4 or 5 ** 6" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import random\n", + "# input是python3写法,raw_input是对应的python2写法。\n", + "# 此处四行是Python2/3兼容写法,后续统一写为input,不再出现这四行。\n", + "try:\n", + " input = raw_input\n", + "except NameError:\n", + " pass\n", + "\n", + "number = random.randint(10, 30)\n", + "print('number:', number)\n", + "\n", + "guess = random.randint(10, 30)\n", + "print(\"guess:\", guess)\n", + "if guess == number:\n", + " print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')\n", + " print('(but you do not win any prizes!)')\n", + "elif guess < number:\n", + " print('No, it is a little higher than that')\n", + "else:\n", + " print('No, it is a little lower than that')\n", + "print('Done')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## while" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 34, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number: 61\n", + "guess: 50\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 75\n", + "No, it is a little lower than that.\n", + "guess: 62\n", + "No, it is a little lower than that.\n", + "guess: 56\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 59\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 60\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 61\n", + "Congratulations, you guessed it.\n", + "The while loop is over.\n", + "Done\n" ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "notes" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\u5f3a\u8c03\u503c\u7684\u771f\u5047\uff0cand\u548cor\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u7279\u6027\u3002" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import random\n", + "\n", + "number = random.randint(0, 99)\n", + "print('number:', number)\n", + "\n", + "low = 0\n", + "high = 100\n", + "running = True\n", + "\n", + "while running:\n", + " guess = int((low+high)/2)\n", + " print('guess:', guess)\n", + " if guess == number:\n", + " print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')\n", + " running = False\n", + " elif guess < number:\n", + " print('No, it is a little higher than that.')\n", + " low = guess\n", + " else:\n", + " print('No, it is a little lower than that.')\n", + " high = guess\n", + "else:\n", + " print('The while loop is over.')\n", + "print('Done')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## for" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 35, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "1\n", + "2\n", + "3\n", + "4\n", + "The for loop is over\n" ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7b54\u6848" + } + ], + "source": [ + "for i in range(1, 5):\n", + " print(i)\n", + "else:\n", + " print('The for loop is over')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## break" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number: 90\n", + "guess: 50\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 75\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 87\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 93\n", + "No, it is a little lower than that.\n", + "guess: 90\n", + "Congratulations, you guessed it.\n", + "Done\n" ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "1 + 8 <= 1 + 2 * 3" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 22, - "text": [ - "False" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 22 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "1 + 2 and 3 * 4 or 5 ** 6" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 23, - "text": [ - "12" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 23 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\n", - "\n", - "\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e32\u7531\u7b97\u7b26\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u6709\u503c\uff0c\u503c\u4e3a\u6309\u7167\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u4f9d\u6b21\u6c42\u89e3\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u6709\u4e9b\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5728\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u6c42\u503c\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u9664\u4e86\u503c\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u201c\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\u3002\u5373\u9020\u6210\u73af\u5883\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u6216\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import random\n", + "\n", + "number = random.randint(0, 99)\n", + "print('number:', number)\n", + "\n", + "low = 0\n", + "high = 100\n", + "running = True\n", + "\n", + "while running:\n", + " guess = int((low+high)/2)\n", + " print('guess:', guess)\n", + " if guess == number:\n", + " print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')\n", + " break\n", + " elif guess < number:\n", + " print('No, it is a little higher than that.')\n", + " low = guess\n", + " else:\n", + " print('No, it is a little lower than that.')\n", + " high = guess\n", + "else:\n", + " print('The while loop is over.')\n", + "print('Done')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## continue" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 37, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number: 84\n", + "guess: 50\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 75\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 87\n", + "No, it is a little lower than that.\n", + "guess: 81\n", + "No, it is a little higher than that.\n", + "guess: 84\n", + "Congratulations, you guessed it.\n", + "Done\n" ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "Pi = 3.14\n", - "r = 5\n", - "area = Pi * r * r\n", - "print(\"area is {0}\".format(area))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "area is 78.5\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 24 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\n", - "\n", - "\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5230\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8f93\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u5185\u5bb9\u3002" + } + ], + "source": [ + "import random\n", + "\n", + "number = random.randint(0, 99)\n", + "print('number:', number)\n", + "\n", + "low = 0\n", + "high = 100\n", + "running = True\n", + "\n", + "while running:\n", + " guess = int((low+high)/2)\n", + " print('guess:', guess)\n", + " if guess == number:\n", + " print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')\n", + " break\n", + " if guess < number:\n", + " print('No, it is a little higher than that.')\n", + " low = guess\n", + " continue\n", + " if guess> number:\n",
+ " print('No, it is a little lower than that.')\n",
+ " high = guess\n",
+ " continue\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print('The while loop is over.')\n",
+ "print('Done')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "说出下面代码的执行过程和输出结果:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " for i in range(12):\n",
+ " if i < 5:\n", + " continue\n", + " elif i> 9:\n",
+ " break\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " print(i)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "5\n",
+ "6\n",
+ "7\n",
+ "8\n",
+ "9\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "name = 'shell'\n",
- "\n",
- "print('my name is {0} and the length of name is {1}'.format(name, len(name)))\n",
- "print('my name is %s and the length of name is %d' % (name, len(name)))"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "my name is shell and the length of name is 5\n",
- "my name is shell and the length of name is 5\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 25
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "for i in range(12):\n",
+ " if i < 5:\n", + " continue\n", + " elif i> 9:\n",
+ " break\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " print(i)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 函数"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 函数的定义和调用\n",
+ "\n",
+ "定义:"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def say_hello():\n",
+ " print('hello world')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "调用:"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n",
- "\n",
- "* \u7f16\u5199\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u6253\u5370\u51fahello, world\u3002\n",
- "* \u5047\u5b9a\u6709\u53d8\u91cfname\uff0c\u503c\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u7f16\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u6253\u5370\u51fahello, [your name]\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hello world\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "say_hello()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 参数\n",
+ "\n",
+ "可以通过参数向函数传递数据。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "slide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "# \u6267\u884c\u6d41\u63a7\u5236\n",
- "\n",
- "\u6267\u884c\u6d41\u63a7\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\u63a7\u5236\u6d41\u7684\u5148\u540e\u6267\u884c\u987a\u5e8f\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "4 is maximum\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def print_max(a, b):\n",
+ " if a> b:\n",
+ " print('{0} is maximum'.format(a))\n",
+ " elif a == b:\n",
+ " print('{0} is equal to {1}'.format(a, b))\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " print('{0} is maximum'.format(b))\n",
+ "print_max(3, 4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u903b\u8f91\u884c\u548c\u7269\u7406\u884c\n",
- "\n",
- "Python\u8bed\u53e5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u884c\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u6bcf\u884c\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u5206\u53f7;\u7ed3\u5c3e\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f46\u662f\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u884c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u591a\u4e2a\u6267\u884c\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "exceptions\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "i = 5; print(i);"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "5\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 26
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# python2.7下通过,python3下报错\n",
+ "try:\n",
+ " print_max(3, '4')\n",
+ " print_max('3', 4)\n",
+ "except:\n",
+ " print('exceptions')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "坑爹。print_max(3, '4')居然也能执行。说好的强类型呢?\n",
+ "\n",
+ "需要着重声明例子中的返回是违背常理的。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 局部变量\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在函数体内定义的变量称为局部变量。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "局部变量在函数执行时产生,在函数结束时消亡。函数外无法看到局部变量。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "参数可视为一种局部变量。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "对局部变量的修改不影响全局变量。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6267\u884c\u5355\u4f4d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u591a\u884c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Changed local x to 2\n",
+ "50\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "print(\n",
- "'Hello, world')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Hello, world\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 27
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "x = 50\n",
+ "def func():\n",
+ " x = 2\n",
+ " print('Changed local x to {0}'.format(x))\n",
+ "func()\n",
+ "print(x)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u683c\u5f0f\u5bf9\u9f50\n",
- "\n",
- "Python\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u9f50\u8868\u8fbe\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Changed local x to 2\n",
+ "50\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "a = 1\n",
- "if a == 1:\n",
- " print('ok')\n",
- "print('done')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "ok\n",
- "done\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 28
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "x = 50\n",
+ "def func(x):\n",
+ " print('Changed local x to {0}'.format(x))\n",
+ "func(2)\n",
+ "print(x)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 全局变量\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在模块内定义的变量叫全局变量。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "全局变量在全局可见,函数体内可以引用全局变量。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "函数可以用global关键字声明某变量是全局的。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "-"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u5f53print(\u2018done\u2019)\u548cif\u5bf9\u9f50\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u3002\u800c\u548cprint(\u2018ok\u2019)\u5bf9\u9f50\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u6267\u884c\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u9f50\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "x is 50\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "a = 0\n",
- "if a == 1:\n",
- " print('ok')\n",
- "print('done')\n",
- "\n",
- "print('------')\n",
- "\n",
- "a = 1\n",
- "if a == 1:\n",
- " print('ok')\n",
- "print('done')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "done\n",
- "------\n",
- "ok\n",
- "done\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 29
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "a = 0\n",
- "if a == 1:\n",
- " print('ok')\n",
- " print('done')\n",
- "\n",
- "print('------')\n",
- "\n",
- "a = 1\n",
- "if a == 1:\n",
- " print('ok')\n",
- " print('done')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "------\n",
- "ok\n",
- "done\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 30
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u5355\u884c\u5199\u6cd5"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "x = 50\n",
+ "def func():\n",
+ " print('x is {0}'.format(x))\n",
+ "func()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 46,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "x is 50 before function.\n",
+ "x is 50\n",
+ "Changed x to 2\n",
+ "x is 2 after function.\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "if True: print('ok')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "ok\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 31
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## if"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "x = 50\n",
+ "def func():\n",
+ " global x\n",
+ " print('x is {0}'.format(x))\n",
+ " x = 2\n",
+ " print('Changed x to {0}'.format(x))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "print('x is {0} before function.'.format(x))\n",
+ "func()\n",
+ "print('x is {0} after function.'.format(x))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 作用域\n",
+ "\n",
+ "变量可见的范围叫做变量的作用域。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "局部变量的作用域在函数内,全局变量的作用域在模块内(关于模块后文会讲)。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "作用域的基本原则是,内层作用域可访问外层作用域的变量,反之外层不可访问内层变量。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "如果两个作用域内有同一个名字,那么内层的起作用。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Unbound异常\n",
+ "\n",
+ "python内的&quot;local中有变量定义&quot;,是以local中存在对变量构建的语法(例如赋值)为标准的。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "这个构建语法所在行可能尚未执行(或永远无法执行到),但是这并不影响&quot;local中有变量定义&quot;这个事实。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "当local中定义了变量,但是变量尚未完成构建时,对变量做引用,会发生什么?"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "ename": "UnboundLocalError",
+ "evalue": "local variable 'x' referenced before assignment",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mUnboundLocalError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-47-d73f257fa89f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 6\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 7\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-47-d73f257fa89f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mfunc\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 4\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 6\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;31mUnboundLocalError\u001b[0m: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "x = 1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def func():\n",
+ " print(x)\n",
+ " x = 2\n",
+ " \n",
+ "func()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 参数默认值\n",
+ "\n",
+ "函数定义时,可以给参数一个值。当调用时,该参数并未给出的情况下,使用默认值。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "提示:从安全性角度来说,不要使用可变对象作为参数默认值。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# input\u662fpython3\u5199\u6cd5\uff0craw_input\u662f\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684python2\u5199\u6cd5\u3002\n",
- "try:\n",
- " input = raw_input\n",
- "except NameError:\n",
- " pass\n",
- "\n",
- "number = 23\n",
- "\n",
- "guess = int(input('Enter an integer : '))\n",
- "if guess == number:\n",
- " print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')\n",
- " print('(but you do not win any prizes!)')\n",
- "elif guess < number:\n", - " print('No, it is a little higher than that')\n", - "else:\n", - " print('No, it is a little lower than that')\n", - "print('Done')" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter an integer : 10\n" - ] - }, - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "No, it is a little higher than that\n", - "Done\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 32 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## while" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "try:\n", - " input = raw_input\n", - "except NameError:\n", - " pass\n", - "\n", - "number = 23\n", - "running = True\n", - "while running:\n", - " guess = int(input('Enter an integer : '))\n", - " if guess == number:\n", - " print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')\n", - " running = False\n", - " elif guess < number:\n", - " print('No, it is a little higher than that.')\n", - " else:\n", - " print('No, it is a little lower than that.')\n", - "else:\n", - " print('The while loop is over.')\n", - "print('Done')" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter an integer : 10\n" - ] - }, - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "No, it is a little higher than that.\n" - ] - }, - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter an integer : 30\n" - ] - }, - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "No, it is a little lower than that.\n" - ] - }, - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter an integer : 23\n" - ] - }, - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Congratulations, you guessed it.\n", - "The while loop is over.\n", - "Done\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 33 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## for" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "for i in range(1, 5):\n", - " print(i)\n", - "else:\n", - " print('The for loop is over')" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "1\n", - "2\n", - "3\n", - "4\n", - "The for loop is over\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 34 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## break" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "try:\n", - " input = raw_input\n", - "except NameError:\n", - " pass\n", - "\n", - "while True:\n", - " s = input('Enter something : ')\n", - " if s == 'quit':\n", - " break\n", - " print('Length of the string is %d' % len(s))\n", - "print('Done')" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter something : 1\n" - ] - }, - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Length of the string is 1\n" - ] - }, - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter something : quit\n" - ] - }, - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Done\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 35 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## continue" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "try:\n", - " input = raw_input\n", - "except NameError:\n", - " pass\n", - "\n", - "while True:\n", - " s = input('Enter something : ')\n", - " if s == 'quit':\n", - " break\n", - " if len(s) < 3:\n", - " print('Too small')\n", - " continue\n", - " print('Input is of sufficient length')" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter something : 1\n" - ] - }, - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Too small\n" - ] - }, - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter something : 123\n" - ] - }, - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Input is of sufficient length\n" - ] - }, - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter something : quit\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 36 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n", - "\n", - "\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e0b\u9762\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\n", - "\n", - " for i in range(12):\n", - " if i < 5:\n", - " continue\n", - " elif i> 9:\n",
- " break\n",
- " else:\n",
- " print(i)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b54\u6848"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "for i in range(12):\n",
- " if i < 5:\n", - " continue\n", - " elif i> 9:\n",
- " break\n",
- " else:\n",
- " print(i)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "5\n",
- "6\n",
- "7\n",
- "8\n",
- "9\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 37
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "slide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "# \u51fd\u6570"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u8c03\u7528\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def say_hello():\n",
- " print('hello world')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "prompt_number": 38
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "\u8c03\u7528\uff1a"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "say_hello()"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "hello world\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 39
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u53c2\u6570\n",
- "\n",
- "\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u6570\u5411\u51fd\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u6570\u636e\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def print_max(a, b):\n",
- " if a> b:\n",
- " print('{0} is maximum'.format(a))\n",
- " elif a == b:\n",
- " print('{0} is equal to {1}'.format(a, b))\n",
- " else:\n",
- " print('{0} is maximum'.format(b))\n",
- "print_max(3, 4)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "4 is maximum\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 40
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# python2.7\u4e0b\u901a\u8fc7\uff0cpython3\u4e0b\u62a5\u9519\n",
- "print_max(3, '4')\n",
- "print_max('3', 4)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "4 is maximum\n",
- "3 is maximum\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 41
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "notes"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u5751\u7239\u3002print_max(3, '4')\u5c45\u7136\u4e5f\u80fd\u6267\u884c\u3002\u8bf4\u597d\u7684\u5f3a\u7c7b\u578b\u5462\uff1f\n",
- "\n",
- "\u9700\u8981\u7740\u91cd\u58f0\u660e\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u5e38\u7406\u7684\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u5185\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u79f0\u4e3a\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u6d88\u4ea1\u3002\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u65e0\u6cd5\u770b\u5230\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5bf9\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "x = 50\n",
- "def func():\n",
- " x = 2\n",
- " print('Changed local x to {0}'.format(x))\n",
- "func()\n",
- "print(x)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Changed local x to 2\n",
- "50\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 42
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "x = 50\n",
- "def func(x):\n",
- " print('Changed local x to {0}'.format(x))\n",
- "func(2)\n",
- "print(x)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Changed local x to 2\n",
- "50\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 43
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u6a21\u5757\u5185\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u53eb\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u5168\u5c40\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528global\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u58f0\u660e\u67d0\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u7684\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "x = 50\n",
- "def func():\n",
- " print('x is {0}'.format(x))\n",
- "func()"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "x is 50\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 44
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "x = 50\n",
- "def func():\n",
- " global x\n",
- " print('x is {0}'.format(x))\n",
- " x = 2\n",
- " print('Changed x to {0}'.format(x))\n",
- " \n",
- "print('x is {0} before function.'.format(x))\n",
- "func()\n",
- "print('x is {0} after function.'.format(x))"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "x is 50 before function.\n",
- "x is 50\n",
- "Changed x to 2\n",
- "x is 2 after function.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 45
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\n",
- "\n",
- "\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u53eb\u505a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\uff0c\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u5728\u6a21\u5757\u5185\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u6a21\u5757\u540e\u6587\u4f1a\u8bb2\uff09\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u5185\u5c42\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\u5916\u5c42\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u5916\u5c42\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\u5185\u5c42\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u5185\u6709\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5185\u5c42\u7684\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## Unbound\u5f02\u5e38\n",
- "\n",
- "python\u5185\u7684\u201clocal\u4e2d\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5local\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u53d8\u91cf\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8d4b\u503c\uff09\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6784\u5efa\u8bed\u6cd5\u6240\u5728\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c1a\u672a\u6267\u884c\uff08\u6216\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\u5230\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u201clocal\u4e2d\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5f53local\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53d8\u91cf\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u6784\u5efa\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u53d8\u91cf\u505a\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "x = 1\n",
- "\n",
- "def func():\n",
- " print(x)\n",
- " x = 2\n",
- " \n",
- "func()"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "ename": "UnboundLocalError",
- "evalue": "local variable 'x' referenced before assignment",
- "output_type": "pyerr",
- "traceback": [
- "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mUnboundLocalError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
- "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-46-a910e175aa0b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 6\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 7\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
- "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-46-a910e175aa0b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mfunc\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 4\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 6\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
- "\u001b[0;31mUnboundLocalError\u001b[0m: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 46
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u53c2\u6570\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\n",
- "\n",
- "\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u53c2\u6570\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u3002\u5f53\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u53c2\u6570\u5e76\u672a\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u63d0\u793a\uff1a\u4ece\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def say(message, times=1):\n",
- " print(message * times)\n",
- "\n",
- "say('Hello')\n",
- "say('World', 5)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Hello\n",
- "WorldWorldWorldWorldWorld\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 47
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def append1(l=[]):\n",
- " l.append(1)\n",
- " return l\n",
- "\n",
- "print(append1([]))\n",
- "print(append1([]))\n",
- "\n",
- "print('------')\n",
- "\n",
- "print(append1())\n",
- "print(append1())"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "[1]\n",
- "[1]\n",
- "------\n",
- "[1]\n",
- "[1, 1]\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 48
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u9047\u5230\u5e0c\u671b\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528None\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u5426\u4e3aNone\uff0c\u662f\u7684\u8bdd\u518d\u5bf9\u53c2\u6570\u505a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u8d4b\u503c\u5904\u7406\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4ee5\u6b64\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u907f\u514d\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def append1(l=None):\n",
- " if l is None:\n",
- " l = []\n",
- " l.append(1)\n",
- " return l\n",
- "\n",
- "print(append1([]))\n",
- "print(append1([]))\n",
- "\n",
- "print('------')\n",
- "\n",
- "print(append1())\n",
- "print(append1())"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "[1]\n",
- "[1]\n",
- "------\n",
- "[1]\n",
- "[1]\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 49
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u8fd4\u56de\u503c\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u9012\u56de\u53bb\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def maximum(x, y):\n",
- " if x> y:\n",
- " return x\n",
- " elif x == y:\n",
- " return 'The numbers are equal'\n",
- " else:\n",
- " return y\n",
- "\n",
- "print(maximum(2, 3))\n",
- "print(maximum(2, 2))"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "3\n",
- "The numbers are equal\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 50
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u591a\u503c\u8fd4\u56de\n",
- "\n",
- "Python\u5141\u8bb8\u4e00\u6b21\u8fd4\u56de\u591a\u4e2a\u503c\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u591a\u503c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4f7f\u7528tuple\u4e2d\u8f6c\uff08\u540e\u9762\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff09\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "notes"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u63d0\u524d\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u6700\u5c0f\u60ca\u8bb6\u539f\u5219\u201d\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def f():\n",
- " return 1,2,3,4,5\n",
- "print (f())\n",
- "\n",
- "a,b,c,d,e = f()\n",
- "print(c)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n",
- "3\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 51
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## Doc String\n",
- "\n",
- "Python\u5141\u8bb8\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4ee3\u7801\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u884c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff08\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\uff09\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8bbf\u95ee\u65b9\u5f0f\u662ffunction.\\_\\_doc\\_\\_\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "notes"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u8bb2\u89e3doc string\u5728\u6587\u6863\u91cc\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bd4java doc\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def print_max(x, y):\n",
- " '''Prints the maximum of two numbers. \\nThe two values must be integers.'''\n",
- " x = int(x)\n",
- " y = int(y)\n",
- " if x> y:\n",
- " print('{} is maximum'.format(x))\n",
- " else:\n",
- " print('{} is maximum'.format(y))\n",
- "\n",
- "print_max(3, 5)\n",
- "print(print_max.__doc__)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "5 is maximum\n",
- "Prints the maximum of two numbers. \n",
- "The two values must be integers.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 52
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## lambda\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4e00\u79cd\u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4e49\u7b80\u5355\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def inc(n):\n",
- " return n+1\n",
- "print(inc(10))\n",
- "\n",
- "inc = lambda n: n+1\n",
- "print(inc(10))"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "11\n",
- "11\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 53
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5b9a\u4e49fib\u51fd\u6570\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8f93\u5165n\uff0cfib\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4e3a\u6570\u5217\u7b2cn\u9879\u7684\u503c\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u6570\u5217\u67d0\u9879\u7b49\u4e8e\u524d\u4e24\u9879\u4e4b\u548c\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "notes"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u53ef\u6f14\u793a\u9012\u5f52\u548c\u5faa\u73af\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5176\u7279\u6027\u3002\u8bf4\u660e\u7b80\u6d01\u548c\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4f7f\u7528for\u5faa\u73af\u6253\u5370\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u9762\u201c\\_\\_main\\_\\_\u6807\u51c6\u5199\u6cd5\u201d\u6253\u57fa\u7840\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b54\u6848"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def fib(n):\n",
- " if n <= 1: return 1\n", - " return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)\n", - "\n", - "fib(10)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 54, - "text": [ - "89" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 54 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# \u6a21\u5757" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Module\n", - "\n", - "\u9884\u5148\u5199\u597d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u4f9b\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee3\u7801\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u4e00\u4e2amodule\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u6bcf\u4e2amodule\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u6570\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5747\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "%%writefile testmod.py\n", - "varible1 = 1\n", - "varible2 = 2\n", - "\n", - "def add(a, b):\n", - " return a+b\n", - "\n", - "if __name__ == '__main__':\n", - " print('run as script')" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Writing testmod.py\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 55 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "!ls -l testmod.py" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 111 10\u6708 28 20:06 testmod.py\r\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 56 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Windows\u4e0b\u8981\u7528dir testmod.py" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## import\n", - "\n", - "import\u5f15\u5165\u67d0\u4e2amodule\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528module.name\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f15\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "import testmod\n", - "testmod.varible1" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 57, - "text": [ - "1" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 57 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## from import\n", - "\n", - "from import\u5f15\u5165\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\uff08\u6216\u5168\u90e8\uff09\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u88ab\u5f15\u5165\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0d\u9700\u8981module.name\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4ec5\u9700\u8981name\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\u5f15\u5165\u5168\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u540d\u79f0\u7a7a\u95f4\u6c61\u67d3\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "from testmod import varible2\n", - "varible2" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 58, - "text": [ - "2" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 58 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## dir\n", - "\n", - "\u5217\u51fa\u67d0\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "import testmod\n", - "dir(testmod)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 59, - "text": [ - "['__builtins__',\n", - " '__doc__',\n", - " '__file__',\n", - " '__name__',\n", - " '__package__',\n", - " 'add',\n", - " 'varible1',\n", - " 'varible2']" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 59 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u6a21\u5757\u9884\u7f16\u8bd1\n", - "\n", - "\u5f53import\u65f6\uff0cpython\u4f1a\u8bd5\u56fe\u53bb\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fapyc\u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u3002\n", - "\n", - "pyc\u662f\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7684py\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u52a0\u8f7dpyc\u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8df3\u8fc7\u8bed\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5f53py\u65e5\u671f\u65b0\u4e8epyc\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u751f\u6210pyc\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u65e5\u671f\u7d0a\u4e71\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6267\u884c\u8001\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5728Python3(3.2\u4ee5\u540e)\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u751f\u6210\\_\\_pycache\\_\\_\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u6765\u7f13\u5b58pyc\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u591a\u4e2aPython\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e92\u76f8\u8f7d\u5165\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684pyc\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5177\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u8fd9\u91cc\uff1a https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.2.html " - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "notes" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\u6ce8\u610f\u52a0\u8f7d\u987a\u5e8f\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u540c\u65f6\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8986\u76d6\u95ee\u9898\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u540c\u65f6\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e93\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u8f7d\u5165\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e93\u4e0d\u4f1a\u591a\u6b21\u201c\u52a0\u8f7d\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "!ls -l testmod*" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 111 10\u6708 28 20:06 testmod.py\r\n", - "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 333 10\u6708 28 20:06 testmod.pyc\r\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 60 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "!ls -l __pycache__/testmod*" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 356 10\u6708 28 19:58 __pycache__/testmod.cpython-35.pyc\r\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 61 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86python2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\\_\\_pycache\\_\\_\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \\_\\_name\\_\\_\u5c5e\u6027\n", - "\n", - "\u6a21\u5757\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\\_\\_name\\_\\_\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u4e3a'\\_\\_main\\_\\_'\u65f6\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5f53\u524d\u6a21\u5757\u88ab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u811a\u672c\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u6a21\u5757\u88ab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u811a\u672c\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u751f\u6210pyc\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662fimport\uff09\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "__name__" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 62, - "text": [ - "'__main__'" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 62 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "testmod.__name__" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 63, - "text": [ - "'testmod'" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 63 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Main\u6587\u4ef6\u6a21\u5f0f\u5316\u5199\u6cd5" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "!tail -n 2 testmod.py" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "if __name__ == '__main__':\r\n", - " print('run as script')" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 64 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "!python testmod.py" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "run as script\r\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 65 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "!rm testmod*" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 66 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## Package\n", - "\n", - "\u4ece\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0cpackage\u662f\u6bd4modules\u66f4\u5927\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u4e00\u4e2apackage\u91cc\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u591a\u4e2amodules\u548cpackages\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u4e00\u822c\u4e00\u4e2apackage\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6709\\_\\_init\\_\\_.py\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u660e\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u52a0\u8f7d\u6574\u4e2apackage\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "notes" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5e03\u5c40\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n", - "\n", - "* \u5bfc\u5165\u7cfb\u7edfsys\u6a21\u5757\n", - "* \u5217\u51fasys\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u4ee5s\u5f00\u5934\u5e76\u4e14\u4ee5e\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "notes" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\u6b64\u5904\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u524d\u8bf4\u660estartswith\u548cendswith\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7b54\u6848" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "import sys\n", - "for name in dir(sys):\n", - " if name.startswith('s') and name.endswith('e'):\n", - " print(name)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "setprofile\n", - "settrace\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 67 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# \u5185\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\n", - "\n", - "* list\n", - "* tuple\n", - "* dict\n", - "* set\n", - "* string" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## list\n", - "\n", - "\u5177\u6709\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u662f\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "notes" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\u539f\u4e66\u4f8b\u5b50\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u662fpython3\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "import sys\n", - "shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n", - "\n", - "print('I have {} items to purchase.'.format(len(shoplist)))\n", - "sys.stdout.write('These items are: ')\n", - "for item in shoplist:\n", - " sys.stdout.write(str(item) + ' ')\n", - "\n", - "print('\\nI also have to buy rice.')\n", - "shoplist.append('rice')\n", - "print('My shopping list is now {0}'.format(shoplist))\n", - "\n", - "print('I will sort my list now')\n", - "shoplist.sort()\n", - "print('Sorted shopping list is {0}'.format(shoplist))\n", - "\n", - "print('The first item I will buy is {0}'.format(shoplist[0]))\n", - "olditem = shoplist[0]\n", - "del shoplist[0]\n", - "print('I bought the {0}'.format(olditem))\n", - "print('My shopping list is now {0}'.format(shoplist))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "I have 4 items to purchase.\n", - "These items are: apple mango carrot banana \n", - "I also have to buy rice.\n", - "My shopping list is now ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana', 'rice']\n", - "I will sort my list now\n", - "Sorted shopping list is ['apple', 'banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']\n", - "The first item I will buy is apple\n", - "I bought the apple\n", - "My shopping list is now ['banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 68 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## tuple\n", - "\n", - "\u5177\u6709\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u662f\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "zoo = ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin')\n", - "print('Number of animals in the zoo is {0}'.format(len(zoo)))\n", - "\n", - "new_zoo = 'monkey', 'camel', zoo\n", - "print('Number of cages in the new zoo is {0}'.format(len(new_zoo)))\n", - "\n", - "print('All animals in new zoo are {0}'.format(new_zoo))\n", - "print('Animals brought from old zoo are {0}'.format(new_zoo[2]))\n", - "print('Last animal brought from old zoo is {0}'.format(new_zoo[2][2]))\n", - "print('Number of animals in the new zoo is {0}'.format(len(new_zoo)-1+len(new_zoo[2])))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Number of animals in the zoo is 3\n", - "Number of cages in the new zoo is 3\n", - "All animals in new zoo are ('monkey', 'camel', ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin'))\n", - "Animals brought from old zoo are ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin')\n", - "Last animal brought from old zoo is penguin\n", - "Number of animals in the new zoo is 5\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 69 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "r = 1, 2, 3\n", - "r" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 70, - "text": [ - "(1, 2, 3)" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 70 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "a, b, c = r\n", - "print(a)\n", - "print(b)\n", - "print(c)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "1\n", - "2\n", - "3\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 71 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "a, b = b, a\n", - "print(a)\n", - "print(b)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "2\n", - "1\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 72 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u64cd\u4f5c\u5e8f\u5217\u5bf9\u8c61\n", - "\n", - "* \u901a\u8fc7[]\u8bbf\u95ee\n", - "* \u901a\u8fc7[]\u8bbe\u5b9a\u503c\n", - "* \u901a\u8fc7for\u679a\u4e3e\n", - "* \u901a\u8fc7[:]\u8bbf\u95ee\n", - "* \u901a\u8fc7[:]\u8bbe\u5b9a\u503c\n", - "* \u901a\u8fc7[::]\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6b65\u8fdb" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n", - "name = 'swaroop'\n", - "print('Item 0 is {0}'.format(shoplist[0]))\n", - "print('Item 1 is {0}'.format(shoplist[1]))\n", - "print('Item 2 is {0}'.format(shoplist[2]))\n", - "print('Item 3 is {0}'.format(shoplist[3]))\n", - "print('Item -1 is {0}'.format(shoplist[-1]))\n", - "print('Item -2 is {0}'.format(shoplist[-2]))\n", - "print('Character 0 is {0}'.format(name[0]))\n", - "\n", - "print('Item 1 to 3 is {0}'.format(shoplist[1:3]))\n", - "print('Item 2 to end is {0}'.format(shoplist[2:]))\n", - "print('Item 1 to -1 is {0}'.format(shoplist[1:-1]))\n", - "print('Item start to end is {0}'.format(shoplist[:]))\n", - "print('characters 1 to 3 is {0}'.format(name[1:3]))\n", - "print('characters 2 to end is {0}'.format(name[2:]))\n", - "print('characters 1 to -1 is {0}'.format(name[1:-1]))\n", - "print('characters start to end is {0}'.format(name[:]))\n", - "print('reversed characters is {0}'.format(name[::-1]))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Item 0 is apple\n", - "Item 1 is mango\n", - "Item 2 is carrot\n", - "Item 3 is banana\n", - "Item -1 is banana\n", - "Item -2 is carrot\n", - "Character 0 is s\n", - "Item 1 to 3 is ['mango', 'carrot']\n", - "Item 2 to end is ['carrot', 'banana']\n", - "Item 1 to -1 is ['mango', 'carrot']\n", - "Item start to end is ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n", - "characters 1 to 3 is wa\n", - "characters 2 to end is aroop\n", - "characters 1 to -1 is waroo\n", - "characters start to end is swaroop\n", - "reversed characters is pooraws\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 73 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n", - "\n", - "1. \u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2alist\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u4e3a10\u4ee5\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8d28\u6570\u3002\n", - "2. \u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa100\u5185\u6240\u6709\u8d28\u6570\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002\n", - "3. \u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u4e3atuple\u3002\n", - "4. \u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684tuple\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u53cd\u8f6c\u7684tuple\u3002\n", - "5. \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2alist\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2alist\u62e5\u6709\u539f\u672clist\u524d\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u53cd\u5411\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2alist\u62e5\u6709\u539f\u672clist\u540e\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u53cd\u5411\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "notes" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\u57c3\u62c9\u6258\u65af\u7279\u5c3c\u7b5b\u6cd5\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u7684\u7b5b\u6cd5\u6548\u7387\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u4e3asqrt\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6559\u8fc7\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7b54\u6848" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "primes = [2, 3, 5, 7]\n", - "primes" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 74, - "text": [ - "[2, 3, 5, 7]" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 74 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "for i in range(10, 100):\n", - " prime = True\n", - " for j in primes:\n", - " if i % j == 0:\n", - " prime = False\n", - " break\n", - " if prime:\n", - " primes.append(i)\n", - "print(primes)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97]\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 75 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "tuple_primes = tuple(primes)\n", - "print(tuple_primes)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97)\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 76 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "print(tuple_primes[::-1])" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "(97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41, 37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2)\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 77 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "print(tuple(reversed(tuple_primes)))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "(97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41, 37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2)\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 78 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# Python2\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981int\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3alen\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u6574\u6570\u9664\u6cd5\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u6574\u6570\u3002\n", - "# \u5728Python3\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709int\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u51fa\u9519\u3002\n", - "list(reversed(primes[:int(len(primes)/2)])), list(reversed(primes[int(len(primes)/2):]))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 79, - "text": [ - "([37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2],\n", - " [97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41])" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 79 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "primes[int(len(primes)/2-1)::-1], primes[:int(len(primes)/2-1):-1]" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 80, - "text": [ - "([37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2],\n", - " [97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41])" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 80 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "l = range(12)\n", - "t = [i * i for i in l]\n", - "print(t)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121]\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 81 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "t = [i * i for i in l if i % 2 != 0]\n", - "print(t)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "[1, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121]\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 82 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n", - "\n", - "\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u7d20\u6570\u5217\u8868\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\n", - "\n", - "\u7136\u540e\u81ea\u5df1\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "notes" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u751f\u6210\u5217\u8868\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5217\u8868\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\u201d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u751f\u6210\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6e10\u8fdb\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## dict\n", - "\n", - "\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6210\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505akey\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505avalue\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u65e0\u987a\u5e8f\uff0ckey\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a(key)\u53ef\u4ee5\u552f\u4e00\u786e\u5b9a\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a(value)\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u672a\u5fc5\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20(\u5305\u62eckey\u548cvalue)\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u662f\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\n", - "\n", - "key\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "ab = {\n", - " 'Swaroop': 'swaroop@swaroopch.com',\n", - " 'Larry': 'larry@wall.org',\n", - " 'Matsumoto': 'matz@ruby-lang.org',\n", - " 'Spammer': 'spammer@hotmail.com'\n", - "}\n", - "\n", - "print(\"Swaroop's address is {}\".format(ab['Swaroop']))\n", - "del ab['Spammer']\n", - "\n", - "print('There are {} contacts in the address-book'.format(len(ab)))\n", - "print('Name list: %s' % ', '.join(ab))\n", - "for name, address in ab.items():\n", - " print('Contact {} at {}'.format(name, address))\n", - "\n", - "ab['Guido'] = 'guido@python.org'\n", - "if 'Guido' in ab:\n", - " print(\"Guido's address is {}\".format(ab['Guido']))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Swaroop's address is swaroop@swaroopch.com\n", - "There are 3 contacts in the address-book\n", - "Name list: Swaroop, Matsumoto, Larry\n", - "Contact Swaroop at swaroop@swaroopch.com\n", - "Contact Matsumoto at matz@ruby-lang.org\n", - "Contact Larry at larry@wall.org\n", - "Guido's address is guido@python.org\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 83 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## set\n", - "\n", - "\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u65e0\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u662f\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "bri = set(['brazil', 'russia', 'india'])\n", - "bri = {'brazil', 'russia', 'india'} # python2.7\u4ee5\u540e\u53ef\u7528\n", - "'india' in bri" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 84, - "text": [ - "True" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 84 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "'usa' in bri" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 85, - "text": [ - "False" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 85 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "bric = bri.copy()\n", - "bric.add('china')\n", - "print(bric)\n", - "bric.issuperset(bri)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "set(['brazil', 'china', 'india', 'russia'])\n" - ] - }, - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 86, - "text": [ - "True" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 86 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "bric.remove('russia')\n", - "print(bric)\n", - "bri & bric" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "set(['brazil', 'china', 'india'])\n" - ] - }, - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 87, - "text": [ - "{'brazil', 'india'}" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 87 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "bri &#124; bric" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 88, - "text": [ - "{'brazil', 'china', 'india', 'russia'}" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 88 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## string\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\n", - "\n", - "* startswith\n", - "* endswith\n", - "* in\n", - "* find\n", - "* replace\n", - "* upper\n", - "* lower\n", - "* join\n", - "* split" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "name = 'Swaroop'\n", - "if name.startswith('Swa'):\n", - " print('Yes, the string starts with \"Swa\"')\n", - "\n", - "if 'a' in name:\n", - " print('Yes, it contains the string \"a\"')\n", - "\n", - "pos = name.find('war')\n", - "if pos != -1:\n", - " print('position of the string \"war\" is %d' % pos)\n", - "\n", - "print(\"the string replace war to peace is %s\" % name.replace('war', 'peace'))\n", - "print(\"the string replace o to 0 is %s\" % name.replace('o', '0'))\n", - "\n", - "print(\"upper case: %s\" % name.upper())\n", - "print(\"lower case: %s\" % name.lower())\n", - "\n", - "delimiter = '_*_'\n", - "mylist = ['Brazil', 'Russia', 'India', 'China']\n", - "print(delimiter.join(mylist))\n", - "\n", - "print(delimiter.join(mylist).split(delimiter))\n", - "print(delimiter.join(mylist).split('*'))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Yes, the string starts with \"Swa\"\n", - "Yes, it contains the string \"a\"\n", - "position of the string \"war\" is 1\n", - "the string replace war to peace is Speaceoop\n", - "the string replace o to 0 is Swar00p\n", - "upper case: SWAROOP\n", - "lower case: swaroop\n", - "Brazil_*_Russia_*_India_*_China\n", - "['Brazil', 'Russia', 'India', 'China']\n", - "['Brazil_', '_Russia_', '_India_', '_China']\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 89 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n", - "\n", - "\u6bcf\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5730\u533a\u53f7\u7801\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u53f7\u7801\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\n", - "\n", - "+30 \u5e0c\u814a +45 \u4e39\u9ea6 +51 \u79d8\u9c81 +65 \u65b0\u52a0\u5761 +86 \u4e2d\u56fd\n", - "\n", - "\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u6c42\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7535\u8bdd\u53f7\u7801\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1a\n", - "\n", - "+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7b54\u6848" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "number2country = {\n", - " '+30': u'\u5e0c\u814a',\n", - " '+45': u'\u4e39\u9ea6',\n", - " '+51': u'\u79d8\u9c81',\n", - " '+65': u'\u65b0\u52a0\u5761',\n", - " '+86': u'\u4e2d\u56fd'\n", - "}\n", - "\n", - "numbers = \"+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935\".split()\n", - "country_set = set([number2country[n] for n in numbers if n.startswith('+')])\n", - "\n", - "print(len(country_set))\n", - "# \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u987a\u5e8f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8epython\u7684\u7248\u672c\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002set\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u987a\u5e8f\u7ea6\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\n", - "print(', '.join(country_set))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "4\n", - "\u4e2d\u56fd, \u65b0\u52a0\u5761, \u79d8\u9c81, \u5e0c\u814a\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 90 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "numbers = \"+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935\".split()\n", - "print(\"numbers: %s\" % str(numbers))\n", - "print(\"filtered: %s\" % str([n for n in numbers if n.startswith('+')]))\n", - "print(\"filtered and mapped: %s\" % ', '.join([number2country[n] for n in numbers if n.startswith('+')]))\n", - "country_set = set([number2country[n] for n in numbers if n.startswith('+')])\n", - "print(', '.join(country_set))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "numbers: ['+86', '1123', '+65', '1234', '+51', '2347', '+30', '9123', '+65', '1246', '+30', '2347', '+86', '2935']\n", - "filtered: ['+86', '+65', '+51', '+30', '+65', '+30', '+86']\n", - "filtered and mapped: \u4e2d\u56fd, \u65b0\u52a0\u5761, \u79d8\u9c81, \u5e0c\u814a, \u65b0\u52a0\u5761, \u5e0c\u814a, \u4e2d\u56fd\n", - "\u4e2d\u56fd, \u65b0\u52a0\u5761, \u79d8\u9c81, \u5e0c\u814a\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 91 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "# \u9762\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "notes" - } - }, - "source": [ - "\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f9\u679c\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f9\u679c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201d\n", - "\n", - "\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u82f9\u679c\u3002\u201d\n", - "\n", - "\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u96ea\u68a8\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u96ea\u68a8\u5462\uff1f\u201d\n", - "\n", - "\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u96ea\u68a8\u3002\u201d\n", - "\n", - "\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f9\u679c\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u96ea\u68a8\u5462\uff1f\u201d\n", - "\n", - "\u201c\u2026\u2026\u201d\n", - "\n", - "\u867d\u7136\u59b2\u67ef\u59ae\u4e1d\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u548c\u6b23\u8d4f\u62bd\u8c61\u753b\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u6572\u7740\u989d\u5934\u60f3\u4e86\u60f3\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u201c\u2026\u2026\u4e24\u4e2a\u6c34\u679c\uff1f\u201d\n", - "\n", - "\u201c\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u5427\uff1f\u201d\u51b0\u6e05\u7075\u770b\u7740\u82e5\u6709\u6240\u601d\u7684\u59b2\u67ef\u59ae\u4e1d\u7b11\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u4ece\u82f9\u679c\u3001\u96ea\u68a8\u5230\u6c34\u679c\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53bb\u6389\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u628a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u8fdb\u884c\u7d2f\u52a0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4ece\u6c34\u679c\u3001\u676f\u5b50\u5230\u2018\u4e1c\u897f\u2019\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3002\u201d\n", - "\n", - "\u2014\u2014XINPINGYE\u300a\u5fa1\u5929\u8005.\u661f\u661f\u300b" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## class\n", - "\n", - "\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\uff1a" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "class Person:\n", - " pass # An empty block" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 92 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u4ea7\u751f\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Hello\n", + "WorldWorldWorldWorldWorld\n" ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "p = Person()\n", - "print(p)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "<__main__.person instance at 0x7f7fbc419128>\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 93
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u65b9\u6cd5\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "class Person:\n",
- " def say_hi(self):\n",
- " print('Hello, how are you?')\n",
- "\n",
- "p = Person()\n",
- "p.say_hi()"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Hello, how are you?\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 94
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u6570\u636e\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5bf9\u8c61\u91cc\u5305\u542b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528.\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5dee\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u3002\u65b9\u6cd5\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528()\u6765\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "class Person:\n",
- " def set_name(self, name):\n",
- " self.name = name\n",
- "\n",
- " def say_hi(self):\n",
- " print('hello, {}, how are you?'.format(self.name))\n",
- " \n",
- "p = Person()\n",
- "p.set_name('shell')\n",
- "print(p.name)\n",
- "p.say_hi()"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "shell\n",
- "hello, shell, how are you?\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 95
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## self\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728python\u4e2d\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4f7f\u7528\u201dself\u201d\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8ejava\u548cC++\u4e2d\u7684\u201dthis\u201d\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0cp.say_hi()\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f20\u9012p.say_hi(self)\u6216\u8005p.say_hi(p)\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5148\u5c06self\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982def say_hi(self):\u3002\n",
- " \n",
- "\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6210\u5458\u9700\u8981\u7528self.xx\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982self.name\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "self\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u6301\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u5c06\u4ed6\u6539\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u540d\u79f0\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \\_\\_init\\_\\_\u65b9\u6cd5\n",
- "\n",
- "\\_\\_init\\_\\_\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\\_\\_init\\_\\_\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\\_\\_init\\_\\_\u51fd\u6570\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0cself\u5bf9\u8c61\u5df2\u7ecf\u521b\u5efa\u5b8c\u6bd5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728python\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u6dfb\u52a0\u5220\u9664\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5148\u5728\u7c7b\u91cc\u9762\u58f0\u660e\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u91cc\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u4f1a\u5728\\_\\_init\\_\\_\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d8\u66f4\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u5728\\_\\_init\\_\\_\u4e2d\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u76f4\u63a5\u8d4b\u503c\u521b\u5efa\u5c5e\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u3002"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "class Person:\n",
- " def __init__(self, name):\n",
- " self.name = name\n",
- "\n",
- " def set_name(self, name):\n",
- " self.name = name\n",
- "\n",
- " def say_hi(self):\n",
- " print('hello, {}, how are you?'.format(self.name))\n",
- "\n",
- "p = Person('Swaroop')\n",
- "print(p.name)\n",
- "p.say_hi()\n",
- "\n",
- "p.set_name('shell')\n",
- "print(p.name)\n",
- "p.say_hi()"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Swaroop\n",
- "hello, Swaroop, how are you?\n",
- "shell\n",
- "hello, shell, how are you?\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 96
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u9a6c\u514b\u676f\u7c7b\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a0\u6c34\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u559d\u6c34\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def say(message, times=1):\n",
+ " print(message * times)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "say('Hello')\n",
+ "say('World', 5)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "[1]\n",
+ "[1]\n",
+ "------\n",
+ "[1]\n",
+ "[1, 1]\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b54\u6848"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def append1(l=[]):\n",
+ " l.append(1)\n",
+ " return l\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(append1([]))\n",
+ "print(append1([]))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('------')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(append1())\n",
+ "print(append1())"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "遇到希望使用可变对象作为参数默认值的情况,需要使用None作为默认值。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在函数中判断是否为None,是的话再对参数做默认值赋值处理。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "以此模式来避免上述问题。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "[1]\n",
+ "[1]\n",
+ "------\n",
+ "[1]\n",
+ "[1]\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def append1(l=None):\n",
+ " if l is None:\n",
+ " l = []\n",
+ " l.append(1)\n",
+ " return l\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(append1([]))\n",
+ "print(append1([]))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('------')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(append1())\n",
+ "print(append1())"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 返回值\n",
+ "\n",
+ "将函数内数据传递回去。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "class Mug:\n",
- "\n",
- " def __init__(self):\n",
- " self.water = 0\n",
- "\n",
- " def drink(self, mass):\n",
- " self.water -= mass\n",
- "\n",
- " def watering(self, mass):\n",
- " self.water += mass"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "prompt_number": 97
- },
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "3\n",
+ "The numbers are equal\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def maximum(x, y):\n",
+ " if x> y:\n",
+ " return x\n",
+ " elif x == y:\n",
+ " return 'The numbers are equal'\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " return y\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(maximum(2, 3))\n",
+ "print(maximum(2, 2))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 多值返回\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python允许一次返回多个值。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "多值返回的本质是使用tuple中转(后面详细讲解)。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "提前强调&quot;最小惊讶原则&quot;。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7c7b\u6210\u5458\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u6210\u5458\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5206\u522b\u62e5\u6709\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6570\u636e\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982p.say_hi()\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u6216\u8005self.name\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5f53\u6709\u91cd\u540d\u65f6\u4f18\u5148\u5f15\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u6210\u5458\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7c7b\u6210\u5458\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u95f4\u5171\u4eab\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u8c61\u6210\u5458\u53ea\u662f\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n",
+ "3\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def f():\n",
+ " return 1,2,3,4,5\n",
+ "print (f())\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a,b,c,d,e = f()\n",
+ "print(c)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Doc String\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python允许为每个函数增加一个文档字符串,这个文档字符串可以被代码访问。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "具体方式是,在函数的第一个逻辑行定义一个字符串(不执行任何操作)。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "访问方式是function.\\_\\_doc\\_\\_。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "讲解doc string在文档里的作用,对比java doc。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "notes"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u5426\u8981\u52a0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u8bf4\u660e\u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u5f15\u7528\u6b21\u5e8f\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "5 is maximum\n",
+ "Prints the maximum of two numbers. \n",
+ "The two values must be integers.\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def print_max(x, y):\n",
+ " '''Prints the maximum of two numbers. \\nThe two values must be integers.'''\n",
+ " x = int(x)\n",
+ " y = int(y)\n",
+ " if x> y:\n",
+ " print('{} is maximum'.format(x))\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " print('{} is maximum'.format(y))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print_max(3, 5)\n",
+ "print(print_max.__doc__)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# Annotations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python允许对函数的变量进行注解,表明参数和返回值的类型。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 54,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "class Robot:\n",
- " \"\"\"Represents a robot, with a name.\"\"\"\n",
- "\n",
- " # A class variable, counting the number of robots\n",
- " population = 0\n",
- "\n",
- " def __init__(self, name):\n",
- " \"\"\"Initializes the data.\"\"\"\n",
- " self.name = name\n",
- " print(\"(Initializing {})\".format(self.name))\n",
- " # When this person is created, the robot\n",
- " # adds to the population\n",
- " Robot.population += 1\n",
- "\n",
- " def die(self):\n",
- " \"\"\"I am dying.\"\"\"\n",
- " print(\"{} is being destroyed!\".format(self.name))\n",
- " Robot.population -= 1\n",
- " if Robot.population == 0:\n",
- " print(\"{} was the last one.\".format(self.name))\n",
- " else:\n",
- " print(\"There are still {:d} robots working.\".format(\n",
- " Robot.population))\n",
- "\n",
- " def say_hi(self):\n",
- " \"\"\"Greeting by the robot.\n",
- " Yeah, they can do that.\"\"\"\n",
- " print(\"Greetings, my masters call me {}.\".format(self.name))\n",
- "\n",
- " @classmethod\n",
- " def how_many(cls):\n",
- " \"\"\"Prints the current population.\"\"\"\n",
- " print(\"We have {:d} robots.\".format(cls.population))"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "2"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [],
- "prompt_number": 98
- },
+ "execution_count": 54,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def maximum(x: int, y: int) -> int:\n",
+ " if x> y:\n",
+ " return x\n",
+ " elif x == y:\n",
+ " return 'The numbers are equal'\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " return y\n",
+ "\n",
+ "maximum(1, 2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "然而,Python默认对注解不做验证。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "-"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "droid1 = Robot(\"R2-D2\")\n",
- "droid1.say_hi()\n",
- "Robot.how_many()\n",
- "\n",
- "droid2 = Robot(\"C-3PO\")\n",
- "droid2.say_hi()\n",
- "Robot.how_many()\n",
- "\n",
- "print(\"\\nRobots can do some work here.\\n\")\n",
- "\n",
- "print(\"Robots have finished their work. So let's destroy them.\")\n",
- "droid1.die()\n",
- "droid2.die()\n",
- "\n",
- "Robot.how_many()"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'2'"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(Initializing R2-D2)\n",
- "Greetings, my masters call me R2-D2.\n",
- "We have 1 robots.\n",
- "(Initializing C-3PO)\n",
- "Greetings, my masters call me C-3PO.\n",
- "We have 2 robots.\n",
- "\n",
- "Robots can do some work here.\n",
- "\n",
- "Robots have finished their work. So let's destroy them.\n",
- "R2-D2 is being destroyed!\n",
- "There are still 1 robots working.\n",
- "C-3PO is being destroyed!\n",
- "C-3PO was the last one.\n",
- "We have 0 robots.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 99
- },
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "maximum('1', '2')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## lambda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "一种快速定义简单函数的方法。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 56,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n",
- "\n",
- "\u56de\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e00\u8282\u4f60\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u91cc\u662f\u5426\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u9a6c\u514b\u676f\u7684\u201c\u6700\u5927\u5bb9\u91cf\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u8bf7\u52a0\u4e0a\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u5927\u5bb9\u91cf\u201d\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c5e\u6027\u8fd8\u662f\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "11\n",
+ "11\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def inc(n):\n",
+ " return n+1\n",
+ "print(inc(10))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "inc = lambda n: n+1\n",
+ "print(inc(10))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "定义fib函数。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "输入n,fib的输出为数列第n项的值。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "数列某项等于前两项之和。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "可演示递归和循环算法,比较其特性。说明简洁和快速的矛盾。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "可以在最后使用for循环打印输出,为后面&quot;\\_\\_main\\_\\_标准写法&quot;打基础。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 57,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "89"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b54\u6848"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "class Mug:\n",
- "\n",
- " capacity = 300\n",
- "\n",
- " def __init__(self):\n",
- " self.water = 0\n",
- "\n",
- " def drink(self, mass):\n",
- " self.water -= mass\n",
- " if self.water < 0:\n", - " self.water = 0\n", - "\n", - " def watering(self, mass):\n", - " self.water += mass\n", - " if self.water> self.capacity:\n",
- " self.water = self.capacity"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "execution_count": 57,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "prompt_number": 100
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def fib(n):\n",
+ " if n <= 1: return 1\n", + " return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)\n", + "\n", + "fib(10)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "# 模块" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## Module\n", + "\n", + "预先写好的代码,供其他代码使用。\n", + "\n", + "一个module是一个独立文件。\n", + "\n", + "每个module拥有自己的全局变量空间。数据定义,函数,均定义在其中。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 58, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7ee7\u627f\n", - "\n", - "\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u5206\u4e3a\u57fa\u7c7b\u548c\u7ee7\u627f\u7c7b\uff08\u4e5f\u53eb\u7236\u7c7b\u548c\u5b50\u7c7b\uff09\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5f53\u5b50\u7c7b\u548c\u7236\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u540c\u540d\u6210\u5458\u65f6\uff0c\u4f18\u5148\u5f15\u7528\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u7236\u7c7b\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u505a\uff08\u867d\u7136\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\uff09\u3002\u7236\u7c7b\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b\u62e5\u6709\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u3002\n", - "\n", - "\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u4e3a\uff1a\n", - "\n", - " class Person(Animal):\n", - " pass" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Writing testmod.py\n" ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "class SchoolMember:\n", - " '''Represents any school member.'''\n", - " def __init__(self, name, age):\n", - " self.name = name\n", - " self.age = age\n", - " print('(Initialized SchoolMember: {})'.format(self.name))\n", - "\n", - " def tell(self):\n", - " '''Tell my details.'''\n", - " print('Name:\"{}\" Age:\"{}\"'.format(self.name, self.age))\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "class Teacher(SchoolMember):\n", - " '''Represents a teacher.'''\n", - " def __init__(self, name, age, salary):\n", - " SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)\n", - " self.salary = salary\n", - " print('(Initialized Teacher: {})'.format(self.name))\n", - "\n", - " def tell(self):\n", - " SchoolMember.tell(self)\n", - " print('Salary: \"{:d}\"'.format(self.salary))" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 101 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "class Student(SchoolMember):\n", - " '''Represents a student.'''\n", - " def __init__(self, name, age, marks):\n", - " SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)\n", - " self.marks = marks\n", - " print('(Initialized Student: {})'.format(self.name))\n", - "\n", - " def tell(self):\n", - " SchoolMember.tell(self)\n", - " print('Marks: \"{:d}\"'.format(self.marks))\n", - "\n", - "t = Teacher('Mrs. Shrividya', 40, 30000)\n", - "s = Student('Swaroop', 25, 75)\n", - "\n", - "# prints a blank line\n", - "print()\n", - "\n", - "members = [t, s]\n", - "for member in members:\n", - " # Works for both Teachers and Students\n", - " member.tell()" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "(Initialized SchoolMember: Mrs. Shrividya)\n", - "(Initialized Teacher: Mrs. Shrividya)\n", - "(Initialized SchoolMember: Swaroop)\n", - "(Initialized Student: Swaroop)\n", - "()\n", - "Name:\"Mrs. Shrividya\" Age:\"40\"\n", - "Salary: \"30000\"\n", - "Name:\"Swaroop\" Age:\"25\"\n", - "Marks: \"75\"\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 102 - }, + } + ], + "source": [ + "%%writefile testmod.py\n", + "varible1 = 1\n", + "varible2 = 2\n", + "\n", + "def add(a, b):\n", + " return a+b\n", + "\n", + "if __name__ == '__main__':\n", + " print('run as script')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 59, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n", - "\n", - "\u8bf7\u4e3a\u9a6c\u514b\u676f\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6dfb\u6ee1\u201d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6c42\u51fa\u9700\u8981\u6dfb\u591a\u5c11\u6c34\u5230\u52a0\u6ee1\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea\u52a8\u4e3a\u676f\u5b50\u52a0\u6c34\u3002" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 111 Mar 22 20:06 testmod.py\r\n" ] - }, + } + ], + "source": [ + "!ls -l testmod.py" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Windows下要用dir testmod.py" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## import\n", + "\n", + "import引入某个module对象,可使用module.name的方式引用它的全局变量。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 60, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "1" + ] }, - "source": [ - "## \u7b54\u6848" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "class Mug(object):\n", - " capacity = 300\n", - "\n", - " def __init__(self):\n", - " self.water = 0\n", - "\n", - " def drink(self, mass):\n", - " self.water -= mass\n", - " if self.water < 0:\n", - " self.water = 0\n", - "\n", - " def watering(self, mass):\n", - " self.water += mass\n", - " if self.water> self.capacity:\n",
- " self.water = self.capacity\n",
- "\n",
- " def full(self):\n",
- " mass = self.capacity - self.water\n",
- " self.watering(mass)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "execution_count": 60,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "prompt_number": 103
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import testmod\n",
+ "testmod.varible1"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## from import\n",
+ "\n",
+ "from import引入模块中的某个(或全部)变量。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "被引入变量不需要module.name来访问,仅需要name。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "注意:不推荐引入全部变量,会引起名称空间污染。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 61,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "2"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8bf7\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd0\u52a8\u676f\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u540c\u6837\u5b9e\u73b0\u201c\u559d\u6c34\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u52a0\u6c34\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6dfb\u6ee1\u201d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002"
- ]
- },
+ "execution_count": 61,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "from testmod import varible2\n",
+ "varible2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## dir\n",
+ "\n",
+ "列出某个模块的所有变量。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 62,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "['__builtins__',\n",
+ " '__cached__',\n",
+ " '__doc__',\n",
+ " '__file__',\n",
+ " '__loader__',\n",
+ " '__name__',\n",
+ " '__package__',\n",
+ " '__spec__',\n",
+ " 'add',\n",
+ " 'varible1',\n",
+ " 'varible2']"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 62,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import testmod\n",
+ "dir(testmod)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 模块预编译\n",
+ "\n",
+ "当import时,python会试图去编译出pyc文件来。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "pyc是被编译过的py文件,加载pyc文件可以跳过语法解析过程。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "当py日期新于pyc时,重新生成pyc。所以日期紊乱可能导致执行老代码。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在Python3(3.2以后)中,会在当前目录下生成\\_\\_pycache\\_\\_目录,来缓存pyc文件。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "这样可以避免多个Python解释器无法互相载入对方的pyc文件。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "具体可以参考这里: https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.2.html "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "注意加载顺序导致当前目录模块名和系统相同时会发生覆盖问题。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "同时注意这个现象受制于系统库是否已经载入,从而引出系统库不会多次&quot;加载&quot;的结论。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 63,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u201c\u9a6c\u514b\u676f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8fd0\u52a8\u676f\u201d\u7684\u201c\u559d\u6c34\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6dfb\u6c34\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u201c\u6dfb\u6ee1\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e24\u8fb9\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u7528\u201c\u6dfb\u6ee1\u201d\uff1f\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u505a\uff1f"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 111 Mar 22 20:06 testmod.py\r\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!ls -l testmod*"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b54\u6848"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 365 Jun 25 2018 __pycache__/testmod.cpython-35.pyc\r\n",
+ "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 349 Mar 22 20:06 __pycache__/testmod.cpython-37.pyc\r\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "class Cup(object):\n",
- "\n",
- " def __init__(self):\n",
- " self.water = 0\n",
- "\n",
- " def full(self):\n",
- " mass = self.capacity - self.water\n",
- " self.watering(mass)\n",
- "\n",
- "class Mug(Cup):\n",
- " capacity = 300\n",
- "\n",
- " def drink(self, mass):\n",
- " self.water -= mass\n",
- " if self.water < 0:\n", - " self.water = 0\n", - "\n", - " def watering(self, mass):\n", - " self.water += mass\n", - " if self.water> self.capacity:\n",
- " self.water = self.capacity\n",
- "\n",
- "class SportBottle(Cup):\n",
- " capacity = 500\n",
- "\n",
- " def drink(self, mass):\n",
- " self.water -= mass\n",
- " if self.water < 0:\n", - " self.water = 0\n", - "\n", - " def watering(self, mass):\n", - " self.water += mass\n", - " if self.water> self.capacity:\n",
- " self.water = self.capacity"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "-"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [],
- "prompt_number": 104
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!ls -l __pycache__/testmod*"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "由于这个系统使用了Python3作为基础,因此没有`testmod.pyc`文件。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## \\_\\_name\\_\\_属性\n",
+ "\n",
+ "模块有一个属性,\\_\\_name\\_\\_。当这个属性为'\\_\\_main\\_\\_'时,说明当前模块被作为脚本运行。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "模块被作为以脚本运行时,不生成pyc文件(因为不是import)。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 65,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "m = Mug()\n",
- "m.full()\n",
- "m.drink(100)\n",
- "print(m.water)\n",
- "\n",
- "s = SportBottle()\n",
- "s.full()\n",
- "s.drink(100)\n",
- "print(s.water)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'__main__'"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "200\n",
- "400\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 105
- },
+ "execution_count": 65,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "__name__"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 66,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "slide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'testmod'"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "# \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa"
+ "execution_count": 66,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "testmod.__name__"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Main文件模式化写法"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 67,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "if __name__ == '__main__':\r\n",
+ " print('run as script')"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!tail -n 2 testmod.py"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 68,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u8f93\u5165\n",
- "\n",
- "python3\u4f7f\u7528input\u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u3002python2\u4f7f\u7528raw_input\u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4e24\u8005\u53c2\u6570\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u793a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728python2\u4e2d\uff0cinput\u662feval(input)\uff0c\u6709\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "run as script\r\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Rise to vote, sir.\n",
- "try:\n",
- " input = raw_input\n",
- "except NameError:\n",
- " pass\n",
- "\n",
- "def reverse(text):\n",
- " return text[::-1]\n",
- "\n",
- "def is_palindrome(text):\n",
- " return text == reverse(text)\n",
- "\n",
- "something = input(\"Enter text: \")\n",
- "\n",
- "if is_palindrome(something):\n",
- " print(\"Yes, it is a palindrome\")\n",
- "else:\n",
- " print(\"No, it is not a palindrome\")"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Enter text: Rise to vote, sir.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "No, it is not a palindrome\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 106
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!python testmod.py"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 69,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "skip"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "!rm testmod*"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Package\n",
+ "\n",
+ "从组织结构上说,package是比modules更大一级的结构。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "一个package里可以包含多个modules和packages。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "一般一个package是一个独立目录,里面有\\_\\_init\\_\\_.py文件。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "这个文件指明了如何加载整个package。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "可以找一些实际的文件布局的例子。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* 导入系统sys模块\n",
+ "* 列出sys模块中以s开头并且以e结尾的成员。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "此处需要提前说明startswith和endswith的用法。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 70,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n",
- "\n",
- "\u521a\u521a\u7684\u56de\u6587\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ea\u80fd\u68c0\u6d4b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u56de\u6587\u5b57\u7b26\u68c0\u6d4b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e94\u5f53\u80fd\u591f\u5904\u7406\u6807\u70b9\uff0c\u7a7a\u683c\u548c\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f8b\u5982\"Rise to vote, sir.\"\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u56de\u6587\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u521a\u521a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5224\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8bf7\u5199\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7b80\u5355\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406,\u548c.\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u5148\u4e0d\u7528\u7ba1\u7406\u5404\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u6807\u70b9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982&\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "setprofile\n",
+ "settrace\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import sys\n",
+ "for name in dir(sys):\n",
+ " if name.startswith('s') and name.endswith('e'):\n",
+ " print(name)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 内置数据结构\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* list\n",
+ "* tuple\n",
+ "* dict\n",
+ "* set\n",
+ "* string"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## list\n",
+ "\n",
+ "具有顺序的一组对象。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "可以随意访问其中的任意位置。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "可以添加和删除。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "其中的元素不需要是同类型。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "原书例子有问题,那是python3的代码。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 71,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "I have 4 items to purchase.\n",
+ "These items are: apple mango carrot banana \n",
+ "I also have to buy rice.\n",
+ "My shopping list is now ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana', 'rice']\n",
+ "I will sort my list now\n",
+ "Sorted shopping list is ['apple', 'banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']\n",
+ "The first item I will buy is apple\n",
+ "I bought the apple\n",
+ "My shopping list is now ['banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import sys\n",
+ "shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('I have {} items to purchase.'.format(len(shoplist)))\n",
+ "sys.stdout.write('These items are: ')\n",
+ "for item in shoplist:\n",
+ " sys.stdout.write(str(item) + ' ')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('\\nI also have to buy rice.')\n",
+ "shoplist.append('rice')\n",
+ "print('My shopping list is now {0}'.format(shoplist))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('I will sort my list now')\n",
+ "shoplist.sort()\n",
+ "print('Sorted shopping list is {0}'.format(shoplist))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('The first item I will buy is {0}'.format(shoplist[0]))\n",
+ "olditem = shoplist[0]\n",
+ "del shoplist[0]\n",
+ "print('I bought the {0}'.format(olditem))\n",
+ "print('My shopping list is now {0}'.format(shoplist))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## tuple\n",
+ "\n",
+ "具有顺序的一组对象。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "可以随意访问其中的任意位置。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "不可以添加和删除。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "其中的元素不需要是同类型。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 72,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of animals in the zoo is 3\n",
+ "Number of cages in the new zoo is 3\n",
+ "All animals in new zoo are ('monkey', 'camel', ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin'))\n",
+ "Animals brought from old zoo are ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin')\n",
+ "Last animal brought from old zoo is penguin\n",
+ "Number of animals in the new zoo is 5\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "zoo = ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin')\n",
+ "print('Number of animals in the zoo is {0}'.format(len(zoo)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "new_zoo = 'monkey', 'camel', zoo\n",
+ "print('Number of cages in the new zoo is {0}'.format(len(new_zoo)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('All animals in new zoo are {0}'.format(new_zoo))\n",
+ "print('Animals brought from old zoo are {0}'.format(new_zoo[2]))\n",
+ "print('Last animal brought from old zoo is {0}'.format(new_zoo[2][2]))\n",
+ "print('Number of animals in the new zoo is {0}'.format(len(new_zoo)-1+len(new_zoo[2])))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 73,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "(1, 2, 3)"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b54\u6848"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "try:\n",
- " input = raw_input\n",
- "except NameError:\n",
- " pass\n",
- "\n",
- "def reverse(text):\n",
- " return text[::-1]\n",
- "\n",
- "def is_palindrome(text):\n",
- " text = text.replace(',', '')\n",
- " text = text.replace('.', '')\n",
- " text = text.replace(' ', '')\n",
- " text = text.lower()\n",
- " return text == reverse(text)\n",
- "\n",
- "something = input(\"Enter text: \")\n",
- "\n",
- "if is_palindrome(something):\n",
- " print(\"Yes, it is a palindrome\")\n",
- "else:\n",
- " print(\"No, it is not a palindrome\")"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "execution_count": 73,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Enter text: Rise to vote, sir.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Yes, it is a palindrome\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 107
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f7f\u7528open\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u8bfb\u5199\u3002\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u548cC\u7684fopen\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002"
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "r = 1, 2, 3\n",
+ "r"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 74,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "1\n",
+ "2\n",
+ "3\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "a, b, c = r\n",
+ "print(a)\n",
+ "print(b)\n",
+ "print(c)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 75,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "import sys\n",
- "poem = '''\\\n",
- "Programming is fun\n",
- "When the work is done\n",
- "if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
- " use Python!\n",
- "'''\n",
- "f = open('poem.txt', 'w')\n",
- "f.write(poem)\n",
- "f.close()\n",
- "\n",
- "f = open('poem.txt')\n",
- "while True:\n",
- " line = f.readline()\n",
- " if len(line) == 0:\n",
- " break\n",
- " sys.stdout.write(line)\n",
- "f.close()"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Programming is fun\n",
- "When the work is done\n",
- "if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
- " use Python!\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 108
- },
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "2\n",
+ "1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "a, b = b, a\n",
+ "print(a)\n",
+ "print(b)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 操作序列对象\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* 通过[]访问\n",
+ "* 通过[]设定值\n",
+ "* 通过for枚举\n",
+ "* 通过[:]访问\n",
+ "* 通过[:]设定值\n",
+ "* 通过[::]设定步进"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 76,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Item 0 is apple\n",
+ "Item 1 is mango\n",
+ "Item 2 is carrot\n",
+ "Item 3 is banana\n",
+ "Item -1 is banana\n",
+ "Item -2 is carrot\n",
+ "Character 0 is s\n",
+ "Item 1 to 3 is ['mango', 'carrot']\n",
+ "Item 2 to end is ['carrot', 'banana']\n",
+ "Item 1 to -1 is ['mango', 'carrot']\n",
+ "Item start to end is ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
+ "characters 1 to 3 is wa\n",
+ "characters 2 to end is aroop\n",
+ "characters 1 to -1 is waroo\n",
+ "characters start to end is swaroop\n",
+ "reversed characters is pooraws\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']\n",
+ "name = 'swaroop'\n",
+ "print('Item 0 is {0}'.format(shoplist[0]))\n",
+ "print('Item 1 is {0}'.format(shoplist[1]))\n",
+ "print('Item 2 is {0}'.format(shoplist[2]))\n",
+ "print('Item 3 is {0}'.format(shoplist[3]))\n",
+ "print('Item -1 is {0}'.format(shoplist[-1]))\n",
+ "print('Item -2 is {0}'.format(shoplist[-2]))\n",
+ "print('Character 0 is {0}'.format(name[0]))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('Item 1 to 3 is {0}'.format(shoplist[1:3]))\n",
+ "print('Item 2 to end is {0}'.format(shoplist[2:]))\n",
+ "print('Item 1 to -1 is {0}'.format(shoplist[1:-1]))\n",
+ "print('Item start to end is {0}'.format(shoplist[:]))\n",
+ "print('characters 1 to 3 is {0}'.format(name[1:3]))\n",
+ "print('characters 2 to end is {0}'.format(name[2:]))\n",
+ "print('characters 1 to -1 is {0}'.format(name[1:-1]))\n",
+ "print('characters start to end is {0}'.format(name[:]))\n",
+ "print('reversed characters is {0}'.format(name[::-1]))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "1. 建立一个list,内容为10以内的所有质数。\n",
+ "2. 计算出100内所有质数的列表。\n",
+ "3. 将这个列表转为tuple。\n",
+ "4. 根据上面的tuple,获得反转的tuple。\n",
+ "5. 将一个list分为两个:第一个list拥有原本list前一半的反向,第二个list拥有原本list后一半的反向。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "埃拉托斯特尼筛法。注意代码实现中的筛法效率是有问题的。主要因为sqrt函数没教过。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 77,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "!ls -l poem.txt"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "[2, 3, 5, 7]"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 95 10\u6708 28 20:07 poem.txt\r\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 109
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "!cat poem.txt"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "execution_count": 77,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Programming is fun\r\n",
- "When the work is done\r\n",
- "if you wanna make your work also fun:\r\n",
- " use Python!\r\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 110
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "primes = [2, 3, 5, 7]\n",
+ "primes"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 78,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7686\u662flinux\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\uff08\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\uff09\u5728windows\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u3002windows\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3adir\uff0ctype\uff0c\u548cdel\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97]\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "for i in range(10, 100):\n",
+ " prime = True\n",
+ " for j in primes:\n",
+ " if i % j == 0:\n",
+ " prime = False\n",
+ " break\n",
+ " if prime:\n",
+ " primes.append(i)\n",
+ "print(primes)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 79,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "slide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "# \u5f02\u5e38"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97)\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "tuple_primes = tuple(primes)\n",
+ "print(tuple_primes)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 80,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b80\u4ecb\n",
- "\n",
- "Python\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u201c\u629b\u201d\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u9519\u8bef\u6309\u7167\u8c03\u7528\u987a\u5e8f\u4f9d\u6b21\u5411\u4e0a\u627e\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u9519\u8bef\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u4eba\u5904\u7406\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5219\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8fd9\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236\u5141\u8bb8\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u8fdb\u884c\u5bb9\u9519\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e2d\u95f4\u6240\u6709\u4ee3\u7801\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65e0\u9700\u5e72\u9884\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- ">>> Print(\"Hello World\")\n",
- " Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
- " File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
- " NameError: name 'Print' is not defined\n",
- ">>> print(\"Hello World\")\n",
- " Hello World"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "(97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41, 37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2)\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "Print(\"Hello World\")"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "ename": "NameError",
- "evalue": "name 'Print' is not defined",
- "output_type": "pyerr",
- "traceback": [
- "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
- "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-111-4a9fe39e6a16>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mPrint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Hello World\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
- "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'Print' is not defined"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 111
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "print(\"Hello World\")"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Hello World\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 112
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(tuple_primes[::-1])"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 81,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "-"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u5f02\u5e38\u8f93\u51fa\u9605\u8bfb\n",
- "\n",
- "python\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9519\u8bef\u4f1a\u4f34\u968f\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u65e5\u5e38\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u78b0\u5230\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5b66\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u9605\u8bfb\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5f02\u5e38\u8f93\u51fa\u901a\u5e38\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u987a\u5e8f\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u548c\u6808\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u6700\u4e0a\u5c42\u7684\u8c03\u7528\uff08\u6700\u5148\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff09\u5728\u6700\u4e0a\u9762\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6267\u884c\u5230\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u6700\u4e0b\u9762\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u884c\u5c31\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u70b9\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u548c\u53c2\u6570\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "(97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41, 37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2)\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(tuple(reversed(tuple_primes)))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 82,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def layer1():\n",
- " print('layer1 called')\n",
- " return layer2()\n",
- "\n",
- "def layer2():\n",
- " print('layer2 called')\n",
- " raise Exception('arg1', 2)\n",
- " return 1\n",
- "\n",
- "print(layer1())"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "([37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2],\n",
+ " [97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41])"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "layer1 called\n",
- "layer2 called\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "ename": "Exception",
- "evalue": "('arg1', 2)",
- "output_type": "pyerr",
- "traceback": [
- "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
- "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-113-22bfd87adf46>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 8\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 9\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 10\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlayer1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
- "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-113-22bfd87adf46>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mlayer1\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlayer1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'layer1 called'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlayer2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlayer2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
- "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-113-22bfd87adf46>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mlayer2\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlayer2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 6\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'layer2 called'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 7\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'arg1'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 8\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 9\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
- "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: ('arg1', 2)"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 113
- },
+ "execution_count": 82,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# Python2下可以不需要int,因为len结果是整数,整数除法结果是整数。\n",
+ "# 在Python3,没有int会导致出错。\n",
+ "list(reversed(primes[:int(len(primes)/2)])), list(reversed(primes[int(len(primes)/2):]))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 83,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "([37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2],\n",
+ " [97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41])"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 83,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "primes[int(len(primes)/2-1)::-1], primes[:int(len(primes)/2-1):-1]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 列表推导式"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 84,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5e38\u89c4\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5\u9700\u8981\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u88ab\u76d1\u7ba1\u4ee3\u7801\u4f53\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4ee3\u7801\u4f53\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5f53\u88ab\u76d1\u7ba1\u4ee3\u7801\u4f53\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u88ab\u5411\u4e0a\u629b\u51fa\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5411\u4e0a\u5bfb\u627e\u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7c7b\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u65f6\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4ee3\u7801\u4f53\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u660e\u786e\u77e5\u9053\u786e\u5b9e\u8981\u6355\u83b7\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e25\u7981\u7528\u6355\u83b7\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u6765\u5904\u7406\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121]\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "try:\n",
- " input = raw_input\n",
- "except NameError:\n",
- " pass\n",
- "\n",
- "try:\n",
- " number = int(input('Enter something --> '))\n",
- "except ValueError:\n",
- " print('Illegal number')\n",
- "else:\n",
- " print(number+1)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Enter something --> 10.a\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Illegal number\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 114
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "l = range(12)\n",
+ "t = [i * i for i in l]\n",
+ "print(t)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 85,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u5e38\u89c1\u5f02\u5e38\n",
- "\n",
- "* AttributeError\n",
- "* ImportError\n",
- "* IndexError\n",
- "* KeyError\n",
- "* NameError\n",
- "* SyntaxError\n",
- "* IndentationError\n",
- "* TypeError\n",
- "* ValueError"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "[1, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121]\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "t = [i * i for i in l if i % 2 != 0]\n",
+ "print(t)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "思考一下,列表推导式是否能够将素数列表直接实现出来?为什么?\n",
+ "\n",
+ "然后自己测试一下。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "问题的关键在于&quot;生成列表的时候列表是空的&quot;。所以不能一次性生成,必须渐进。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## dict\n",
+ "\n",
+ "具有一系列成对对象。一个叫做key,一个叫做value。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "无顺序,key不可重复。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "通过其中一个(key)可以唯一确定另外一个(value),反之未必。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "可以添加和删除。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "其中的元素(包括key和value)不需要是同类型。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "key必须是不可变对象。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "1: 注意在某些情况下,dict可表现出内在顺序。但这并不是有序约定。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "2: 在Python3.6之后,dict表现出类似于OrderedDict的性质。现阶段可无视这个差异。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 86,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Swaroop's address is swaroop@swaroopch.com\n",
+ "There are 3 contacts in the address-book\n",
+ "Name list: Swaroop, Larry, Matsumoto\n",
+ "Contact Swaroop at swaroop@swaroopch.com\n",
+ "Contact Larry at larry@wall.org\n",
+ "Contact Matsumoto at matz@ruby-lang.org\n",
+ "Guido's address is guido@python.org\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "def f():\n",
- " print(\"I'm ok\")\n",
- " raise Exception('actually not')\n",
- "\n",
- "try:\n",
- " f()\n",
- "except Exception as err:\n",
- " print(err)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "I'm ok\n",
- "actually not\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 115
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "ab = {\n",
+ " 'Swaroop': 'swaroop@swaroopch.com',\n",
+ " 'Larry': 'larry@wall.org',\n",
+ " 'Matsumoto': 'matz@ruby-lang.org',\n",
+ " 'Spammer': 'spammer@hotmail.com'\n",
+ "}\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(\"Swaroop's address is {}\".format(ab['Swaroop']))\n",
+ "del ab['Spammer']\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print('There are {} contacts in the address-book'.format(len(ab)))\n",
+ "print('Name list: %s' % ', '.join(ab))\n",
+ "for name, address in ab.items():\n",
+ " print('Contact {} at {}'.format(name, address))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ab['Guido'] = 'guido@python.org'\n",
+ "if 'Guido' in ab:\n",
+ " print(\"Guido's address is {}\".format(ab['Guido']))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## set\n",
+ "\n",
+ "具有一组对象。无顺序,不可重复。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "可以添加和删除。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "其中的元素不需要是同类型,但必须是不可变对象。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 87,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "True"
+ ]
 },
- "source": [
- "## \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "# \u5fc5\u987b\u81eaException\u4e2d\u7ee7\u627f\n",
- "class ShortInputException(Exception):\n",
- " '''A user-defined exception class.'''\n",
- " def __init__(self, length, atleast):\n",
- " Exception.__init__(self)\n",
- " self.length = length\n",
- " self.atleast = atleast"
- ],
- "language": "python",
+ "execution_count": 87,
 "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "prompt_number": 116
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "bri = set(['brazil', 'russia', 'india'])\n",
+ "bri = {'brazil', 'russia', 'india'}\n",
+ "'india' in bri"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 88,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "try:\n",
- " input = raw_input\n",
- "except NameError:\n",
- " pass\n",
- "\n",
- "try:\n",
- " text = input('Enter something --> ')\n",
- " if len(text) < 3:\n", - " raise ShortInputException(len(text), 3)\n", - "except ShortInputException as ex:\n", - " print('ShortInputException: The input was {0} long, expected at least {1}'.format(\n", - " ex.length, ex.atleast))\n", - "else:\n", - " print('No exception was raised.')" - ], - "language": "python", + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "False" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 88, "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "Enter something --> 1\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "ShortInputException: The input was 1 long, expected at least 3\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 117
- },
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "'usa' in bri"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 89,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## finally\n",
- "\n",
- "finally\u7528\u4e8e\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u8fd8\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u5fc5\u7136\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u591a\u7528\u4e8e\u6e05\u7406\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "{'china', 'russia', 'brazil', 'india'}\n"
 ]
 },
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "try:\n",
- " input = raw_input\n",
- "except NameError:\n",
- " pass\n",
- "\n",
- "try:\n",
- " number = int(input('Enter something --> '))\n",
- "except ValueError:\n",
- " print('Illegal number')\n",
- "else:\n",
- " print(number+1)\n",
- "finally:\n",
- " print('(clean up here)')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "True"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Enter something --> 10.a\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Illegal number\n",
- "(clean up here)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 118
- },
+ "execution_count": 89,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "bric = bri.copy()\n",
+ "bric.add('china')\n",
+ "print(bric)\n",
+ "bric.issuperset(bri)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 90,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## with\n",
- "\n",
- "with\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u63a8\u51fa\u533a\u5757\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u5f02\u5e38\u5b89\u5168\uff08\u5f02\u5e38\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u8bb2\uff09\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "with\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5f88\u591a\u9700\u8981\u5728\u79bb\u5f00\u533a\u57df\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9501\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "{'china', 'brazil', 'india'}\n"
 ]
 },
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "import sys\n",
- "with open(\"poem.txt\") as f:\n",
- " for line in f:\n",
- " sys.stdout.write(line)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "-"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "{'brazil', 'india'}"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Programming is fun\n",
- "When the work is done\n",
- "if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
- " use Python!\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 119
- },
+ "execution_count": 90,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "bric.remove('russia')\n",
+ "print(bric)\n",
+ "bri & bric"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 91,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "!rm -f poem.txt"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "skip"
- }
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "{'brazil', 'china', 'india', 'russia'}"
+ ]
 },
- "outputs": [],
- "prompt_number": 120
- },
+ "execution_count": 91,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "bri &#124; bric"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## string的一些其他方法\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* startswith\n",
+ "* endswith\n",
+ "* in\n",
+ "* find\n",
+ "* replace\n",
+ "* upper\n",
+ "* lower\n",
+ "* join\n",
+ "* split"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 92,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Yes, the string starts with \"Swa\"\n",
+ "Yes, it contains the string \"a\"\n",
+ "position of the string \"war\" is 1\n",
+ "the string replace war to peace is Speaceoop\n",
+ "the string replace o to 0 is Swar00p\n",
+ "upper case: SWAROOP\n",
+ "lower case: swaroop\n",
+ "Brazil_*_Russia_*_India_*_China\n",
+ "['Brazil', 'Russia', 'India', 'China']\n",
+ "['Brazil_', '_Russia_', '_India_', '_China']\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "name = 'Swaroop'\n",
+ "if name.startswith('Swa'):\n",
+ " print('Yes, the string starts with \"Swa\"')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if 'a' in name:\n",
+ " print('Yes, it contains the string \"a\"')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "pos = name.find('war')\n",
+ "if pos != -1:\n",
+ " print('position of the string \"war\" is %d' % pos)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(\"the string replace war to peace is %s\" % name.replace('war', 'peace'))\n",
+ "print(\"the string replace o to 0 is %s\" % name.replace('o', '0'))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(\"upper case: %s\" % name.upper())\n",
+ "print(\"lower case: %s\" % name.lower())\n",
+ "\n",
+ "delimiter = '_*_'\n",
+ "mylist = ['Brazil', 'Russia', 'India', 'China']\n",
+ "print(delimiter.join(mylist))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(delimiter.join(mylist).split(delimiter))\n",
+ "print(delimiter.join(mylist).split('*'))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "每个国家都有一定的地区号码,现在我们知道这些国家和地区号码关系:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "+30 希腊 +45 丹麦 +51 秘鲁 +65 新加坡 +86 中国\n",
+ "\n",
+ "写代码求出以下电话号码里面有几个国家:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 93,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## assert"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "4\n",
+ "希腊, 秘鲁, 新加坡, 中国\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "number2country = {\n",
+ " '+30': u'希腊',\n",
+ " '+45': u'丹麦',\n",
+ " '+51': u'秘鲁',\n",
+ " '+65': u'新加坡',\n",
+ " '+86': u'中国'\n",
+ "}\n",
+ "\n",
+ "numbers = \"+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935\".split()\n",
+ "country_set = set([number2country[n] for n in numbers if n.startswith('+')])\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(len(country_set))\n",
+ "# 注意:这里的输出顺序在不同的机器上可能不一样,具体依赖于python的版本和实现。set本身是没有顺序约定的。\n",
+ "print(', '.join(country_set))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 94,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "assert 1 == 0, Exception('of course')"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "ename": "AssertionError",
- "evalue": "of course",
- "output_type": "pyerr",
- "traceback": [
- "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
- "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-121-53f9edc366b8>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32massert\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'of course'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
- "\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m: of course"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 121
- },
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numbers: ['+86', '1123', '+65', '1234', '+51', '2347', '+30', '9123', '+65', '1246', '+30', '2347', '+86', '2935']\n",
+ "filtered: ['+86', '+65', '+51', '+30', '+65', '+30', '+86']\n",
+ "filtered and mapped: 中国, 新加坡, 秘鲁, 希腊, 新加坡, 希腊, 中国\n",
+ "希腊, 秘鲁, 新加坡, 中国\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "numbers = \"+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935\".split()\n",
+ "print(\"numbers: %s\" % str(numbers))\n",
+ "print(\"filtered: %s\" % str([n for n in numbers if n.startswith('+')]))\n",
+ "print(\"filtered and mapped: %s\" % ', '.join([number2country[n] for n in numbers if n.startswith('+')]))\n",
+ "country_set = set([number2country[n] for n in numbers if n.startswith('+')])\n",
+ "print(', '.join(country_set))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 面对对象编程"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "&quot;一个苹果加一个苹果是什么?&quot;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "&quot;两个苹果。&quot;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "&quot;一个雪梨加一个雪梨呢?&quot;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "&quot;两个雪梨。&quot;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "&quot;一个苹果加一个雪梨呢?&quot;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "&quot;......&quot;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "虽然妲柯妮丝不知道这和欣赏抽象画有什么关系,但还是敲着额头想了想。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "&quot;......两个水果?&quot;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "&quot;明白了吧?&quot;冰清灵看着若有所思的妲柯妮丝笑道,&quot;从苹果、雪梨到水果,其实是一个去掉不同的部分,然后把相同的部分进行累加的一个过程。从水果、杯子到‘东西’,也是它们的存在本身,也是一样的道理。&quot;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "——XINPINGYE《御天者.星星》"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## class\n",
+ "\n",
+ "如何定义类:"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 95,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class Person:\n",
+ " pass # An empty block"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "如何使用类产生对象:"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 96,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "slide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "# \u6587\u6863"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "<__main__.person object at 0x7f13cc23b358>\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "p = Person()\n",
+ "print(p)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 方法\n",
+ "\n",
+ "如何定义类的成员方法:"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 97,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u6587\u6863\u83b7\u5f97\u548c\u67e5\u9605\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u7ebf\u6587\u6863\uff1a\n",
- "\n",
- "https://docs.python.org/2/\n",
- "\n",
- "https://docs.python.org/3/ \n",
- "\n",
- "\u672c\u5730\u6587\u6863\uff1a\u968f\u5b89\u88c5\u7248\u672c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4e24\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u4ee5\u672c\u5730\u4e3a\u51c6\uff0c\u672c\u5730\u4e00\u5b9a\u5bf9\u5e94\u5b89\u88c5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5e93\u67e5Library Reference\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8bed\u6cd5\u7279\u6027\u67e5Language Reference\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hello, how are you?\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "class Person:\n",
+ " def say_hi(self):\n",
+ " print('Hello, how are you?')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p = Person()\n",
+ "p.say_hi()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 数据\n",
+ "\n",
+ "对象里包含的数据。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "可以用.访问。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "和方法的主要差别在于。方法需要使用()来调用,而数据不需要。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 98,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7ec3\u4e60\n",
- "\n",
- "\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u6863\uff0c\u8bf7\u67e5\u9605itertools.permutations\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff0c\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u8981\u70b9\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5e76\u5411\u5927\u5bb6\u89e3\u91ca\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "shell\n",
+ "hello, shell, how are you?\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "class Person:\n",
+ " def set_name(self, name):\n",
+ " self.name = name\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def say_hi(self):\n",
+ " print('hello, {}, how are you?'.format(self.name))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "p = Person()\n",
+ "p.set_name('shell')\n",
+ "print(p.name)\n",
+ "p.say_hi()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## self\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在python中,成员函数使用&quot;self&quot;来指代对象自身。类似于java和C++中的&quot;this&quot;。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在调用时,p.say_hi()即可。不需要传递p.say_hi(self)或者p.say_hi(p)。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在使用时,需要先将self定义为第一个参数。例如def say_hi(self):。\n",
+ " \n",
+ "在函数内使用时,对象的成员需要用self.xx的方式使用,例如self.name。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "self不是关键词,也不是强制名称。它只是函数的第一个参数。但是为了保持传统,请不要将他改为其他名称。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## \\_\\_init\\_\\_方法\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\\_\\_init\\_\\_是对象的第一个方法,用于初始化对象数据。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\\_\\_init\\_\\_函数是初始化方法,而非构造方法。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在\\_\\_init\\_\\_函数被调用时,self对象已经创建完毕。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在python中,对象的属性可以自由添加删除,不需要先在类里面声明。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "一般而言,对象里的所有数据会在\\_\\_init\\_\\_方法中赋值,后面可以变更。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "但是不在\\_\\_init\\_\\_中赋值,后面直接赋值创建属性也是合法的。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 99,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6587\u6863\u67e5\u8be2\n",
- "\n",
- "\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u56fa\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728google\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662fbaidu\uff09\u4e0a\u641c\u7d22\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3002\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u50cf\u7684\u5b98\u7f51\u3002\u627e\u5230\u6587\u6863\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003pypi\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u627e\u5230\u3002\u91cc\u9762\u5f80\u5f80\u5e26\u6709\u6587\u6863\u5730\u5740\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\uff0cpypi\u4e0a\u641c\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u91cd\u540d\u5e93\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u54ea\u4e2a\u624d\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u7684\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Swaroop\n",
+ "hello, Swaroop, how are you?\n",
+ "shell\n",
+ "hello, shell, how are you?\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "class Person:\n",
+ " def __init__(self, name):\n",
+ " self.name = name\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def set_name(self, name):\n",
+ " self.name = name\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def say_hi(self):\n",
+ " print('hello, {}, how are you?'.format(self.name))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p = Person('Swaroop')\n",
+ "print(p.name)\n",
+ "p.say_hi()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p.set_name('shell')\n",
+ "print(p.name)\n",
+ "p.say_hi()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "定义一个马克杯类,定义一个加水方法和一个喝水方法。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 100,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class Mug:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def __init__(self):\n",
+ " self.water = 0\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def drink(self, mass):\n",
+ " self.water -= mass\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def watering(self, mass):\n",
+ " self.water += mass"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 类成员和对象成员\n",
+ "\n",
+ "类和对象分别拥有成员,例如数据和方法。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "对象可以引用类成员,例如p.say_hi()。也可以引用对象成员,或者self.name。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "当有重名时优先引用对象成员。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "类成员在所有对象间共享,而对象成员只是它自己的。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "notes"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "这里是否要加个例子说明类和对象变量的优先引用次序。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 101,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class Robot:\n",
+ " \"\"\"Represents a robot, with a name.\"\"\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ " # A class variable, counting the number of robots\n",
+ " population = 0\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def __init__(self, name):\n",
+ " \"\"\"Initializes the data.\"\"\"\n",
+ " self.name = name\n",
+ " print(\"(Initializing {})\".format(self.name))\n",
+ " # When this person is created, the robot\n",
+ " # adds to the population\n",
+ " Robot.population += 1\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def die(self):\n",
+ " \"\"\"I am dying.\"\"\"\n",
+ " print(\"{} is being destroyed!\".format(self.name))\n",
+ " Robot.population -= 1\n",
+ " if Robot.population == 0:\n",
+ " print(\"{} was the last one.\".format(self.name))\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " print(\"There are still {:d} robots working.\".format(\n",
+ " Robot.population))\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def say_hi(self):\n",
+ " \"\"\"Greeting by the robot.\n",
+ " Yeah, they can do that.\"\"\"\n",
+ " print(\"Greetings, my masters call me {}.\".format(self.name))\n",
+ "\n",
+ " @classmethod\n",
+ " def how_many(cls):\n",
+ " \"\"\"Prints the current population.\"\"\"\n",
+ " print(\"We have {:d} robots.\".format(cls.population))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 102,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "(Initializing R2-D2)\n",
+ "Greetings, my masters call me R2-D2.\n",
+ "We have 1 robots.\n",
+ "(Initializing C-3PO)\n",
+ "Greetings, my masters call me C-3PO.\n",
+ "We have 2 robots.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Robots can do some work here.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Robots have finished their work. So let's destroy them.\n",
+ "R2-D2 is being destroyed!\n",
+ "There are still 1 robots working.\n",
+ "C-3PO is being destroyed!\n",
+ "C-3PO was the last one.\n",
+ "We have 0 robots.\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "slide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "# Python2\u548cPython3\u7684\u5dee\u5f02"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "droid1 = Robot(\"R2-D2\")\n",
+ "droid1.say_hi()\n",
+ "Robot.how_many()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "droid2 = Robot(\"C-3PO\")\n",
+ "droid2.say_hi()\n",
+ "Robot.how_many()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(\"\\nRobots can do some work here.\\n\")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(\"Robots have finished their work. So let's destroy them.\")\n",
+ "droid1.die()\n",
+ "droid2.die()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Robot.how_many()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "回想一下,上一节你的定义里是否考虑了马克杯的&quot;最大容量&quot;。如果没有,请加上。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "思考一下,&quot;最大容量&quot;是对象属性还是类属性,为什么?"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 103,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class Mug:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " capacity = 300\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def __init__(self):\n",
+ " self.water = 0\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def drink(self, mass):\n",
+ " self.water -= mass\n",
+ " if self.water < 0:\n", + " self.water = 0\n", + "\n", + " def watering(self, mass):\n", + " self.water += mass\n", + " if self.water> self.capacity:\n",
+ " self.water = self.capacity"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 继承\n",
+ "\n",
+ "继承关系分为基类和继承类(也叫父类和子类)。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "子类可以继承父类的成员。当子类和父类定义同名成员时,优先引用子类的。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "原则上说,父类能做的事,子类一定能做(虽然行为可能有差异)。父类能出现的地方,子类一定能出现。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "因为子类拥有父类的所有成员。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "继承的写法为:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " class Person(Animal):\n",
+ " pass"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 104,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class SchoolMember:\n",
+ " '''Represents any school member.'''\n",
+ " def __init__(self, name, age):\n",
+ " self.name = name\n",
+ " self.age = age\n",
+ " print('(Initialized SchoolMember: {})'.format(self.name))\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def tell(self):\n",
+ " '''Tell my details.'''\n",
+ " print('Name:\"{}\" Age:\"{}\"'.format(self.name, self.age))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "class Teacher(SchoolMember):\n",
+ " '''Represents a teacher.'''\n",
+ " def __init__(self, name, age, salary):\n",
+ " SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)\n",
+ " self.salary = salary\n",
+ " print('(Initialized Teacher: {})'.format(self.name))\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def tell(self):\n",
+ " SchoolMember.tell(self)\n",
+ " print('Salary: \"{:d}\"'.format(self.salary))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 105,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "(Initialized SchoolMember: Mrs. Shrividya)\n",
+ "(Initialized Teacher: Mrs. Shrividya)\n",
+ "(Initialized SchoolMember: Swaroop)\n",
+ "(Initialized Student: Swaroop)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Name:\"Mrs. Shrividya\" Age:\"40\"\n",
+ "Salary: \"30000\"\n",
+ "Name:\"Swaroop\" Age:\"25\"\n",
+ "Marks: \"75\"\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "class Student(SchoolMember):\n",
+ " '''Represents a student.'''\n",
+ " def __init__(self, name, age, marks):\n",
+ " SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)\n",
+ " self.marks = marks\n",
+ " print('(Initialized Student: {})'.format(self.name))\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def tell(self):\n",
+ " SchoolMember.tell(self)\n",
+ " print('Marks: \"{:d}\"'.format(self.marks))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t = Teacher('Mrs. Shrividya', 40, 30000)\n",
+ "s = Student('Swaroop', 25, 75)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# prints a blank line\n",
+ "print()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "members = [t, s]\n",
+ "for member in members:\n",
+ " # Works for both Teachers and Students\n",
+ " member.tell()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "请为马克杯增加一个&quot;添满&quot;方法,可以求出需要添多少水到加满,并自动为杯子加水。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 106,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class Mug(object):\n",
+ " capacity = 300\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def __init__(self):\n",
+ " self.water = 0\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def drink(self, mass):\n",
+ " self.water -= mass\n",
+ " if self.water < 0:\n", + " self.water = 0\n", + "\n", + " def watering(self, mass):\n", + " self.water += mass\n", + " if self.water> self.capacity:\n",
+ " self.water = self.capacity\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def full(self):\n",
+ " mass = self.capacity - self.water\n",
+ " self.watering(mass)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "请定义一个运动杯类,并同样实现&quot;喝水&quot;,&quot;加水&quot;和&quot;添满&quot;方法。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "考虑一下,如果&quot;马克杯&quot;和&quot;运动杯&quot;的&quot;喝水&quot;和&quot;添水&quot;行为是不一样的。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "那么,&quot;添满&quot;行为是否一样,两边是否可以重用&quot;添满&quot;?\n",
+ "\n",
+ "如果可以,怎么做?"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 107,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "-"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class Cup(object):\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def __init__(self):\n",
+ " self.water = 0\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def full(self):\n",
+ " mass = self.capacity - self.water\n",
+ " self.watering(mass)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "class Mug(Cup):\n",
+ " capacity = 300\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def drink(self, mass):\n",
+ " self.water -= mass\n",
+ " if self.water < 0:\n", + " self.water = 0\n", + "\n", + " def watering(self, mass):\n", + " self.water += mass\n", + " if self.water> self.capacity:\n",
+ " self.water = self.capacity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "class SportBottle(Cup):\n",
+ " capacity = 500\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def drink(self, mass):\n",
+ " self.water -= mass\n",
+ " if self.water < 0:\n", + " self.water = 0\n", + "\n", + " def watering(self, mass):\n", + " self.water += mass\n", + " if self.water> self.capacity:\n",
+ " self.water = self.capacity"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 108,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u7b80\u8ff0\n",
- "\n",
- "Python2\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\n",
- "\n",
- "1. print\u662f\u5185\u7f6e\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u8d8a\u5c11\u8d8a\u597d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5185\u6838\u8d8a\u7b80\u6d01\u3002\n",
- "2. \u6df7\u540c\u4e86bytes\u548cunicode\u3002\n",
- "3. /\u662f\u6574\u6570\u9664\u6cd5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5728Python3\u4e2d\u9010\u6b65\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u4fee\u590d\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5e38\u89c4\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4fee\u590d\u95ee\u9898\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u201c\u5411\u4e0b\u517c\u5bb9\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u8fdb\u884c\u201d\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7136\u800c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u672c\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u8fdb\u884c\u4f24\u7b4b\u52a8\u9aa8\u7684\u5927\u6539\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u4fee\u590d\u7684\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u56e0\u6b64Python3\u7684\u9884\u8ba2\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u548cPython2\u517c\u5bb9\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u9020\u6210\u4e86Python\u793e\u533a\u76ee\u524d2/3\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "200\n",
+ "400\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "m = Mug()\n",
+ "m.full()\n",
+ "m.drink(100)\n",
+ "print(m.water)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "s = SportBottle()\n",
+ "s.full()\n",
+ "s.drink(100)\n",
+ "print(s.water)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 输入输出"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 从命令行输入\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python3使用input从命令行输入。Python2使用raw_input从命令行输入。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "两者参数一致,都是一个提示字符串。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在Python2中,input是eval(input),有安全性问题。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 109,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "Python2\u548cPython3\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5927\u81f4\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e09\u9879\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "1. Python2\u7684print\u7531\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6539\u4e3a\u4e86\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u56e0\u6b64print \u2018xxx\u2019\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u5c31\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u4e86\u3002\n",
- "2. \u5728Python3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u9ed8\u8ba4\u90fd\u662funicode\u3002\u8981\u5904\u7406\u539f\u751f\u6570\u636e\u9700\u8981\u7528bytes\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u591a\u5728Python2\u4e2d\u80fd\u591f\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u5c31\u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u9700\u8981\u4ed4\u7ec6\u601d\u8003\u662funicode\u8fd8\u662fbytes\u3002\n",
- "3. Python3\u4e2d/\u4e0d\u662f\u6574\u6570\u9664\u6cd5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u91cc\uff0c\u6536\u5f55\u4e86Python2\u548cPython3\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Enter text: abc\n",
+ "No, it is not a palindrome\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Rise to vote, sir.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def reverse(text):\n",
+ " return text[::-1]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def is_palindrome(text):\n",
+ " return text == reverse(text)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "something = input(\"Enter text: \")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if is_palindrome(something):\n",
+ " print(\"Yes, it is a palindrome\")\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print(\"No, it is not a palindrome\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "刚刚的回文字符串程序只能检测纯粹的字符串,真正的回文字符检测程序应当能够处理标点,空格和大小写。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "例如\"Rise to vote, sir.\"实际上也是回文字符串,但是刚刚的程序判定他不是。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "请写出一个新的版本。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "简单起见,只需要处理,和.即可。先不用管理各种复杂标点,例如&。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 答案"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 110,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## Python2\u52303\u8fc1\u79fb\n",
- "\n",
- "Python3\u5e26\u67092to3\u811a\u672c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u5f88\u591a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u6240\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "2\u52303\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5e93\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6210Python3\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e93\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f88\u96be\u5728Python3\u4e0a\u627e\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u7684\uff08\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\uff09\u66ff\u4ee3\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u800c\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f2to3\u811a\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u81ea\u52a8\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Enter text: Rise to vote, sir.\n",
+ "Yes, it is a palindrome\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def reverse(text):\n",
+ " return text[::-1]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def is_palindrome(text):\n",
+ " text = text.replace(',', '')\n",
+ " text = text.replace('.', '')\n",
+ " text = text.replace(' ', '')\n",
+ " text = text.lower()\n",
+ " return text == reverse(text)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "something = input(\"Enter text: \")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if is_palindrome(something):\n",
+ " print(\"Yes, it is a palindrome\")\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print(\"No, it is not a palindrome\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 从文件中输入输出\n",
+ "\n",
+ "使用open打开文件进行读写。调用方法和C的fopen类似。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 111,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u6211\u8be5\u7528\u54ea\u4e2a\u7248\u672c/\u54ea\u4e2a\u66f4\u597d\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4efb\u4f55\u80fd\u8ba9\u4f60\u4e0d\u6dfb\u52a0\u989d\u5916\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u628a\u5de5\u4f5c\u505a\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7248\u672c\u90fd\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5982\u679cPython2\u548cPython3\u4e00\u6837\u597d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48Python3\u66f4\u597d\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0cPython\u793e\u533a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5ba3\u5e03Python2\u5c06\u505c\u6b62\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002\u5728\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u90fd\u8981\u4f7f\u7528Python3\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u6dfb\u52a0\u989d\u5916\u9ebb\u70e6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528Python3\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u5e26\u6765\u4fbf\u5229\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Programming is fun\n",
+ "When the work is done\n",
+ "if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
+ " use Python!\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import sys\n",
+ "poem = '''\\\n",
+ "Programming is fun\n",
+ "When the work is done\n",
+ "if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
+ " use Python!\n",
+ "'''\n",
+ "f = open('poem.txt', 'w')\n",
+ "f.write(poem)\n",
+ "f.close()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f = open('poem.txt')\n",
+ "while True:\n",
+ " line = f.readline()\n",
+ " if len(line) == 0:\n",
+ " break\n",
+ " sys.stdout.write(line)\n",
+ "f.close()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 112,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "notes"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u6709\u7684Python2\u4ee3\u7801\uff08\u81ea\u5df1\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u63a5\u624b\u7684\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u505a2to3\u79fb\u690d\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u56e0\u4e3a\u79fb\u690d\u9700\u8981\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u9879\u76ee\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u5468\u671f\u3002\u5f88\u96be\u4fdd\u8bc1\u9879\u76ee\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u591f\u6d3b\u5230\u975e\u8fc1\u4e0d\u53ef\u90a3\u4e00\u5929\u3002\u7b49\u5230\u8fd9\u5929\u6765\u4e34\u65f6\u624d\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6210\u672c\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f9d\u8d56\u4f60\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u4eba\u6709Python3\u8fc1\u79fb\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e93\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u5e38\u7528\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u660e\u663e\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u987b\u79fb\u690d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e86\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 95 Mar 22 20:06 poem.txt\r\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "slide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "# \u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5b89\u88c5\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4e24\u5957\u57fa\u672c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\n",
- "\n",
- "* setuptools\n",
- "* pip"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!ls -l poem.txt"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 113,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Programming is fun\r\n",
+ "When the work is done\r\n",
+ "if you wanna make your work also fun:\r\n",
+ " use Python!\r\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## setuptools\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86setuptools\uff08\u8bf7\u54a8\u8be2\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u5b89\u88c5\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6307\u4ee4\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a\n",
- "\n",
- "Linux:\n",
- "\n",
- " wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - &#124; sudo python\n",
- "\n",
- "MacOS:\n",
- "\n",
- " curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - &#124; python"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!cat poem.txt"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "以上皆是linux指令,因此不能(也不需要)在windows上执行。windows上对应的行为为dir,type,和del。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 异常"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 简介\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python允许在出现错误的时候,&quot;抛&quot;出这个错误。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "错误按照调用顺序依次向上找,找到第一个合适的处理方法对错误进行处理。如果无人处理错误,则程序崩溃。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "这种错误处理机制允许调用者对函数深层的错误进行容错,同时中间所有代码对这个过程无需干预。\n",
+ "\n",
+ ">>> Print(\"Hello World\")\n",
+ " Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
+ " File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
+ " NameError: name 'Print' is not defined\n",
+ ">>> print(\"Hello World\")\n",
+ " Hello World"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 114,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "ename": "NameError",
+ "evalue": "name 'Print' is not defined",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-114-82ee0b7fee85>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mPrint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Hello World\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'Print' is not defined"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "Print(\"Hello World\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 115,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## setuptools\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\n",
- "\n",
- "1. easy_install \u5305\u540d\n",
- "2. easy_install \u5b89\u88c5\u5305\u8def\u5f84\u3002\uff08\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u586b\u5199\u4e00\u4e2aurl\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u4ece\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5b89\u88c5\uff09\n",
- "3. \u5728\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u5206\u53d1\u5305\u4e2d\u627e\u5230setup.py\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd0\u884cpython setup.py install\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8d44\u6599\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003\uff1ahttps://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/easy_install.html"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hello World\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(\"Hello World\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 异常输出阅读\n",
+ "\n",
+ "python的大多数错误会伴随抛出异常。因此,为了解决日常在使用中碰到的种种问题,我们需要学会如何阅读异常。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "异常输出通常和函数的调用顺序相同,和栈的顺序相反。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "最上层的调用(最先发生的)在最上面,最后执行到的地方在最下面。最后一个异常行就是异常发生的精确地点。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "最后一行是异常的名字和参数。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 116,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## pip\n",
- "\n",
- "\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u6709pip\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u8bf7\u54a8\u8be2\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u3002\u6216\u8005\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\n",
- "\n",
- "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f7f\u7528python\u6267\u884c\u5b89\u88c5\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u9700\u8981\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u6743\u9650\uff09\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "layer1 called\n",
+ "layer2 called\n"
 ]
 },
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## pip\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\n",
- "\n",
- "1. pip install \u5305\u540d\n",
- "2. pip install -r requirements.txt \uff08\u81ea\u52a8\u5904\u7406\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4f9d\u8d56\uff09"
+ "ename": "Exception",
+ "evalue": "('arg1', 2)",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-116-ee9e317c1a37>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 8\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 9\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 10\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlayer1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-116-ee9e317c1a37>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mlayer1\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlayer1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'layer1 called'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlayer2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlayer2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-116-ee9e317c1a37>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mlayer2\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlayer2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 6\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'layer2 called'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 7\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'arg1'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 8\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 9\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: ('arg1', 2)"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def layer1():\n",
+ " print('layer1 called')\n",
+ " return layer2()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def layer2():\n",
+ " print('layer2 called')\n",
+ " raise Exception('arg1', 2)\n",
+ " return 1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(layer1())"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 异常处理\n",
+ "\n",
+ "常规异常处理代码段需要包含三部分内容:被监管代码体,错误类型和异常处理代码体。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "当被监管代码体中发生异常时,异常被向上抛出。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "向上寻找处理函数的异常属于定义的这个错误类的子类时,异常处理代码体被调用。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "一般来说,除非明确知道确实要捕获所有异常,否则严禁用捕获所有异常来处理某种特定问题。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 117,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## virtualenv\n",
- "\n",
- "\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u9694\u79bb\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u5b89\u88c5\u5404\u79cd\u5305\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u9020\u6210\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7528\u6237\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u5b89\u88c5\u5305\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u7cfb\u7edf\u6743\u9650\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9694\u79bb\u591a\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5b89\u88c5\u4e0d\u540c\u7248\u672c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u9650\u5236\uff1avirtualenv\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684Python\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Enter something --> abc\n",
+ "Illegal number\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "try:\n",
+ " number = int(input('Enter something --> '))\n",
+ "except ValueError:\n",
+ " print('Illegal number')\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print(number+1)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 常见异常\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* AttributeError\n",
+ "* ImportError\n",
+ "* IndexError\n",
+ "* KeyError\n",
+ "* NameError\n",
+ "* SyntaxError\n",
+ "* IndentationError\n",
+ "* TypeError\n",
+ "* ValueError"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 抛出异常"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 118,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## virtualenv\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5efa\u7acb\u73af\u5883\uff1avirtualenv \u76ee\u5f55\u540d\n",
- "\n",
- "\u6fc0\u6d3b\u73af\u5883\uff1a\u8fdb\u5165\u76ee\u5f55\u540e\u6267\u884csource bin/activate\n",
- "\n",
- "\u9000\u51fa\u6fc0\u6d3b\u73af\u5883\uff1adeactivate\n",
- "\n",
- "\u9694\u79bb\u73af\u5883\u5185\u7684\u5b89\u88c5\uff1apip\u6216\u8005setup.py\u5747\u53ef\n",
- "\n",
- "\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5b89\u88c5\u5e93\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u7f16\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\u94fe\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "I'm ok\n",
+ "actually not\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def f():\n",
+ " print(\"I'm ok\")\n",
+ " raise Exception('actually not')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "try:\n",
+ " f()\n",
+ "except Exception as err:\n",
+ " print(err)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 自定义异常"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 119,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "# 必须自Exception中继承\n",
+ "class ShortInputException(Exception):\n",
+ " '''A user-defined exception class.'''\n",
+ " def __init__(self, length, atleast):\n",
+ " Exception.__init__(self)\n",
+ " self.length = length\n",
+ " self.atleast = atleast"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 120,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u8bbf\u95ee\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e93\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5982\u679c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528virtualenv\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u5e93\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u73af\u5883\u65f6\u7528--system-site-packages\u53c2\u6570\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u4ece\u5de5\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\u8fd9\u79cd\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5e93\u5728\u865a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u518d\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u6b21\u3002"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Enter something --> a\n",
+ "ShortInputException: The input was 1 long, expected at least 3\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "try:\n",
+ " text = input('Enter something --> ')\n",
+ " if len(text) < 3:\n", + " raise ShortInputException(len(text), 3)\n", + "except ShortInputException as ex:\n", + " print('ShortInputException: The input was {0} long, expected at least {1}'.format(\n", + " ex.length, ex.atleast))\n", + "else:\n", + " print('No exception was raised.')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "## finally\n", + "\n", + "finally用于&quot;无论是异常还是正常,以下内容必然被执行&quot;的情况。\n", + "\n", + "多用于清理。" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 121, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "subslide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "subslide" - } - }, - "source": [ - "## \u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53d1\u5e03\n", - "\n", - "\u4f7f\u7528virtualenv\u751f\u6210\u7684\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5141\u8bb8\u5c06\u8fd0\u884c\u73af\u5883\u5728\u591a\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\u8fc1\u79fb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a\n", - "\n", - "* virtualenv\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u76ee\u5f55\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6240\u6709\u673a\u5668\u4e0avirtualenv\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\u3002\n", - "* virtualenv\u4e0d\u80fd\u9694\u79bb\u7cfb\u7edf/Python\u57fa\u7840\u73af\u5883\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u6709\u673a\u5668\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14Python\u73af\u5883\u57fa\u672c\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\n", - "* \u91cc\u9762\u6240\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u5e93\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u52a8\u6001\u8fd0\u884c\u5e93\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5728virtualenv\u91cc\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u5747\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u884c\u5b89\u88c5\u3002" + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Enter something --> abc\n",
+ "Illegal number\n",
+ "(clean up here)\n"
 ]
- },
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "try:\n",
+ " number = int(input('Enter something --> '))\n",
+ "except ValueError:\n",
+ " print('Illegal number')\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print(number+1)\n",
+ "finally:\n",
+ " print('(clean up here)')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## with\n",
+ "\n",
+ "with可以在推出区块时自动关闭文件,而且对异常安全(异常在下一节讲)。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "with不仅可以用于文件,而且可以用于很多需要在离开区域时自动关闭的对象,例如锁。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 122,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "-"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [
 {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8d44\u6599\n",
- "\n",
- "\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003\u8fd9\u91cc\uff1a\n",
- "\n",
- "https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/userguide/"
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Programming is fun\n",
+ "When the work is done\n",
+ "if you wanna make your work also fun:\n",
+ " use Python!\n"
 ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "slideshow": {
- "slide_type": "subslide"
- }
- },
- "source": [
- "## \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5efa\u8bae\n",
- "\n",
- "Python\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f1a\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5b89\u88c5\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cc\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528virtualenv\u6765\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5bf9\u4e8eDebian/Ubuntu\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9009\u62e9\u662fapt\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5305\uff0c\u6216\u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u5bf9\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u91c7\u7528virtualenv + pip\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5bf9\u4e8eRHEL/CentOS\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9009\u62e9\u662fyum\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5305\uff0c\u6216\u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u5bf9\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u91c7\u7528virtualenv + pip\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\n",
- "\n",
- "\u5bf9\u4e8eWindows/MacOS\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528virtualenv + pip\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b89\u88c5\u3002"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import sys\n",
+ "with open(\"poem.txt\") as f:\n",
+ " for line in f:\n",
+ " sys.stdout.write(line)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 123,
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "skip"
+ }
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "!rm -f poem.txt"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## assert"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 124,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "ename": "AssertionError",
+ "evalue": "of course",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-124-edbb3195c18c>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32massert\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'of course'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m: of course"
 ]
 }
 ],
- "metadata": {}
+ "source": [
+ "assert 1 == 0, Exception('of course')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 文档"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 文档获得和查阅\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在线文档:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "https://docs.python.org/3/\n",
+ "\n",
+ "本地文档:随安装版本变化。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "两者冲突以本地为准,本地一定对应安装使用的版本。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "库查Library Reference,这是最主要部分。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "语法特性查Language Reference。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 练习\n",
+ "\n",
+ "打开文档,请查阅itertools.permutations的意义,参数,返回值,用法,注意要点等信息。并向大家解释。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 第三方文档查询\n",
+ "\n",
+ "没有什么固定方法。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在google(注意,不是baidu)上搜索关键词。找一个比较像的官网。找到文档。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "可以参考pypi,很多第三方库可以在上面找到。里面往往带有文档地址。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "缺点是,pypi上搜出来的重名库太多,很难搞清楚哪个才是你要的。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# Python2和Python3的差异"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 简述\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python2中有很多固有的设计问题,例如:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "1. print是内置关键词。一般来说,关键词越少越好,因为关键词越少,语言的内核越简洁。\n",
+ "2. 混同了bytes和unicode。\n",
+ "3. /是整数除法。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "这些问题在Python3中逐步给予了修复。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "常规来说,修复问题最重要的是&quot;向下兼容,逐步进行&quot;。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "然而上述问题几乎全部都是语言本质问题,不对语言进行伤筋动骨的大改是没有办法修复的。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "因此Python3的预订是&quot;不和Python2兼容&quot;,这造成了Python社区目前2/3分裂的现状。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "Python2和Python3有很多细节差异。但是大致来说,最主要就是上面提到的三项。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "1. Python2的print由关键字改为了函数。因此print ‘xxx’的写法就不合法了。\n",
+ "2. 在Python3中,所有的字符串默认都是unicode。要处理原生数据需要用bytes。因此很多在Python2中能够很方便就处理过去的地方需要仔细思考是unicode还是bytes。\n",
+ "3. Python3中/不是整数除法。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在下面这个连接里,收录了Python2和Python3的其他一些细节差异。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Python2到3迁移\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python3带有2to3脚本,可以完成很多项目的迁移。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "但是对于某些情况,他仍然不能自动的完成所有工作。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "2到3迁移的主要问题在于,目前有很多库,仍然没有完成Python3的迁移工作。这导致使用这些库编写的程序很难在Python3上找到更好的(或者更习惯的)替代产品。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "而这件事情是2to3脚本无法自动完成的。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 我该用哪个版本/哪个更好\n",
+ "\n",
+ "由于Python2已经停止维护,因此新开项目时请一律使用Python3。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "教材教授了很多Python2写法,主要是考虑到接手项目中可能有大量遗留代码。对于这些代码,读懂维护是必要技能。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "对现存代码。如果预期会被长期维护的,建议将代码迁移到Python3中。如果代码生命期不长,短期维护Python2代码也可接受。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "slide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# 第三方软件安装\n",
+ "\n",
+ "两套基本系统:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* setuptools\n",
+ "* pip"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## setuptools\n",
+ "\n",
+ "系统中必须安装了setuptools(请咨询管理员安装),或者使用以下指令安装:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Linux:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - &#124; sudo python\n",
+ "\n",
+ "MacOS:\n",
+ "\n",
+ " curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - &#124; python"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## setuptools的使用\n",
+ "\n",
+ "1. easy_install 包名\n",
+ "2. easy_install 安装包路径。(路径可以填写一个url,系统会从网络上下载安装)\n",
+ "3. 在软件的分发包中找到setup.py,直接运行python setup.py install\n",
+ "\n",
+ "进一步资料请参考:https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/easy_install.html"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## pip\n",
+ "\n",
+ "系统中必须有pip,具体请咨询管理员。或者下载该文件:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py\n",
+ "\n",
+ "使用python执行安装(注意需要管理员权限)。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## pip的使用\n",
+ "\n",
+ "1. pip install 包名\n",
+ "2. pip install -r requirements.txt (自动处理里面的所有依赖)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## virtualenv\n",
+ "\n",
+ "功能:用于隔离出一套独立的环境,可以在里面安装各种包,而不对系统造成影响。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "使用场景:可以在用户目录中安装包,无需系统权限。也可以隔离多个环境,安装不同版本的不同程序。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "限制:virtualenv本身,及其依赖的Python是无法隔离的。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## virtualenv的使用\n",
+ "\n",
+ "建立环境:virtualenv 目录名\n",
+ "\n",
+ "激活环境:进入目录后执行source bin/activate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "退出激活环境:deactivate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "隔离环境内的安装:pip或者setup.py均可\n",
+ "\n",
+ "注意:安装库时需要编译的,系统中必须有编译工具链。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 访问系统库\n",
+ "\n",
+ "如果在使用virtualenv的同时,也想使用系统中安装的库。那么需要在创建环境时用--system-site-packages参数。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "从工程管理角度,我们不推荐这种办法。建议将系统中的所有库在虚环境中再安装一次。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 虚拟环境的发布\n",
+ "\n",
+ "使用virtualenv生成的虚拟环境可以迁移到其他机器上,从而允许将运行环境在多台机器上迁移。但是需要注意以下事项:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "* virtualenv依赖于目录工作,所以所有机器上virtualenv必须处于同一路径下。\n",
+ "* virtualenv不能隔离系统/Python基础环境。因此所有机器必须同构,并且Python环境基本一致。\n",
+ "* 里面所安装的库所依赖的其他系统文件,例如动态运行库,数据文件。如果不在virtualenv里安装的,则每个系统上均需要自行安装。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 更进一步资料\n",
+ "\n",
+ "请参考这里:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/userguide/"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "slideshow": {
+ "slide_type": "subslide"
+ }
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## 软件包安装和管理建议\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python默认情况下会试图将软件包安装到系统里,如果不具备管理员权限,需要使用virtualenv来安装软件包。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "对于Debian/Ubuntu而言,安装软件的第一选择是apt系统。如果找不到包,或版本不对,建议采用virtualenv + pip的方式安装。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "对于RHEL/CentOS而言,安装软件的第一选择是yum系统。如果找不到包,或版本不对,建议采用virtualenv + pip的方式安装。\n",
+ "\n",
+ "对于Windows/MacOS而言,建议使用virtualenv + pip的方式安装。"
+ ]
 }
- ]
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "celltoolbar": "Slideshow",
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.7.3"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 1
+}
diff --git "a/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円.slides.html" "b/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円.slides.html"
index 5879837..cb4f7ee 100644
--- "a/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円.slides.html"
+++ "b/101-Python345円205円245円351円227円250円.slides.html"
@@ -9,17 +9,15 @@
 <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
 <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent" />
 
+
 <title>101-Python入门 slides</title>
 
 
 
 
 
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
 
 
 
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
+
 
 
 
 
 
@@ -218,70 +13317,56 @@
 
 </head>
 
+
 <body><div class="naked_container">
+
+
 <div>
 <div>
-<section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="python-">Python入门</h1>
+<h1 id="Python&#20837;&#38376;">Python&#20837;&#38376;<a href="#Python&#20837;&#38376;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="license">License</h2>
-<p>CC-BY-SA 4.0</p>
+<h2 id="License">License<a href="#License">&#182;</a> </h2><p>CC-BY-SA 4.0</p>
 <p>大部分内容来自&quot;a byte of python&quot;,在此感谢作者。</p>
 <p><a href="/index.cgi/contrast/http://python.swaroopch.com/">http://python.swaroopch.com/</a> </p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="python-">python的历史</h2>
-<p>作者:Guido van Rossum</p>
+<h2 id="Python&#30340;&#21382;&#21490;">Python&#30340;&#21382;&#21490;<a href="#Python&#30340;&#21382;&#21490;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>作者:Guido van Rossum</p>
 <p>首次发行时间:1991</p>
-<p>版本系列:2.7 / 3.5</p>
+<p>版本系列:2.7 / 3.8</p>
 <p>分类:强类型动态语言</p>
 <p>支持系统:几乎全部</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">本讲义的兼容性</h2>
-<p>本讲义的基础环境为python2.7/3.5。代码在这两种系统上测试通过。</p>
-<p>其中有少量代码有2/3不兼容现象,在讲课时会特别提出。</p>
-<p>本讲义的系统环境为Linux(Debian Stretch),有少量指令在windows下有变化,亦会特别提出。</p>
+<h2 id="&#26412;&#35762;&#20041;&#30340;&#20860;&#23481;&#24615;">&#26412;&#35762;&#20041;&#30340;&#20860;&#23481;&#24615;<a href="#&#26412;&#35762;&#20041;&#30340;&#20860;&#23481;&#24615;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>本讲义的基础环境为Python3.8,代码保证在3.8上可运行。原则上可兼容Python2.7,Python3.3-3.7,但是并未一一测试。如发现问题可反馈。</p>
+<p>其中部分代码有少量代码有2/3不兼容现象,在讲课时会特别提出。</p>
+<p>本讲义的系统环境为Linux(Debian Buster),有少量指令在Windows下有变化,亦会特别提出。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="python-">Python的成功案例</h2>
-<p>知名公司</p>
+<h2 id="Python&#30340;&#25104;&#21151;&#26696;&#20363;">Python&#30340;&#25104;&#21151;&#26696;&#20363;<a href="#Python&#30340;&#25104;&#21151;&#26696;&#20363;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>知名公司</p>
 <ul>
 <li>Industrial Light &amp; Magic (工业光魔) 电影制作</li>
 <li>D-Link Australia Firmware更新</li>
@@ -300,29 +13385,21 @@ <h2 id="python-">Python的成功案例</h2>
 <li>PySpark 内存计算</li>
 <li>TensorFlow 机器学习</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">基础环境准备</h1>
+<h1 id="&#22522;&#30784;&#29615;&#22659;&#20934;&#22791;">&#22522;&#30784;&#29615;&#22659;&#20934;&#22791;<a href="#&#22522;&#30784;&#29615;&#22659;&#20934;&#22791;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="python-">python环境安装</h2>
-<p>Windows/MacOS:</p>
+<h2 id="Python&#29615;&#22659;&#23433;&#35013;">Python&#29615;&#22659;&#23433;&#35013;<a href="#Python&#29615;&#22659;&#23433;&#35013;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Windows/MacOS:</p>
 <ol>
 <li>访问 <a href="https://www.python.org/downloads/">https://www.python.org/downloads/</a> </li>
 <li>下载合适的版本</li>
@@ -333,64 +13410,61 @@ <h2 id="python-">python环境安装</h2>
 <li>多数系统自带</li>
 <li>请找对应系统手册</li>
 </ol>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="python-">python运行交互界面</h2>
-<p>在命令行下执行python,进入python交互界面。类似这样:</p>
-<pre><code>Python 2.7.11+ (default, Apr 17 2016, 14:00:29)
-[GCC 5.3.1 20160409] on linux2
-Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.
-&gt;&gt;&gt;
-</code></pre><p>出现这个界面,说明你正常的安装了python。</p>
+<h2 id="Python&#36816;&#34892;&#20132;&#20114;&#30028;&#38754;">Python&#36816;&#34892;&#20132;&#20114;&#30028;&#38754;<a href="#Python&#36816;&#34892;&#20132;&#20114;&#30028;&#38754;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在命令行下执行python,进入Python交互界面。类似这样:</p>
+
+<pre><code>Python 3.7.3 (default, Dec 20 2019, 18:57:59) 
+[GCC 8.3.0] on linux
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+&gt;&gt;&gt; 
+
+</code></pre>
+<p>出现这个界面,说明你正常的安装了python。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="jupyter-">Jupyter演示界面</h2>
-<p>Jupyter是一种记事本工具。可以插入代码,进行执行,显示结果,并把这些内容保存成记事本以供后续查阅。</p>
+<h2 id="Jupyter&#28436;&#31034;&#30028;&#38754;">Jupyter&#28436;&#31034;&#30028;&#38754;<a href="#Jupyter&#28436;&#31034;&#30028;&#38754;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Jupyter是一种记事本工具。可以插入代码,进行执行,显示结果,并把这些内容保存成记事本以供后续查阅。</p>
 <p>下面我们会大量使用Jupyter进行代码执行展示。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">简单命令测试</h2>
-<p>在交互界面敲入1 + 2,出现如下结果:</p>
+<h2 id="&#31616;&#21333;&#21629;&#20196;&#27979;&#35797;">&#31616;&#21333;&#21629;&#20196;&#27979;&#35797;<a href="#&#31616;&#21333;&#21629;&#20196;&#27979;&#35797;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在交互界面敲入1 + 2,出现如下结果:</p>
+
 <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; 1 + 2
 3
-</code></pre><p>在交互界面敲入print(‘1+2’),出现如下结果:</p>
-<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; print(&#39;1+2&#39;)
-1+2
+
 </code></pre>
+<p>在交互界面敲入print(‘1+2’),出现如下结果:</p>
+
+<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; print('1+2')
+1+2</code></pre>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [1]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>+</span> <span>2</span>
+<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>+</span> <span>2</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -398,13 +13472,15 @@ <h2 id="-">简单命令测试</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[1]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[1]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-3
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>3</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -418,10 +13494,10 @@ <h2 id="-">简单命令测试</h2>
 <div>In [2]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -429,11 +13505,13 @@ <h2 id="-">简单命令测试</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-1+2
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>1+2
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -442,27 +13520,22 @@ <h2 id="-">简单命令测试</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">文件编辑和执行</h2>
-<p>用任意编辑器(随你喜欢)新建一文件,修改内容为print(&#39;1+2&#39;),然后将其保存为xxx.py文件。</p>
+<h2 id="&#25991;&#20214;&#32534;&#36753;&#21644;&#25191;&#34892;">&#25991;&#20214;&#32534;&#36753;&#21644;&#25191;&#34892;<a href="#&#25991;&#20214;&#32534;&#36753;&#21644;&#25191;&#34892;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>用任意编辑器(随你喜欢)新建一文件,修改内容为print('1+2'),然后将其保存为xxx.py文件。</p>
 <p>然后用python执行文件:python xxx.py</p>
 <p>注意,如果python不在默认路径中(常见于windows),需要写完整路径。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>以下代码,%%开头的为jupyter内部指令。writefile为写入文件。</p>
 <p>!开头的为系统指令。cat和rm为linux系统指令,windows下需要做变更。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -471,11 +13544,11 @@ <h2 id="-">文件编辑和执行</h2>
 <div>In [3]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>%%</span><span>writefile</span> <span>test</span><span>.</span><span>py</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>%%</span><span>writefile</span> test.py
+print(&#39;1+2&#39;)
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -483,11 +13556,13 @@ <h2 id="-">文件编辑和执行</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-Writing test.py
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>Writing test.py
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -501,10 +13576,10 @@ <h2 id="-">文件编辑和执行</h2>
 <div>In [4]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>cat test.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>cat test.py
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -512,11 +13587,13 @@ <h2 id="-">文件编辑和执行</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-print(&apos;1+2&apos;)
-</pre>
+<pre>print(&#39;1+2&#39;)</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -529,10 +13606,10 @@ <h2 id="-">文件编辑和执行</h2>
 <div>In [5]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>python test.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>python test.py
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -540,71 +13617,47 @@ <h2 id="-">文件编辑和执行</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-1+2
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
+<div>
 
-</div>
-</div>
+ 
 
-</div><div style=display:none>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-<div>In [6]:</div>
-<div>
- <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>rm test.py
-</pre></div>
 
-</div>
+<div>
+<pre>1+2
+</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div>
- </div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-
-<div>
+
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="python-">Python基本语法</h1>
+<h1 id="Python&#22522;&#26412;&#35821;&#27861;">Python&#22522;&#26412;&#35821;&#27861;<a href="#Python&#22522;&#26412;&#35821;&#27861;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">基本类型</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#22522;&#26412;&#31867;&#22411;">&#22522;&#26412;&#31867;&#22411;<a href="#&#22522;&#26412;&#31867;&#22411;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>注释:以#开头的为注释,直到行结束为止。</li>
-<li>数字:以数字,.或者-开头的为数字。带小数点.的为浮点数,不带小数点的为整数。支持科学计数法,例如52.3E-4。</li>
+<li>数字:以数字,.或者-开头的为数字。带小数点.的为浮点数,不带小数点的为整数。支持科学计数法,例如52.3E-4。可以以_作为分隔,增强可读性,例如1_000_000。</li>
 <li>字符串:以单引号’,双引号&quot;,三引号’’’开始,同样符号结束。</li>
 <li>布尔值:只有两个,True和False。大小写敏感。</li>
 <li>空值:只有一个,None。大小写敏感。表示没有值的值。</li>
 </ul>
 <p>练习:写出数字和字符串的例子,并加以注释。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">例子</h2>
+<h2 id="&#20363;&#23376;">&#20363;&#23376;<a href="#&#20363;&#23376;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -613,10 +13666,10 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>In [7]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>52.3E-4</span>
+<div><pre><span>52.3E-4</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -624,13 +13677,15 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[7]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[7]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-0.00523
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>0.00523</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -644,10 +13699,10 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>In [8]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>&#39;string&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>&#39;string&#39;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -655,13 +13710,15 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[8]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[8]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&apos;string&apos;
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&#39;string&#39;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -675,10 +13732,10 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>In [9]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>&quot;string&quot;</span>
+<div><pre><span>&quot;string&quot;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -686,13 +13743,15 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[9]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[9]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&apos;string&apos;
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&#39;string&#39;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -706,10 +13765,10 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>In [10]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>&#39;&#39;&#39;string&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>&#39;&#39;&#39;string&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -717,13 +13776,15 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[10]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[10]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&apos;string&apos;
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&#39;string&#39;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -732,16 +13793,15 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [11]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>True</span>
+<div><pre><span>True</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -749,13 +13809,15 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[11]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[11]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-True
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>True</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -769,10 +13831,10 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>In [12]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>False</span>
+<div><pre><span>False</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -780,13 +13842,15 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[12]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[12]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-False
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>False</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -800,10 +13864,10 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>In [13]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span>
+<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -811,13 +13875,15 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[13]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[13]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-False
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>False</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -831,10 +13897,10 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>In [14]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>==</span> <span>1</span>
+<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>==</span> <span>1</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -842,13 +13908,15 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[14]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[14]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-True
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>True</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -862,25 +13930,22 @@ <h2 id="-">例子</h2>
 <div>In [15]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>None</span>
+<div><pre><span>None</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">字符串转义</h2>
-<p>在单引号字符串中表达单引号需要转义,双引号和三引号同。例如:</p>
+<h2 id="&#23383;&#31526;&#20018;&#36716;&#20041;">&#23383;&#31526;&#20018;&#36716;&#20041;<a href="#&#23383;&#31526;&#20018;&#36716;&#20041;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在单引号字符串中表达单引号需要转义,双引号和三引号同。例如:</p>
 <p>&quot;what’s wrong&quot;是合法字符串。’what’s wrong’会出错,需要写为’what\’s wrong’。</p>
 <p>转义也可以用于表达不可见字符,例如tab:\t。</p>
-<p>如果要表达\本身,也需要转义,写为\。</p>
+<p>如果要表达\本身,也需要转义,写为\\。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -889,10 +13954,10 @@ <h2 id="-">字符串转义</h2>
 <div>In [16]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>&#39;what</span><span>\&#39;</span><span>s wrong&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>&#39;what</span><span>\&#39;</span><span>s wrong&#39;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -900,13 +13965,15 @@ <h2 id="-">字符串转义</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[16]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[16]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&quot;what&apos;s wrong&quot;
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&#34;what&#39;s wrong&#34;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -915,15 +13982,12 @@ <h2 id="-">字符串转义</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="raw-string">Raw String</h2>
-<p>在字符串的开始加r,使得字符串中不发生转义。</p>
+<h2 id="Raw-String">Raw String<a href="#Raw-String">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在字符串的开始加r,使得字符串中不发生转义。</p>
 <p>常用于大量需要表达\的字符串。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -932,10 +13996,10 @@ <h2 id="raw-string">Raw String</h2>
 <div>In [17]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>r&#39;what</span><span>\&#39;</span><span>s wrong&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>r</span><span>&#39;what</span><span>\&#39;</span><span>s wrong&#39;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -943,13 +14007,15 @@ <h2 id="raw-string">Raw String</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[17]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[17]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&quot;what\\&apos;s wrong&quot;
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&#34;what\\&#39;s wrong&#34;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -963,10 +14029,10 @@ <h2 id="raw-string">Raw String</h2>
 <div>In [18]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r&#39;what</span><span>\&#39;</span><span>s wrong&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>&#39;what</span><span>\&#39;</span><span>s wrong&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -974,11 +14040,13 @@ <h2 id="raw-string">Raw String</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-what\&apos;s wrong
+<div>
 
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>what\&#39;s wrong
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -987,31 +14055,26 @@ <h2 id="raw-string">Raw String</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="unicode-">Unicode字符串</h2>
-<p>在字符串前加u,表示这是一个unicode字符串。</p>
-<p>unicode字符串和普通字符串的区别在于。unicode字符串中,每一个位表示一个&quot;字&quot;。</p>
-<p>而普通字符串中,一个&quot;字&quot;可能由多个位表示。尤其是中文的情况下。</p>
+<h2 id="Unicode&#23383;&#31526;&#20018;">Unicode&#23383;&#31526;&#20018;<a href="#Unicode&#23383;&#31526;&#20018;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在字符串前加u,表示这是一个unicode字符串。前面加b,表示是一个bytes字符串(也叫raw字符串)。如果什么都不加,则看Python版本。Python2中默认为raw字符串,Python3中默认为unicode字符串。</p>
+<p>unicode字符串和普通字符串的区别在于。unicode字符串中,每一个位表示一个&quot;字&quot;。而普通字符串中,一个位表示一个字节。</p>
+<p>一个&quot;字&quot;可能由一个字节表示,也可能由多个字节表示。尤其是中文的情况下。这种&quot;字符串&quot;在处理文字的时候容易发生混乱。</p>
 <p>unicode字符串和普通字符串外形相似,但是很多地方无法混用。</p>
-<p>更进一步信息在&quot;字符编码简说&quot;这章有详细解释。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [19]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>u&#39;string&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>u</span><span>&#39;string&#39;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1019,13 +14082,15 @@ <h2 id="unicode-">Unicode字符串</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[19]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[19]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-u&apos;string&apos;
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&#39;string&#39;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1039,10 +14104,10 @@ <h2 id="unicode-">Unicode字符串</h2>
 <div>In [20]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>&#39;string&#39;</span> <span>==</span> <span>u&#39;string&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>&#39;string&#39;</span> <span>==</span> <span>u</span><span>&#39;string&#39;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1050,13 +14115,15 @@ <h2 id="unicode-">Unicode字符串</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[20]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[20]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-True
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>True</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1070,12 +14137,12 @@ <h2 id="unicode-">Unicode字符串</h2>
 <div>In [21]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
-<span>&#39;中文&#39;</span> <span>==</span> <span>u&#39;中文&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
+<span>&#39;中文&#39;</span> <span>==</span> <span>u</span><span>&#39;中文&#39;</span>
 <span># 在Python2下不相等,Python3下相等。因为Python3下都是Unicode。</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1083,22 +14150,15 @@ <h2 id="unicode-">Unicode字符串</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
--c:2: UnicodeWarning: Unicode equal comparison failed to convert both arguments to Unicode - interpreting them as being unequal
+<div>
 
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
+ <div>Out[21]:</div>
 
-<div><div>Out[21]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-False
-</pre>
+
+<div>
+<pre>True</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1107,83 +14167,67 @@ <h2 id="unicode-">Unicode字符串</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">变量</h2>
-<p>变量需要一个名字。</p>
+<h2 id="&#21464;&#37327;">&#21464;&#37327;<a href="#&#21464;&#37327;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>变量需要一个名字。</p>
 <p>首字母需要是字母或下划线,其余部分可以是字母,下划线和数字。</p>
 <p>变量大小写敏感,但是使用大小写区分变量是不可取的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">变量类型</h2>
-<p>每个变量都会指向一个值,每个值都拥有一个类型。</p>
+<h2 id="&#21464;&#37327;&#31867;&#22411;">&#21464;&#37327;&#31867;&#22411;<a href="#&#21464;&#37327;&#31867;&#22411;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>每个变量都会指向一个值,每个值都拥有一个类型。</p>
 <p>变量在运行过程中可以指向不同的值,拥有不同的类型。</p>
 <p>因此在运行前无法知道名字所对应的类型。(动态类型语言特征)</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">算符和表达式</h1>
+<h1 id="&#31639;&#31526;&#21644;&#34920;&#36798;&#24335;">&#31639;&#31526;&#21644;&#34920;&#36798;&#24335;<a href="#&#31639;&#31526;&#21644;&#34920;&#36798;&#24335;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">算符</h2>
-<p>算符是连接一个或多个元素的符号,用来表达计算。</p>
+<h2 id="&#31639;&#31526;">&#31639;&#31526;<a href="#&#31639;&#31526;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>算符是连接一个或多个元素的符号,用来表达计算。</p>
 <p>常见算符:</p>
+
 <pre><code>+ - * ** / // % &lt;&lt; &gt;&gt; &amp; &#124; ^ ~ &lt; &gt; &lt;= &gt;= == != not and or
-</code></pre><p>算符和赋值的快速写法</p>
+
+</code></pre>
+<p>算符和赋值的快速写法</p>
+
 <pre><code>a = 10
 a = a + 10
-a += 10
-</code></pre>
+a += 10</code></pre>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>可以挑讲常见算符。一般+ - * /需要重点讲解,其他算符可以简单介绍,等到合适的机会再讲。</p>
 <p>在这里,/和//算符,2和3的差异是常被提到的话题。//是整数除法,无论参与数是浮点还是整数。</p>
 <p>另一个讲解重点在于python不会自动转换类型。这点即是&quot;强类型语言&quot;。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">算符优先级</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#31639;&#31526;&#20248;&#20808;&#32423;">&#31639;&#31526;&#20248;&#20808;&#32423;<a href="#&#31639;&#31526;&#20248;&#20808;&#32423;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>lambda</li>
 <li>if - else</li>
 <li>or</li>
@@ -1202,53 +14246,46 @@ <h2 id="-">算符优先级</h2>
 <li>(expressions...), [expressions...], {key: value...}, {expressions...} </li>
 </ul>
 <p>使用()可以改变优先级顺序</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>同样挑讲优先级,重点几乎只有+ - * /之间。101不要全部展开。</p>
 <p>优先级的正解应当是尽量使用(),不确定的应当用python去解决而不是大脑。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>计算以下表达式的求值顺序,并求值算出结果:</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>计算以下表达式的求值顺序,并求值算出结果:</p>
+
 <pre><code>1 + 8 &lt;= 1 + 2 * 3
-1 + 2 and 3 * 4 or 5 ** 6
-</code></pre>
-</div>
+1 + 2 and 3 * 4 or 5 ** 6</code></pre>
+
 </div>
-</div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-
-<div>
+</div><aside>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>强调值的真假,and和or的运算特性。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1257,10 +14294,10 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [22]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>+</span> <span>8</span> <span>&lt;=</span> <span>1</span> <span>+</span> <span>2</span> <span>*</span> <span>3</span>
+<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>+</span> <span>8</span> <span>&lt;=</span> <span>1</span> <span>+</span> <span>2</span> <span>*</span> <span>3</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1268,13 +14305,15 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[22]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[22]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-False
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>False</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1288,10 +14327,10 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [23]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>+</span> <span>2</span> <span>and</span> <span>3</span> <span>*</span> <span>4</span> <span>or</span> <span>5</span> <span>**</span> <span>6</span>
+<div><pre><span>1</span> <span>+</span> <span>2</span> <span>and</span> <span>3</span> <span>*</span> <span>4</span> <span>or</span> <span>5</span> <span>**</span> <span>6</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1299,13 +14338,15 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[23]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[23]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-12
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>12</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1314,33 +14355,29 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">表达式</h2>
-<p>表达式为一串由算符连接的元素。</p>
+<h2 id="&#34920;&#36798;&#24335;">&#34920;&#36798;&#24335;<a href="#&#34920;&#36798;&#24335;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>表达式为一串由算符连接的元素。</p>
 <p>表达式一般会有值,值为按照优先级依次求解表达式得到的结果。</p>
 <p>有些表达式在语法上亦不可求值。</p>
 <p>表达式除了值以外,还可能造成&quot;副作用&quot;。即造成环境改变,或执行某些操作。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [24]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>Pi</span> <span>=</span> <span>3.14</span>
+<div><pre><span>Pi</span> <span>=</span> <span>3.14</span>
 <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>5</span>
 <span>area</span> <span>=</span> <span>Pi</span> <span>*</span> <span>r</span> <span>*</span> <span>r</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;area is {0}&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>area</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;area is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>area</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1348,11 +14385,13 @@ <h2 id="-">表达式</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-area is 78.5
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>area is 78.5
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1361,31 +14400,27 @@ <h2 id="-">表达式</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">格式化字符串</h2>
-<p>将变量的值格式化到字符串中,形成新的字符串。</p>
+<h2 id="&#26684;&#24335;&#21270;&#23383;&#31526;&#20018;">&#26684;&#24335;&#21270;&#23383;&#31526;&#20018;<a href="#&#26684;&#24335;&#21270;&#23383;&#31526;&#20018;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>将变量的值格式化到字符串中,形成新的字符串。</p>
 <p>常用于输出数据内容。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [25]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;shell&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;shell&#39;</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;my name is {0} and the length of name is {1}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>)))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;my name is </span><span>%s</span><span> and the length of name is </span><span>%d</span><span>&#39;</span> <span>%</span> <span>(</span><span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;my name is </span><span>{0}</span><span> and the length of name is </span><span>{1}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;my name is </span><span>%s</span><span> and the length of name is </span><span>%d</span><span>&#39;</span> <span>%</span> <span>(</span><span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>)))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1393,12 +14428,14 @@ <h2 id="-">格式化字符串</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
+<pre>my name is shell and the length of name is 5
 my name is shell and the length of name is 5
-my name is shell and the length of name is 5
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1407,54 +14444,84 @@ <h2 id="-">格式化字符串</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
+<div>
+<h1 id="f-string">f-string<a href="#f-string">&#182;</a> </h1><p>借助f-string,我们可以在字符串内直接引用变量,格式化字符串。</p>
+
+</div>
 </div>
+</div>
+<div>
+<div>
+<div>In [26]:</div>
 <div>
+ <div>
+<div><pre><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;shell&#39;</span>
+
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>&#39;my name is </span><span>{name}</span><span> and the length of name is {len(name)}&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+ </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<div>
+
+
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>my name is shell and the length of name is 5
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>编写一行代码,打印出hello, world。</li>
 <li>假定有变量name,值为你的名字。编写代码打印出hello, [your name]。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">执行流控制</h1>
-<p>执行流控制代码控制流的先后执行顺序。</p>
+<h1 id="&#25191;&#34892;&#27969;&#25511;&#21046;">&#25191;&#34892;&#27969;&#25511;&#21046;<a href="#&#25191;&#34892;&#27969;&#25511;&#21046;">&#182;</a> </h1><p>执行流控制代码控制流的先后执行顺序。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">逻辑行和物理行</h2>
-<p>Python语句执行以行为单位。每行可选的可以以分号;结尾。</p>
+<h2 id="&#36923;&#36753;&#34892;&#21644;&#29289;&#29702;&#34892;">&#36923;&#36753;&#34892;&#21644;&#29289;&#29702;&#34892;<a href="#&#36923;&#36753;&#34892;&#21644;&#29289;&#29702;&#34892;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python语句执行以行为单位。每行可选的可以以分号;结尾。</p>
 <p>但是物理上的一行可以包含多个执行单位,例如:</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [26]:</div>
+<div>In [27]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>i</span> <span>=</span> <span>5</span><span>;</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>i</span><span>);</span>
+<div><pre><span>i</span> <span>=</span> <span>5</span><span>;</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>i</span><span>);</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1462,11 +14529,13 @@ <h2 id="-">逻辑行和物理行</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-5
+<div>
 
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>5
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1475,25 +14544,24 @@ <h2 id="-">逻辑行和物理行</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div>
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>同一个执行单位也可以拆分为多行,例如:</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [27]:</div>
+<div>In [28]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span>
+<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span>
 <span>&#39;Hello, world&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1501,11 +14569,13 @@ <h2 id="-">逻辑行和物理行</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-Hello, world
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>Hello, world
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1514,29 +14584,26 @@ <h2 id="-">逻辑行和物理行</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">格式对齐</h2>
-<p>Python使用对齐表达逻辑,例如:</p>
+<h2 id="&#26684;&#24335;&#23545;&#40784;">&#26684;&#24335;&#23545;&#40784;<a href="#&#26684;&#24335;&#23545;&#40784;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python使用对齐表达逻辑,例如:</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [28]:</div>
+<div>In [29]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
+<div><pre><span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>a</span> <span>==</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1544,12 +14611,14 @@ <h2 id="-">格式对齐</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-ok
+<pre>ok
 done
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1558,36 +14627,34 @@ <h2 id="-">格式对齐</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div>
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>当print(‘done’)和if对齐时,必然被执行。而和print(‘ok’)对齐时,在条件下执行。</p>
 <p>因此对齐不合适的代码会引发语法错误。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [29]:</div>
+<div>In [30]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
+<div><pre><span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>a</span> <span>==</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>a</span> <span>==</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1595,14 +14662,16 @@ <h2 id="-">格式对齐</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-done
+<pre>done
 ------
 ok
 done
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1611,26 +14680,25 @@ <h2 id="-">格式对齐</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [30]:</div>
+<div>In [31]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
+<div><pre><span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>a</span> <span>==</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>a</span> <span>==</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1638,13 +14706,15 @@ <h2 id="-">格式对齐</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-------
+<pre>------
 ok
 done
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1653,25 +14723,22 @@ <h2 id="-">格式对齐</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">单行写法</h2>
+<h2 id="&#21333;&#34892;&#20889;&#27861;">&#21333;&#34892;&#20889;&#27861;<a href="#&#21333;&#34892;&#20889;&#27861;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [31]:</div>
+<div>In [32]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>if</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>if</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ok&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1679,11 +14746,13 @@ <h2 id="-">单行写法</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-ok
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>ok
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1692,41 +14761,42 @@ <h2 id="-">单行写法</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="if">if</h2>
+<h2 id="if">if<a href="#if">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [32]:</div>
+<div>In [33]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># input是python3写法,raw_input是对应的python2写法。</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>random</span>
+<span># input是python3写法,raw_input是对应的python2写法。</span>
+<span># 此处四行是Python2/3兼容写法,后续统一写为input,不再出现这四行。</span>
 <span>try</span><span>:</span>
- <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
+ <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
 <span>except</span> <span>NameError</span><span>:</span>
 <span>pass</span>
 
-<span>number</span> <span>=</span> <span>23</span>
+<span>number</span> <span>=</span> <span>random</span><span>.</span><span>randint</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>30</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;number:&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>number</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>guess</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>(</span><span>input</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Enter an integer : &#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>guess</span> <span>=</span> <span>random</span><span>.</span><span>randint</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>30</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;guess:&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>guess</span><span>)</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>guess</span> <span>==</span> <span>number</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Congratulations, you guessed it.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(but you do not win any prizes!)&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Congratulations, you guessed it.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(but you do not win any prizes!)&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>elif</span> <span>guess</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>number</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little higher than that&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little higher than that&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little lower than that&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little lower than that&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1734,13 +14804,16 @@ <h2 id="if">if</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Enter an integer : 10
-No, it is a little higher than that
+<pre>number: 12
+guess: 23
+No, it is a little lower than that
 Done
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1749,43 +14822,45 @@ <h2 id="if">if</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="while">while</h2>
+<h2 id="while">while<a href="#while">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [33]:</div>
+<div>In [34]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
- <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
-<span>except</span> <span>NameError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>pass</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>random</span>
+
+<span>number</span> <span>=</span> <span>random</span><span>.</span><span>randint</span><span>(</span><span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>99</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;number:&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>number</span><span>)</span>
+
+<span>low</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
+<span>high</span> <span>=</span> <span>100</span>
+<span>running</span> <span>=</span> <span>True</span>
 
-<span>number</span> <span>=</span> <span>23</span>
-<span>running</span> <span>=</span> <span>True</span>
 <span>while</span> <span>running</span><span>:</span>
- <span>guess</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>(</span><span>input</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Enter an integer : &#39;</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>guess</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>((</span><span>low</span><span>+</span><span>high</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>2</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;guess:&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>guess</span><span>)</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>guess</span> <span>==</span> <span>number</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Congratulations, you guessed it.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
- <span>running</span> <span>=</span> <span>False</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Congratulations, you guessed it.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>running</span> <span>=</span> <span>False</span>
 <span>elif</span> <span>guess</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>number</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little higher than that.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little higher than that.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>low</span> <span>=</span> <span>guess</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little lower than that.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little lower than that.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>high</span> <span>=</span> <span>guess</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;The while loop is over.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;The while loop is over.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1793,18 +14868,29 @@ <h2 id="while">while</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Enter an integer : 10
+<pre>number: 61
+guess: 50
 No, it is a little higher than that.
-Enter an integer : 30
+guess: 75
+No, it is a little lower than that.
+guess: 62
 No, it is a little lower than that.
-Enter an integer : 23
+guess: 56
+No, it is a little higher than that.
+guess: 59
+No, it is a little higher than that.
+guess: 60
+No, it is a little higher than that.
+guess: 61
 Congratulations, you guessed it.
 The while loop is over.
 Done
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1813,28 +14899,25 @@ <h2 id="while">while</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="for">for</h2>
+<h2 id="for">for<a href="#for">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [34]:</div>
+<div>In [35]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>5</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>i</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>5</span><span>):</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>i</span><span>)</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;The for loop is over&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;The for loop is over&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1842,15 +14925,17 @@ <h2 id="for">for</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-1
+<pre>1
 2
 3
 4
 The for loop is over
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1859,35 +14944,45 @@ <h2 id="for">for</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="break">break</h2>
+<h2 id="break">break<a href="#break">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [35]:</div>
+<div>In [36]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
- <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
-<span>except</span> <span>NameError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>pass</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>random</span>
+
+<span>number</span> <span>=</span> <span>random</span><span>.</span><span>randint</span><span>(</span><span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>99</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;number:&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>number</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
- <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>input</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Enter something : &#39;</span><span>)</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>&#39;quit&#39;</span><span>:</span>
+<span>low</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
+<span>high</span> <span>=</span> <span>100</span>
+<span>running</span> <span>=</span> <span>True</span>
+
+<span>while</span> <span>running</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>guess</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>((</span><span>low</span><span>+</span><span>high</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>2</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;guess:&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>guess</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>if</span> <span>guess</span> <span>==</span> <span>number</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Congratulations, you guessed it.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>break</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Length of the string is </span><span>%d</span><span>&#39;</span> <span>%</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>elif</span> <span>guess</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>number</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little higher than that.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>low</span> <span>=</span> <span>guess</span>
+ <span>else</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little lower than that.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>high</span> <span>=</span> <span>guess</span>
+<span>else</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;The while loop is over.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1895,14 +14990,24 @@ <h2 id="break">break</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Enter something : 1
-Length of the string is 1
-Enter something : quit
+<pre>number: 90
+guess: 50
+No, it is a little higher than that.
+guess: 75
+No, it is a little higher than that.
+guess: 87
+No, it is a little higher than that.
+guess: 93
+No, it is a little lower than that.
+guess: 90
+Congratulations, you guessed it.
 Done
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1911,37 +15016,47 @@ <h2 id="break">break</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="continue">continue</h2>
+<h2 id="continue">continue<a href="#continue">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [36]:</div>
+<div>In [37]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
- <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
-<span>except</span> <span>NameError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>pass</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>random</span>
 
-<span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
- <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>input</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Enter something : &#39;</span><span>)</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>&#39;quit&#39;</span><span>:</span>
+<span>number</span> <span>=</span> <span>random</span><span>.</span><span>randint</span><span>(</span><span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>99</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;number:&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>number</span><span>)</span>
+
+<span>low</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
+<span>high</span> <span>=</span> <span>100</span>
+<span>running</span> <span>=</span> <span>True</span>
+
+<span>while</span> <span>running</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>guess</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>((</span><span>low</span><span>+</span><span>high</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>2</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;guess:&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>guess</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>if</span> <span>guess</span> <span>==</span> <span>number</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Congratulations, you guessed it.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>break</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>)</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>3</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Too small&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>if</span> <span>guess</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>number</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little higher than that.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>low</span> <span>=</span> <span>guess</span>
 <span>continue</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Input is of sufficient length&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>if</span> <span>guess</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>number</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No, it is a little lower than that.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>high</span> <span>=</span> <span>guess</span>
+ <span>continue</span>
+<span>else</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;The while loop is over.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Done&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1949,15 +15064,24 @@ <h2 id="continue">continue</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-Enter something : 1
-Too small
-Enter something : 123
-Input is of sufficient length
-Enter something : quit
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>number: 84
+guess: 50
+No, it is a little higher than that.
+guess: 75
+No, it is a little higher than that.
+guess: 87
+No, it is a little lower than that.
+guess: 81
+No, it is a little higher than that.
+guess: 84
+Congratulations, you guessed it.
+Done
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1966,50 +15090,44 @@ <h2 id="continue">continue</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>说出下面代码的执行过程和输出结果:</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>说出下面代码的执行过程和输出结果:</p>
+
 <pre><code>for i in range(12):
 if i &lt; 5:
 continue
 elif i &gt; 9:
 break
 else:
- print(i)
-</code></pre>
+ print(i)</code></pre>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [37]:</div>
+<div>In [38]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>12</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>12</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>i</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>5</span><span>:</span>
 <span>continue</span>
 <span>elif</span> <span>i</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>9</span><span>:</span>
 <span>break</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>i</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>i</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2017,15 +15135,17 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-5
+<pre>5
 6
 7
 8
 9
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2033,62 +15153,53 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">函数</h1>
+<h1 id="&#20989;&#25968;">&#20989;&#25968;<a href="#&#20989;&#25968;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">函数的定义和调用</h2>
-<p>定义:</p>
+<h2 id="&#20989;&#25968;&#30340;&#23450;&#20041;&#21644;&#35843;&#29992;">&#20989;&#25968;&#30340;&#23450;&#20041;&#21644;&#35843;&#29992;<a href="#&#20989;&#25968;&#30340;&#23450;&#20041;&#21644;&#35843;&#29992;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>定义:</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [38]:</div>
+<div>In [39]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>say_hello</span><span>():</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;hello world&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>say_hello</span><span>():</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;hello world&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div>
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>调用:</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [39]:</div>
+<div>In [40]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>say_hello</span><span>()</span>
+<div><pre><span>say_hello</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2096,11 +15207,13 @@ <h2 id="-">函数的定义和调用</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-hello world
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>hello world
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2109,33 +15222,30 @@ <h2 id="-">函数的定义和调用</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">参数</h2>
-<p>可以通过参数向函数传递数据。</p>
+<h2 id="&#21442;&#25968;">&#21442;&#25968;<a href="#&#21442;&#25968;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>可以通过参数向函数传递数据。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [40]:</div>
+<div>In [41]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>a</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>b</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;{0} is maximum&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;</span><span>{0}</span><span> is maximum&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>))</span>
 <span>elif</span> <span>a</span> <span>==</span> <span>b</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;{0} is equal to {1}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;</span><span>{0}</span><span> is equal to </span><span>{1}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>))</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;{0} is maximum&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>b</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;</span><span>{0}</span><span> is maximum&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>b</span><span>))</span>
 <span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>4</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2143,11 +15253,13 @@ <h2 id="-">参数</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-4 is maximum
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>4 is maximum
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2158,15 +15270,18 @@ <h2 id="-">参数</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [41]:</div>
+<div>In [42]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># python2.7下通过,python3下报错</span>
-<span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;4&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;3&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>4</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span># python2.7下通过,python3下报错</span>
+<span>try</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;4&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;3&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>4</span><span>)</span>
+<span>except</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;exceptions&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2174,12 +15289,13 @@ <h2 id="-">参数</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-4 is maximum
-3 is maximum
+<div>
+
+ 
+
 
+<div>
+<pre>exceptions
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2188,47 +15304,42 @@ <h2 id="-">参数</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<p>坑爹。print_max(3, &#39;4&#39;)居然也能执行。说好的强类型呢?</p>
+<p>坑爹。print_max(3, '4')居然也能执行。说好的强类型呢?</p>
 <p>需要着重声明例子中的返回是违背常理的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">局部变量</h2>
-<p>在函数体内定义的变量称为局部变量。</p>
+<h2 id="&#23616;&#37096;&#21464;&#37327;">&#23616;&#37096;&#21464;&#37327;<a href="#&#23616;&#37096;&#21464;&#37327;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在函数体内定义的变量称为局部变量。</p>
 <p>局部变量在函数执行时产生,在函数结束时消亡。函数外无法看到局部变量。</p>
 <p>参数可视为一种局部变量。</p>
 <p>对局部变量的修改不影响全局变量。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [42]:</div>
+<div>In [43]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>50</span>
+<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>50</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>func</span><span>():</span>
 <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Changed local x to {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Changed local x to </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
 <span>func</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2236,12 +15347,14 @@ <h2 id="-">局部变量</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Changed local x to 2
+<pre>Changed local x to 2
 50
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2252,17 +15365,17 @@ <h2 id="-">局部变量</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [43]:</div>
+<div>In [44]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>50</span>
+<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>50</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>func</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Changed local x to {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Changed local x to </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
 <span>func</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2270,12 +15383,14 @@ <h2 id="-">局部变量</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Changed local x to 2
+<pre>Changed local x to 2
 50
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2284,32 +15399,28 @@ <h2 id="-">局部变量</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">全局变量</h2>
-<p>在模块内定义的变量叫全局变量。</p>
+<h2 id="&#20840;&#23616;&#21464;&#37327;">&#20840;&#23616;&#21464;&#37327;<a href="#&#20840;&#23616;&#21464;&#37327;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在模块内定义的变量叫全局变量。</p>
 <p>全局变量在全局可见,函数体内可以引用全局变量。</p>
 <p>函数可以用global关键字声明某变量是全局的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [44]:</div>
+<div>In [45]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>50</span>
+<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>50</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>func</span><span>():</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;x is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;x is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
 <span>func</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2317,11 +15428,13 @@ <h2 id="-">全局变量</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-x is 50
+<div>
+
+ 
+
 
+<div>
+<pre>x is 50
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2332,22 +15445,22 @@ <h2 id="-">全局变量</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [45]:</div>
+<div>In [46]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>50</span>
+<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>50</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>func</span><span>():</span>
 <span>global</span> <span>x</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;x is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;x is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
 <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Changed x to {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Changed x to </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;x is {0} before function.&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;x is </span><span>{0}</span><span> before function.&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
 <span>func</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;x is {0} after function.&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;x is </span><span>{0}</span><span> after function.&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2355,14 +15468,16 @@ <h2 id="-">全局变量</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-x is 50 before function.
+<pre>x is 50 before function.
 x is 50
 Changed x to 2
 x is 2 after function.
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2371,49 +15486,42 @@ <h2 id="-">全局变量</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">作用域</h2>
-<p>变量可见的范围叫做变量的作用域。</p>
+<h2 id="&#20316;&#29992;&#22495;">&#20316;&#29992;&#22495;<a href="#&#20316;&#29992;&#22495;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>变量可见的范围叫做变量的作用域。</p>
 <p>局部变量的作用域在函数内,全局变量的作用域在模块内(关于模块后文会讲)。</p>
 <p>作用域的基本原则是,内层作用域可访问外层作用域的变量,反之外层不可访问内层变量。</p>
 <p>如果两个作用域内有同一个名字,那么内层的起作用。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="unbound-">Unbound异常</h2>
-<p>python内的&quot;local中有变量定义&quot;,是以local中存在对变量构建的语法(例如赋值)为标准的。</p>
+<h2 id="Unbound&#24322;&#24120;">Unbound&#24322;&#24120;<a href="#Unbound&#24322;&#24120;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>python内的&quot;local中有变量定义&quot;,是以local中存在对变量构建的语法(例如赋值)为标准的。</p>
 <p>这个构建语法所在行可能尚未执行(或永远无法执行到),但是这并不影响&quot;local中有变量定义&quot;这个事实。</p>
 <p>当local中定义了变量,但是变量尚未完成构建时,对变量做引用,会发生什么?</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [46]:</div>
+<div>In [47]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
+<div><pre><span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>func</span><span>():</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
 <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
 
 <span>func</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2421,24 +15529,28 @@ <h2 id="unbound-">Unbound异常</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
+<div>
 <pre>
-<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
-<span>UnboundLocalError</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
-<span>&lt;ipython-input-46-a910e175aa0b&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
-<span> 5</span> x <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
-<span> 6</span> 
-<span>----&gt; 7</span>func<span>(</span><span>)</span>
+<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span>UnboundLocalError</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
+<span>&lt;ipython-input-47-d73f257fa89f&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
+<span> 5</span> x <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
+<span> 6</span> 
+<span>----&gt; 7</span>func<span>(</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>&lt;ipython-input-46-a910e175aa0b&gt;</span> in <span>func</span><span>()</span>
-<span> 2</span> 
-<span> 3</span> <span>def</span> func<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>:</span>
-<span>----&gt; 4</span><span>print</span><span>(</span>x<span>)</span>
-<span> 5</span> x <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
-<span> 6</span> 
+<span>&lt;ipython-input-47-d73f257fa89f&gt;</span> in <span>func</span><span>()</span>
+<span> 2</span> 
+<span> 3</span> <span>def</span> func<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>:</span>
+<span>----&gt; 4</span>print<span>(</span>x<span>)</span>
+<span> 5</span> x <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
+<span> 6</span> 
 
-<span>UnboundLocalError</span>: local variable &apos;x&apos; referenced before assignment</pre>
+<span>UnboundLocalError</span>: local variable &#39;x&#39; referenced before assignment</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2446,31 +15558,28 @@ <h2 id="unbound-">Unbound异常</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">参数默认值</h2>
-<p>函数定义时,可以给参数一个值。当调用时,该参数并未给出的情况下,使用默认值。</p>
+<h2 id="&#21442;&#25968;&#40664;&#35748;&#20540;">&#21442;&#25968;&#40664;&#35748;&#20540;<a href="#&#21442;&#25968;&#40664;&#35748;&#20540;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>函数定义时,可以给参数一个值。当调用时,该参数并未给出的情况下,使用默认值。</p>
 <p>提示:从安全性角度来说,不要使用可变对象作为参数默认值。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [47]:</div>
+<div>In [48]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>say</span><span>(</span><span>message</span><span>,</span> <span>times</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>message</span> <span>*</span> <span>times</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>say</span><span>(</span><span>message</span><span>,</span> <span>times</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>):</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>message</span> <span>*</span> <span>times</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>say</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Hello&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>say</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;World&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>5</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2478,12 +15587,14 @@ <h2 id="-">参数默认值</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Hello
+<pre>Hello
 WorldWorldWorldWorldWorld
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2492,26 +15603,25 @@ <h2 id="-">参数默认值</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [48]:</div>
+<div>In [49]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>append1</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>=</span><span>[]):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>append1</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>=</span><span>[]):</span>
 <span>l</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>l</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>([]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>([]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>([]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>([]))</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>())</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>())</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2519,15 +15629,17 @@ <h2 id="-">参数默认值</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-[1]
+<pre>[1]
 [1]
 ------
 [1]
 [1, 1]
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2536,40 +15648,37 @@ <h2 id="-">参数默认值</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>遇到希望使用可变对象作为参数默认值的情况,需要使用None作为默认值。</p>
 <p>在函数中判断是否为None,是的话再对参数做默认值赋值处理。</p>
 <p>以此模式来避免上述问题。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [49]:</div>
+<div>In [50]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>append1</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>=</span><span>None</span><span>):</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>l</span> <span>is</span> <span>None</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>append1</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>=</span><span>None</span><span>):</span>
+ <span>if</span> <span>l</span> <span>is</span> <span>None</span><span>:</span>
 <span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
 <span>l</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>l</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>([]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>([]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>([]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>([]))</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>())</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>append1</span><span>())</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2577,15 +15686,17 @@ <h2 id="-">参数默认值</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-[1]
+<pre>[1]
 [1]
 ------
 [1]
 [1]
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2594,23 +15705,20 @@ <h2 id="-">参数默认值</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">返回值</h2>
-<p>将函数内数据传递回去。</p>
+<h2 id="&#36820;&#22238;&#20540;">&#36820;&#22238;&#20540;<a href="#&#36820;&#22238;&#20540;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>将函数内数据传递回去。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [50]:</div>
+<div>In [51]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>maximum</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>maximum</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>x</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>x</span>
 <span>elif</span> <span>x</span> <span>==</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
@@ -2618,11 +15726,11 @@ <h2 id="-">返回值</h2>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>y</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>maximum</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>maximum</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>maximum</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>maximum</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2630,12 +15738,14 @@ <h2 id="-">返回值</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-3
+<pre>3
 The numbers are equal
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2644,43 +15754,39 @@ <h2 id="-">返回值</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">多值返回</h2>
-<p>Python允许一次返回多个值。</p>
+<h2 id="&#22810;&#20540;&#36820;&#22238;">&#22810;&#20540;&#36820;&#22238;<a href="#&#22810;&#20540;&#36820;&#22238;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python允许一次返回多个值。</p>
 <p>多值返回的本质是使用tuple中转(后面详细讲解)。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>提前强调&quot;最小惊讶原则&quot;。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside>
+</aside>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [51]:</div>
+<div>In [52]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>f</span><span>():</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>f</span><span>():</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>1</span><span>,</span><span>2</span><span>,</span><span>3</span><span>,</span><span>4</span><span>,</span><span>5</span>
-<span>print</span> <span>(</span><span>f</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span> <span>(</span><span>f</span><span>())</span>
 
 <span>a</span><span>,</span><span>b</span><span>,</span><span>c</span><span>,</span><span>d</span><span>,</span><span>e</span> <span>=</span> <span>f</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>c</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>c</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2688,12 +15794,14 @@ <h2 id="-">多值返回</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+<pre>(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
 3
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2702,50 +15810,135 @@ <h2 id="-">多值返回</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="doc-string">Doc String</h2>
-<p>Python允许为每个函数增加一个文档字符串,这个文档字符串可以被代码访问。</p>
+<h2 id="Doc-String">Doc String<a href="#Doc-String">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python允许为每个函数增加一个文档字符串,这个文档字符串可以被代码访问。</p>
 <p>具体方式是,在函数的第一个逻辑行定义一个字符串(不执行任何操作)。</p>
 <p>访问方式是function.__doc__。</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</div><aside>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
+<div>
+<p>讲解doc string在文档里的作用,对比java doc。</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div>
+<div>
+<div>In [53]:</div>
+<div>
+ <div>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>):</span>
+ <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;Prints the maximum of two numbers. \nThe two values must be integers.&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+ <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>(</span><span>y</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>if</span> <span>x</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;</span><span>{}</span><span> is maximum&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>else</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;</span><span>{}</span><span> is maximum&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>y</span><span>))</span>
+
+<span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>5</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>print_max</span><span>.</span><span>__doc__</span><span>)</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+ </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<div>
+
+
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>5 is maximum
+Prints the maximum of two numbers. 
+The two values must be integers.
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
+<div>
+<h1 id="Annotations">Annotations<a href="#Annotations">&#182;</a> </h1><p>Python允许对函数的变量进行注解,表明参数和返回值的类型。</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div>
+<div>
+<div>In [54]:</div>
+<div>
+ <div>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>maximum</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>:</span> <span>int</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>int</span><span>)</span> <span>-&gt;</span> <span>int</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>if</span> <span>x</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>return</span> <span>x</span>
+ <span>elif</span> <span>x</span> <span>==</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>return</span> <span>&#39;The numbers are equal&#39;</span>
+ <span>else</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>return</span> <span>y</span>
+
+<span>maximum</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>)</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+ </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<div>
+
+
+<div>
+
+ <div>Out[54]:</div>
+
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>2</pre>
+</div>
+
 </div>
+
 </div>
-</div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-
-<div>
+
+</div></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<p>讲解doc string在文档里的作用,对比java doc。</p>
+<p>然而,Python默认对注解不做验证。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [52]:</div>
+<div>In [55]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>):</span>
- <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;Prints the maximum of two numbers. \nThe two values must be integers.&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
- <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
- <span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>(</span><span>y</span><span>)</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>x</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;{} is maximum&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>))</span>
- <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;{} is maximum&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>y</span><span>))</span>
-
-<span>print_max</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>5</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>print_max</span><span>.</span><span>__doc__</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>maximum</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;2&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2753,46 +15946,45 @@ <h2 id="doc-string">Doc String</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-5 is maximum
-Prints the maximum of two numbers. 
-The two values must be integers.
+<div>
 
-</pre>
+ <div>Out[55]:</div>
+
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&#39;2&#39;</pre>
 </div>
+
 </div>
 
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="lambda">lambda</h2>
-<p>一种快速定义简单函数的方法。</p>
+<h2 id="lambda">lambda<a href="#lambda">&#182;</a> </h2><p>一种快速定义简单函数的方法。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [53]:</div>
+<div>In [56]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>inc</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>inc</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>n</span><span>+</span><span>1</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>inc</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>inc</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>inc</span> <span>=</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>n</span><span>:</span> <span>n</span><span>+</span><span>1</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>inc</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>inc</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2800,12 +15992,14 @@ <h2 id="lambda">lambda</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
+<pre>11
 11
-11
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2814,54 +16008,47 @@ <h2 id="lambda">lambda</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>定义fib函数。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>定义fib函数。</p>
 <p>输入n,fib的输出为数列第n项的值。</p>
 <p>数列某项等于前两项之和。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>可演示递归和循环算法,比较其特性。说明简洁和快速的矛盾。</p>
 <p>可以在最后使用for循环打印输出,为后面&quot;__main__标准写法&quot;打基础。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [54]:</div>
+<div>In [57]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>n</span> <span>&lt;=</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span> <span>return</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>-</span><span>2</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2869,13 +16056,15 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[54]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[57]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-89
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>89</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2883,50 +16072,41 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">模块</h1>
+<h1 id="&#27169;&#22359;">&#27169;&#22359;<a href="#&#27169;&#22359;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="module">Module</h2>
-<p>预先写好的代码,供其他代码使用。</p>
+<h2 id="Module">Module<a href="#Module">&#182;</a> </h2><p>预先写好的代码,供其他代码使用。</p>
 <p>一个module是一个独立文件。</p>
 <p>每个module拥有自己的全局变量空间。数据定义,函数,均定义在其中。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [55]:</div>
+<div>In [58]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>%%</span><span>writefile</span> <span>testmod</span><span>.</span><span>py</span>
-<span>varible1</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
-<span>varible2</span> <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
+<div><pre><span>%%</span><span>writefile</span> testmod.py
+varible1 = 1
+varible2 = 2
 
-<span>def</span> <span>add</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>):</span>
- <span>return</span> <span>a</span><span>+</span><span>b</span>
+def add(a, b):
+ return a+b
 
-<span>if</span> <span>__name__</span> <span>==</span> <span>&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;run as script&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
+ print(&#39;run as script&#39;)
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2934,11 +16114,13 @@ <h2 id="module">Module</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-Writing testmod.py
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>Writing testmod.py
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2949,13 +16131,13 @@ <h2 id="module">Module</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [56]:</div>
+<div>In [59]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l testmod.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l testmod.py
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2963,11 +16145,13 @@ <h2 id="module">Module</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
--rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 111 10月 28 20:06 testmod.py
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 111 Mar 22 20:06 testmod.py
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2976,36 +16160,32 @@ <h2 id="module">Module</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div>
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>Windows下要用dir testmod.py</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="import">import</h2>
-<p>import引入某个module对象,可使用module.name的方式引用它的全局变量。</p>
+<h2 id="import">import<a href="#import">&#182;</a> </h2><p>import引入某个module对象,可使用module.name的方式引用它的全局变量。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [57]:</div>
+<div>In [60]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>testmod</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>testmod</span>
 <span>testmod</span><span>.</span><span>varible1</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3013,13 +16193,15 @@ <h2 id="import">import</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[57]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[60]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-1
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>1</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3028,29 +16210,26 @@ <h2 id="import">import</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="from-import">from import</h2>
-<p>from import引入模块中的某个(或全部)变量。</p>
+<h2 id="from-import">from import<a href="#from-import">&#182;</a> </h2><p>from import引入模块中的某个(或全部)变量。</p>
 <p>被引入变量不需要module.name来访问,仅需要name。</p>
 <p>注意:不推荐引入全部变量,会引起名称空间污染。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [58]:</div>
+<div>In [61]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>testmod</span> <span>import</span> <span>varible2</span>
+<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>testmod</span> <span>import</span> <span>varible2</span>
 <span>varible2</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3058,13 +16237,15 @@ <h2 id="from-import">from import</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[58]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[61]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-2
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>2</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3073,27 +16254,24 @@ <h2 id="from-import">from import</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="dir">dir</h2>
-<p>列出某个模块的所有变量。</p>
+<h2 id="dir">dir<a href="#dir">&#182;</a> </h2><p>列出某个模块的所有变量。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [59]:</div>
+<div>In [62]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>testmod</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>testmod</span>
 <span>dir</span><span>(</span><span>testmod</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3101,20 +16279,25 @@ <h2 id="dir">dir</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[59]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[62]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-[&apos;__builtins__&apos;,
- &apos;__doc__&apos;,
- &apos;__file__&apos;,
- &apos;__name__&apos;,
- &apos;__package__&apos;,
- &apos;add&apos;,
- &apos;varible1&apos;,
- &apos;varible2&apos;]
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>[&#39;__builtins__&#39;,
+ &#39;__cached__&#39;,
+ &#39;__doc__&#39;,
+ &#39;__file__&#39;,
+ &#39;__loader__&#39;,
+ &#39;__name__&#39;,
+ &#39;__package__&#39;,
+ &#39;__spec__&#39;,
+ &#39;add&#39;,
+ &#39;varible1&#39;,
+ &#39;varible2&#39;]</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3123,44 +16306,39 @@ <h2 id="dir">dir</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">模块预编译</h2>
-<p>当import时,python会试图去编译出pyc文件来。</p>
+<h2 id="&#27169;&#22359;&#39044;&#32534;&#35793;">&#27169;&#22359;&#39044;&#32534;&#35793;<a href="#&#27169;&#22359;&#39044;&#32534;&#35793;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>当import时,python会试图去编译出pyc文件来。</p>
 <p>pyc是被编译过的py文件,加载pyc文件可以跳过语法解析过程。</p>
 <p>当py日期新于pyc时,重新生成pyc。所以日期紊乱可能导致执行老代码。</p>
 <p>在Python3(3.2以后)中,会在当前目录下生成__pycache__目录,来缓存pyc文件。</p>
 <p>这样可以避免多个Python解释器无法互相载入对方的pyc文件。</p>
-<p>具体可以参考这里: <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.2.html">https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.2.html</a> </p>
+<p>具体可以参考这里: <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.2.html">https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.2.html</a> </p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>注意加载顺序导致当前目录模块名和系统相同时会发生覆盖问题。</p>
 <p>同时注意这个现象受制于系统库是否已经载入,从而引出系统库不会多次&quot;加载&quot;的结论。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [60]:</div>
+<div>In [63]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l testmod*
+<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l testmod*
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3168,12 +16346,13 @@ <h2 id="-">模块预编译</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
--rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 111 10月 28 20:06 testmod.py
--rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 333 10月 28 20:06 testmod.pyc
+<div>
+
+ 
+
 
+<div>
+<pre>-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 111 Mar 22 20:06 testmod.py
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3184,13 +16363,13 @@ <h2 id="-">模块预编译</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [61]:</div>
+<div>In [64]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l __pycache__/testmod*
+<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l __pycache__/testmod*
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3198,11 +16377,14 @@ <h2 id="-">模块预编译</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
--rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 356 10月 28 19:58 __pycache__/testmod.cpython-35.pyc
+<div>
+
+ 
+
 
+<div>
+<pre>-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 365 Jun 25 2018 __pycache__/testmod.cpython-35.pyc
+-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 349 Mar 22 20:06 __pycache__/testmod.cpython-37.pyc
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3211,36 +16393,32 @@ <h2 id="-">模块预编译</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div>
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<p>由于这个系统使用了python2作为基础,因此没有__pycache__。</p>
+<p>由于这个系统使用了Python3作为基础,因此没有<code>testmod.pyc</code>文件。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-_-_name-_-_-">__name__属性</h2>
-<p>模块有一个属性,__name__。当这个属性为&#39;__main__&#39;时,说明当前模块被作为脚本运行。</p>
+<h2 id="__name__&#23646;&#24615;">__name__&#23646;&#24615;<a href="#__name__&#23646;&#24615;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>模块有一个属性,__name__。当这个属性为'__main__'时,说明当前模块被作为脚本运行。</p>
 <p>模块被作为以脚本运行时,不生成pyc文件(因为不是import)。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [62]:</div>
+<div>In [65]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>__name__</span>
+<div><pre><span>__name__</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3248,13 +16426,15 @@ <h2 id="-_-_name-_-_-">__name__属性</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[62]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[65]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&apos;__main__&apos;
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&#39;__main__&#39;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3265,13 +16445,13 @@ <h2 id="-_-_name-_-_-">__name__属性</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [63]:</div>
+<div>In [66]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>testmod</span><span>.</span><span>__name__</span>
+<div><pre><span>testmod</span><span>.</span><span>__name__</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3279,13 +16459,15 @@ <h2 id="-_-_name-_-_-">__name__属性</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[63]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[66]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&apos;testmod&apos;
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&#39;testmod&#39;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3294,25 +16476,22 @@ <h2 id="-_-_name-_-_-">__name__属性</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="main-">Main文件模式化写法</h2>
+<h2 id="Main&#25991;&#20214;&#27169;&#24335;&#21270;&#20889;&#27861;">Main&#25991;&#20214;&#27169;&#24335;&#21270;&#20889;&#27861;<a href="#Main&#25991;&#20214;&#27169;&#24335;&#21270;&#20889;&#27861;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [64]:</div>
+<div>In [67]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>tail -n <span>2</span> testmod.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>tail -n <span>2</span> testmod.py
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3320,12 +16499,14 @@ <h2 id="main-">Main文件模式化写法</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-if __name__ == &apos;__main__&apos;:
- print(&apos;run as script&apos;)
-</pre>
+<pre>if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
+ print(&#39;run as script&#39;)</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3335,13 +16516,13 @@ <h2 id="main-">Main文件模式化写法</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [65]:</div>
+<div>In [68]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>python testmod.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>python testmod.py
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3349,106 +16530,82 @@ <h2 id="main-">Main文件模式化写法</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-run as script
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
+<div>
 
-</div>
-</div>
+ 
 
-</div><div style=display:none>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-<div>In [66]:</div>
-<div>
- <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>rm testmod*
-</pre></div>
 
-</div>
+<div>
+<pre>run as script
+</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div>
- </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-
-<div>
+
+</div></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="package">Package</h2>
-<p>从组织结构上说,package是比modules更大一级的结构。</p>
+<h2 id="Package">Package<a href="#Package">&#182;</a> </h2><p>从组织结构上说,package是比modules更大一级的结构。</p>
 <p>一个package里可以包含多个modules和packages。</p>
 <p>一般一个package是一个独立目录,里面有__init__.py文件。</p>
 <p>这个文件指明了如何加载整个package。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>可以找一些实际的文件布局的例子。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>导入系统sys模块</li>
 <li>列出sys模块中以s开头并且以e结尾的成员。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>此处需要提前说明startswith和endswith的用法。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [67]:</div>
+<div>In [70]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>name</span> <span>in</span> <span>dir</span><span>(</span><span>sys</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>startswith</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;s&#39;</span><span>)</span> <span>and</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>endswith</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;e&#39;</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3456,12 +16613,14 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-setprofile
+<pre>setprofile
 settrace
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3469,81 +16628,71 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">内置数据结构</h1>
-<ul>
+<h1 id="&#20869;&#32622;&#25968;&#25454;&#32467;&#26500;">&#20869;&#32622;&#25968;&#25454;&#32467;&#26500;<a href="#&#20869;&#32622;&#25968;&#25454;&#32467;&#26500;">&#182;</a> </h1><ul>
 <li>list</li>
 <li>tuple</li>
 <li>dict</li>
 <li>set</li>
 <li>string</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="list">list</h2>
-<p>具有顺序的一组对象。</p>
+<h2 id="list">list<a href="#list">&#182;</a> </h2><p>具有顺序的一组对象。</p>
 <p>可以随意访问其中的任意位置。</p>
 <p>可以添加和删除。</p>
 <p>其中的元素不需要是同类型。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>原书例子有问题,那是python3的代码。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [68]:</div>
+<div>In [71]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
 <span>shoplist</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>&#39;apple&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;mango&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;carrot&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;banana&#39;</span><span>]</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;I have {} items to purchase.&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;I have </span><span>{}</span><span> items to purchase.&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>)))</span>
 <span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>stdout</span><span>.</span><span>write</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;These items are: &#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>item</span> <span>in</span> <span>shoplist</span><span>:</span>
 <span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>stdout</span><span>.</span><span>write</span><span>(</span><span>str</span><span>(</span><span>item</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>&#39; &#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;</span><span>\n</span><span>I also have to buy rice.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;</span><span>\n</span><span>I also have to buy rice.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>shoplist</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;rice&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;My shopping list is now {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;My shopping list is now </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>))</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;I will sort my list now&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;I will sort my list now&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>shoplist</span><span>.</span><span>sort</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Sorted shopping list is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Sorted shopping list is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>))</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;The first item I will buy is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;The first item I will buy is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]))</span>
 <span>olditem</span> <span>=</span> <span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]</span>
 <span>del</span> <span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;I bought the {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>olditem</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;My shopping list is now {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;I bought the </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>olditem</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;My shopping list is now </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3551,19 +16700,21 @@ <h2 id="list">list</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-I have 4 items to purchase.
+<pre>I have 4 items to purchase.
 These items are: apple mango carrot banana 
 I also have to buy rice.
-My shopping list is now [&apos;apple&apos;, &apos;mango&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;, &apos;banana&apos;, &apos;rice&apos;]
+My shopping list is now [&#39;apple&#39;, &#39;mango&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;, &#39;banana&#39;, &#39;rice&#39;]
 I will sort my list now
-Sorted shopping list is [&apos;apple&apos;, &apos;banana&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;, &apos;mango&apos;, &apos;rice&apos;]
+Sorted shopping list is [&#39;apple&#39;, &#39;banana&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;, &#39;mango&#39;, &#39;rice&#39;]
 The first item I will buy is apple
 I bought the apple
-My shopping list is now [&apos;banana&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;, &apos;mango&apos;, &apos;rice&apos;]
-
+My shopping list is now [&#39;banana&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;, &#39;mango&#39;, &#39;rice&#39;]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3572,39 +16723,35 @@ <h2 id="list">list</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="tuple">tuple</h2>
-<p>具有顺序的一组对象。</p>
+<h2 id="tuple">tuple<a href="#tuple">&#182;</a> </h2><p>具有顺序的一组对象。</p>
 <p>可以随意访问其中的任意位置。</p>
 <p>不可以添加和删除。</p>
 <p>其中的元素不需要是同类型。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [69]:</div>
+<div>In [72]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>zoo</span> <span>=</span> <span>(</span><span>&#39;python&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;elephant&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;penguin&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Number of animals in the zoo is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>zoo</span><span>)))</span>
+<div><pre><span>zoo</span> <span>=</span> <span>(</span><span>&#39;python&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;elephant&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;penguin&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Number of animals in the zoo is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>zoo</span><span>)))</span>
 
 <span>new_zoo</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;monkey&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;camel&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>zoo</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Number of cages in the new zoo is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Number of cages in the new zoo is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>)))</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;All animals in new zoo are {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Animals brought from old zoo are {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Last animal brought from old zoo is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>][</span><span>2</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Number of animals in the new zoo is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>)</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>+</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>])))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;All animals in new zoo are </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Animals brought from old zoo are </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Last animal brought from old zoo is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>][</span><span>2</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Number of animals in the new zoo is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>)</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>+</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>new_zoo</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>])))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3612,16 +16759,18 @@ <h2 id="tuple">tuple</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Number of animals in the zoo is 3
+<pre>Number of animals in the zoo is 3
 Number of cages in the new zoo is 3
-All animals in new zoo are (&apos;monkey&apos;, &apos;camel&apos;, (&apos;python&apos;, &apos;elephant&apos;, &apos;penguin&apos;))
-Animals brought from old zoo are (&apos;python&apos;, &apos;elephant&apos;, &apos;penguin&apos;)
+All animals in new zoo are (&#39;monkey&#39;, &#39;camel&#39;, (&#39;python&#39;, &#39;elephant&#39;, &#39;penguin&#39;))
+Animals brought from old zoo are (&#39;python&#39;, &#39;elephant&#39;, &#39;penguin&#39;)
 Last animal brought from old zoo is penguin
 Number of animals in the new zoo is 5
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3630,17 +16779,16 @@ <h2 id="tuple">tuple</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [70]:</div>
+<div>In [73]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span>
+<div><pre><span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span>
 <span>r</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3648,13 +16796,15 @@ <h2 id="tuple">tuple</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[70]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[73]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-(1, 2, 3)
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>(1, 2, 3)</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3665,16 +16815,16 @@ <h2 id="tuple">tuple</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [71]:</div>
+<div>In [74]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>c</span> <span>=</span> <span>r</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>b</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>c</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>c</span> <span>=</span> <span>r</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>b</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>c</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3682,13 +16832,15 @@ <h2 id="tuple">tuple</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-1
+<pre>1
 2
 3
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3699,15 +16851,15 @@ <h2 id="tuple">tuple</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [72]:</div>
+<div>In [75]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span> <span>=</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>a</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>b</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span> <span>=</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>a</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>b</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3715,12 +16867,14 @@ <h2 id="tuple">tuple</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-2
+<pre>2
 1
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3729,14 +16883,10 @@ <h2 id="tuple">tuple</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">操作序列对象</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#25805;&#20316;&#24207;&#21015;&#23545;&#35937;">&#25805;&#20316;&#24207;&#21015;&#23545;&#35937;<a href="#&#25805;&#20316;&#24207;&#21015;&#23545;&#35937;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>通过[]访问</li>
 <li>通过[]设定值</li>
 <li>通过for枚举</li>
@@ -3744,37 +16894,37 @@ <h2 id="-">操作序列对象</h2>
 <li>通过[:]设定值</li>
 <li>通过[::]设定步进</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [73]:</div>
+<div>In [76]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>shoplist</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>&#39;apple&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;mango&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;carrot&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;banana&#39;</span><span>]</span>
+<div><pre><span>shoplist</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>&#39;apple&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;mango&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;carrot&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;banana&#39;</span><span>]</span>
 <span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;swaroop&#39;</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 0 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 1 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 2 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 3 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>3</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item -1 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item -2 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>-</span><span>2</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Character 0 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]))</span>
-
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 1 to 3 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>:</span><span>3</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 2 to end is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>:]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 1 to -1 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>:</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item start to end is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[:]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;characters 1 to 3 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>:</span><span>3</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;characters 2 to end is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>:]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;characters 1 to -1 is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>:</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;characters start to end is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[:]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;reversed characters is {0}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[::</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 0 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 1 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 2 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 3 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>3</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item -1 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item -2 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>-</span><span>2</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Character 0 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]))</span>
+
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 1 to 3 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>:</span><span>3</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 2 to end is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>:]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item 1 to -1 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>:</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Item start to end is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>shoplist</span><span>[:]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;characters 1 to 3 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>:</span><span>3</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;characters 2 to end is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>:]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;characters 1 to -1 is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>:</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;characters start to end is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[:]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;reversed characters is </span><span>{0}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>[::</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3782,26 +16932,28 @@ <h2 id="-">操作序列对象</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Item 0 is apple
+<pre>Item 0 is apple
 Item 1 is mango
 Item 2 is carrot
 Item 3 is banana
 Item -1 is banana
 Item -2 is carrot
 Character 0 is s
-Item 1 to 3 is [&apos;mango&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;]
-Item 2 to end is [&apos;carrot&apos;, &apos;banana&apos;]
-Item 1 to -1 is [&apos;mango&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;]
-Item start to end is [&apos;apple&apos;, &apos;mango&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;, &apos;banana&apos;]
+Item 1 to 3 is [&#39;mango&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;]
+Item 2 to end is [&#39;carrot&#39;, &#39;banana&#39;]
+Item 1 to -1 is [&#39;mango&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;]
+Item start to end is [&#39;apple&#39;, &#39;mango&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;, &#39;banana&#39;]
 characters 1 to 3 is wa
 characters 2 to end is aroop
 characters 1 to -1 is waroo
 characters start to end is swaroop
 reversed characters is pooraws
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3810,54 +16962,47 @@ <h2 id="-">操作序列对象</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<ol>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><ol>
 <li>建立一个list,内容为10以内的所有质数。</li>
 <li>计算出100内所有质数的列表。</li>
 <li>将这个列表转为tuple。</li>
 <li>根据上面的tuple,获得反转的tuple。</li>
 <li>将一个list分为两个:第一个list拥有原本list前一半的反向,第二个list拥有原本list后一半的反向。</li>
 </ol>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>埃拉托斯特尼筛法。注意代码实现中的筛法效率是有问题的。主要因为sqrt函数没教过。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [74]:</div>
+<div>In [77]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>primes</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>5</span><span>,</span> <span>7</span><span>]</span>
+<div><pre><span>primes</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>5</span><span>,</span> <span>7</span><span>]</span>
 <span>primes</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3865,13 +17010,15 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[74]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[77]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-[2, 3, 5, 7]
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>[2, 3, 5, 7]</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3880,24 +17027,23 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [75]:</div>
+<div>In [78]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>100</span><span>):</span>
- <span>prime</span> <span>=</span> <span>True</span>
+<div><pre><span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>100</span><span>):</span>
+ <span>prime</span> <span>=</span> <span>True</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>j</span> <span>in</span> <span>primes</span><span>:</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>i</span> <span>%</span> <span>j</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>:</span>
- <span>prime</span> <span>=</span> <span>False</span>
+ <span>prime</span> <span>=</span> <span>False</span>
 <span>break</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>prime</span><span>:</span>
 <span>primes</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>i</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3905,11 +17051,13 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97]
+<div>
+
+ 
+
 
+<div>
+<pre>[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3918,17 +17066,16 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [76]:</div>
+<div>In [79]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>tuple_primes</span> <span>=</span> <span>tuple</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>tuple_primes</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>tuple_primes</span> <span>=</span> <span>tuple</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>tuple_primes</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3936,11 +17083,13 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97)
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97)
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3949,16 +17098,15 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [77]:</div>
+<div>In [80]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>tuple_primes</span><span>[::</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>])</span>
+<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>tuple_primes</span><span>[::</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>])</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3966,11 +17114,13 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-(97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41, 37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2)
+<div>
 
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>(97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41, 37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2)
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3981,13 +17131,13 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [78]:</div>
+<div>In [81]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>tuple</span><span>(</span><span>reversed</span><span>(</span><span>tuple_primes</span><span>)))</span>
+<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>tuple</span><span>(</span><span>reversed</span><span>(</span><span>tuple_primes</span><span>)))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -3995,11 +17145,13 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-(97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41, 37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2)
+<div>
 
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>(97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41, 37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2)
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4008,18 +17160,17 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [79]:</div>
+<div>In [82]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># Python2下可以不需要int,因为len结果是整数,整数除法结果是整数。</span>
+<div><pre><span># Python2下可以不需要int,因为len结果是整数,整数除法结果是整数。</span>
 <span># 在Python3,没有int会导致出错。</span>
 <span>list</span><span>(</span><span>reversed</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>[:</span><span>int</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>2</span><span>)])),</span> <span>list</span><span>(</span><span>reversed</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>[</span><span>int</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>2</span><span>):]))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4027,14 +17178,16 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[79]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[82]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-([37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2],
- [97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41])
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>([37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2],
+ [97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41])</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4045,13 +17198,13 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [80]:</div>
+<div>In [83]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>primes</span><span>[</span><span>int</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>2</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)::</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>],</span> <span>primes</span><span>[:</span><span>int</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>2</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>):</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]</span>
+<div><pre><span>primes</span><span>[</span><span>int</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>2</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)::</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>],</span> <span>primes</span><span>[:</span><span>int</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>primes</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>2</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>):</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4059,14 +17212,16 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[80]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[83]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-([37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2],
- [97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41])
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>([37, 31, 29, 23, 19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2],
+ [97, 89, 83, 79, 73, 71, 67, 61, 59, 53, 47, 43, 41])</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4075,27 +17230,24 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">列表推导式</h2>
+<h2 id="&#21015;&#34920;&#25512;&#23548;&#24335;">&#21015;&#34920;&#25512;&#23548;&#24335;<a href="#&#21015;&#34920;&#25512;&#23548;&#24335;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [81]:</div>
+<div>In [84]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>12</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>12</span><span>)</span>
 <span>t</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>i</span> <span>*</span> <span>i</span> <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>l</span><span>]</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>t</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>t</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4103,11 +17255,13 @@ <h2 id="-">列表推导式</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121]
+<div>
 
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4118,14 +17272,14 @@ <h2 id="-">列表推导式</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [82]:</div>
+<div>In [85]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>t</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>i</span> <span>*</span> <span>i</span> <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>l</span> <span>if</span> <span>i</span> <span>%</span> <span>2</span> <span>!=</span> <span>0</span><span>]</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>t</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>t</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>i</span> <span>*</span> <span>i</span> <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>l</span> <span>if</span> <span>i</span> <span>%</span> <span>2</span> <span>!=</span> <span>0</span><span>]</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>t</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4133,11 +17287,13 @@ <h2 id="-">列表推导式</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-[1, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121]
+<div>
 
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>[1, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4146,72 +17302,75 @@ <h2 id="-">列表推导式</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>思考一下,列表推导式是否能够将素数列表直接实现出来?为什么?</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>思考一下,列表推导式是否能够将素数列表直接实现出来?为什么?</p>
 <p>然后自己测试一下。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>问题的关键在于&quot;生成列表的时候列表是空的&quot;。所以不能一次性生成,必须渐进。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="dict">dict</h2>
-<p>具有一系列成对对象。一个叫做key,一个叫做value。</p>
+<h2 id="dict">dict<a href="#dict">&#182;</a> </h2><p>具有一系列成对对象。一个叫做key,一个叫做value。</p>
 <p>无顺序,key不可重复。</p>
 <p>通过其中一个(key)可以唯一确定另外一个(value),反之未必。</p>
 <p>可以添加和删除。</p>
 <p>其中的元素(包括key和value)不需要是同类型。</p>
 <p>key必须是不可变对象。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section><section>
- 
+</div><aside>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
+<div>
+<p>1: 注意在某些情况下,dict可表现出内在顺序。但这并不是有序约定。</p>
+<p>2: 在Python3.6之后,dict表现出类似于OrderedDict的性质。现阶段可无视这个差异。</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [83]:</div>
+<div>In [86]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>ab</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
+<div><pre><span>ab</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
 <span>&#39;Swaroop&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>&#39;swaroop@swaroopch.com&#39;</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;Larry&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>&#39;larry@wall.org&#39;</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;Matsumoto&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>&#39;matz@ruby-lang.org&#39;</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;Spammer&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>&#39;spammer@hotmail.com&#39;</span>
 <span>}</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Swaroop&#39;s address is {}&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>ab</span><span>[</span><span>&#39;Swaroop&#39;</span><span>]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Swaroop&#39;s address is </span><span>{}</span><span>&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>ab</span><span>[</span><span>&#39;Swaroop&#39;</span><span>]))</span>
 <span>del</span> <span>ab</span><span>[</span><span>&#39;Spammer&#39;</span><span>]</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;There are {} contacts in the address-book&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>ab</span><span>)))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Name list: </span><span>%s</span><span>&#39;</span> <span>%</span> <span>&#39;, &#39;</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>ab</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;There are </span><span>{}</span><span> contacts in the address-book&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>ab</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Name list: </span><span>%s</span><span>&#39;</span> <span>%</span> <span>&#39;, &#39;</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>ab</span><span>))</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>address</span> <span>in</span> <span>ab</span><span>.</span><span>items</span><span>():</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Contact {} at {}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>address</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Contact </span><span>{}</span><span> at </span><span>{}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>address</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>ab</span><span>[</span><span>&#39;Guido&#39;</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;guido@python.org&#39;</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>&#39;Guido&#39;</span> <span>in</span> <span>ab</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Guido&#39;s address is {}&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>ab</span><span>[</span><span>&#39;Guido&#39;</span><span>]))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Guido&#39;s address is </span><span>{}</span><span>&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>ab</span><span>[</span><span>&#39;Guido&#39;</span><span>]))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4219,17 +17378,19 @@ <h2 id="dict">dict</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Swaroop&apos;s address is swaroop@swaroopch.com
+<pre>Swaroop&#39;s address is swaroop@swaroopch.com
 There are 3 contacts in the address-book
-Name list: Swaroop, Matsumoto, Larry
+Name list: Swaroop, Larry, Matsumoto
 Contact Swaroop at swaroop@swaroopch.com
-Contact Matsumoto at matz@ruby-lang.org
 Contact Larry at larry@wall.org
-Guido&apos;s address is guido@python.org
-
+Contact Matsumoto at matz@ruby-lang.org
+Guido&#39;s address is guido@python.org
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4238,31 +17399,27 @@ <h2 id="dict">dict</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="set">set</h2>
-<p>具有一组对象。无顺序,不可重复。</p>
+<h2 id="set">set<a href="#set">&#182;</a> </h2><p>具有一组对象。无顺序,不可重复。</p>
 <p>可以添加和删除。</p>
 <p>其中的元素不需要是同类型,但必须是不可变对象。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [84]:</div>
+<div>In [87]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>bri</span> <span>=</span> <span>set</span><span>([</span><span>&#39;brazil&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;russia&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;india&#39;</span><span>])</span>
-<span>bri</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span><span>&#39;brazil&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;russia&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;india&#39;</span><span>}</span> <span># python2.7以后可用</span>
+<div><pre><span>bri</span> <span>=</span> <span>set</span><span>([</span><span>&#39;brazil&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;russia&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;india&#39;</span><span>])</span>
+<span>bri</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span><span>&#39;brazil&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;russia&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;india&#39;</span><span>}</span>
 <span>&#39;india&#39;</span> <span>in</span> <span>bri</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4270,13 +17427,15 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[84]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[87]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-True
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>True</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4287,13 +17446,13 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [85]:</div>
+<div>In [88]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>&#39;usa&#39;</span> <span>in</span> <span>bri</span>
+<div><pre><span>&#39;usa&#39;</span> <span>in</span> <span>bri</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4301,13 +17460,15 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[85]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[88]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-False
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>False</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4318,16 +17479,16 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [86]:</div>
+<div>In [89]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>bric</span> <span>=</span> <span>bri</span><span>.</span><span>copy</span><span>()</span>
+<div><pre><span>bric</span> <span>=</span> <span>bri</span><span>.</span><span>copy</span><span>()</span>
 <span>bric</span><span>.</span><span>add</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;china&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>bric</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>bric</span><span>)</span>
 <span>bric</span><span>.</span><span>issuperset</span><span>(</span><span>bri</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4335,22 +17496,26 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-set([&apos;brazil&apos;, &apos;china&apos;, &apos;india&apos;, &apos;russia&apos;])
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>{&#39;china&#39;, &#39;russia&#39;, &#39;brazil&#39;, &#39;india&#39;}
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-<div><div>Out[86]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[89]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-True
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>True</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4361,15 +17526,15 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [87]:</div>
+<div>In [90]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>bric</span><span>.</span><span>remove</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;russia&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>bric</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>bric</span><span>.</span><span>remove</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;russia&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>bric</span><span>)</span>
 <span>bri</span> <span>&amp;</span> <span>bric</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4377,22 +17542,26 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-set([&apos;brazil&apos;, &apos;china&apos;, &apos;india&apos;])
+<div>
+
+ 
+
 
+<div>
+<pre>{&#39;china&#39;, &#39;brazil&#39;, &#39;india&#39;}
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-<div><div>Out[87]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[90]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-{&apos;brazil&apos;, &apos;india&apos;}
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>{&#39;brazil&#39;, &#39;india&#39;}</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4403,13 +17572,13 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [88]:</div>
+<div>In [91]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>bri</span> <span>&#124;</span> <span>bric</span>
+<div><pre><span>bri</span> <span>&#124;</span> <span>bric</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4417,13 +17586,15 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div><div>Out[88]:</div>
+<div>
 
+ <div>Out[91]:</div>
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-{&apos;brazil&apos;, &apos;china&apos;, &apos;india&apos;, &apos;russia&apos;}
-</pre>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>{&#39;brazil&#39;, &#39;china&#39;, &#39;india&#39;, &#39;russia&#39;}</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4432,14 +17603,10 @@ <h2 id="set">set</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="string-">string的一些其他方法</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="string&#30340;&#19968;&#20123;&#20854;&#20182;&#26041;&#27861;">string&#30340;&#19968;&#20123;&#20854;&#20182;&#26041;&#27861;<a href="#string&#30340;&#19968;&#20123;&#20854;&#20182;&#26041;&#27861;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>startswith</li>
 <li>endswith</li>
 <li>in</li>
@@ -4450,41 +17617,41 @@ <h2 id="string-">string的一些其他方法</h2>
 <li>join</li>
 <li>split</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [89]:</div>
+<div>In [92]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;Swaroop&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;Swaroop&#39;</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>startswith</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Swa&#39;</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Yes, the string starts with &quot;Swa&quot;&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Yes, the string starts with &quot;Swa&quot;&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>if</span> <span>&#39;a&#39;</span> <span>in</span> <span>name</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Yes, it contains the string &quot;a&quot;&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Yes, it contains the string &quot;a&quot;&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>pos</span> <span>=</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>find</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;war&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>pos</span> <span>!=</span> <span>-</span><span>1</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;position of the string &quot;war&quot; is </span><span>%d</span><span>&#39;</span> <span>%</span> <span>pos</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;position of the string &quot;war&quot; is </span><span>%d</span><span>&#39;</span> <span>%</span> <span>pos</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;the string replace war to peace is </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>replace</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;war&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;peace&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;the string replace o to 0 is </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>replace</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;o&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;0&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;the string replace war to peace is </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>replace</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;war&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;peace&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;the string replace o to 0 is </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>replace</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;o&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;0&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;upper case: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>upper</span><span>())</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;lower case: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>lower</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;upper case: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>upper</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;lower case: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>name</span><span>.</span><span>lower</span><span>())</span>
 
 <span>delimiter</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;_*_&#39;</span>
 <span>mylist</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>&#39;Brazil&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;Russia&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;India&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;China&#39;</span><span>]</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>delimiter</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>mylist</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>delimiter</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>mylist</span><span>))</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>delimiter</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>mylist</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>split</span><span>(</span><span>delimiter</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>delimiter</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>mylist</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>split</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;*&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>delimiter</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>mylist</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>split</span><span>(</span><span>delimiter</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>delimiter</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>mylist</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>split</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;*&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4492,20 +17659,22 @@ <h2 id="string-">string的一些其他方法</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Yes, the string starts with &quot;Swa&quot;
-Yes, it contains the string &quot;a&quot;
-position of the string &quot;war&quot; is 1
+<pre>Yes, the string starts with &#34;Swa&#34;
+Yes, it contains the string &#34;a&#34;
+position of the string &#34;war&#34; is 1
 the string replace war to peace is Speaceoop
 the string replace o to 0 is Swar00p
 upper case: SWAROOP
 lower case: swaroop
 Brazil_*_Russia_*_India_*_China
-[&apos;Brazil&apos;, &apos;Russia&apos;, &apos;India&apos;, &apos;China&apos;]
-[&apos;Brazil_&apos;, &apos;_Russia_&apos;, &apos;_India_&apos;, &apos;_China&apos;]
-
+[&#39;Brazil&#39;, &#39;Russia&#39;, &#39;India&#39;, &#39;China&#39;]
+[&#39;Brazil_&#39;, &#39;_Russia_&#39;, &#39;_India_&#39;, &#39;_China&#39;]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4514,52 +17683,46 @@ <h2 id="string-">string的一些其他方法</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>每个国家都有一定的地区号码,现在我们知道这些国家和地区号码关系:</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>每个国家都有一定的地区号码,现在我们知道这些国家和地区号码关系:</p>
 <p>+30 希腊 +45 丹麦 +51 秘鲁 +65 新加坡 +86 中国</p>
 <p>写代码求出以下电话号码里面有几个国家:</p>
 <p>+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [90]:</div>
+<div>In [93]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>number2country</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
- <span>&#39;+30&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u&#39;希腊&#39;</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;+45&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u&#39;丹麦&#39;</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;+51&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u&#39;秘鲁&#39;</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;+65&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u&#39;新加坡&#39;</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;+86&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u&#39;中国&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>number2country</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
+ <span>&#39;+30&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u</span><span>&#39;希腊&#39;</span><span>,</span>
+ <span>&#39;+45&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u</span><span>&#39;丹麦&#39;</span><span>,</span>
+ <span>&#39;+51&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u</span><span>&#39;秘鲁&#39;</span><span>,</span>
+ <span>&#39;+65&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u</span><span>&#39;新加坡&#39;</span><span>,</span>
+ <span>&#39;+86&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>u</span><span>&#39;中国&#39;</span>
 <span>}</span>
 
 <span>numbers</span> <span>=</span> <span>&quot;+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>split</span><span>()</span>
 <span>country_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>set</span><span>([</span><span>number2country</span><span>[</span><span>n</span><span>]</span> <span>for</span> <span>n</span> <span>in</span> <span>numbers</span> <span>if</span> <span>n</span><span>.</span><span>startswith</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>)])</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>country_set</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>country_set</span><span>))</span>
 <span># 注意:这里的输出顺序在不同的机器上可能不一样,具体依赖于python的版本和实现。set本身是没有顺序约定的。</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;, &#39;</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>country_set</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;, &#39;</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>country_set</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4567,12 +17730,14 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-4
-中国, 新加坡, 秘鲁, 希腊
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>4
+希腊, 秘鲁, 新加坡, 中国
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4581,21 +17746,20 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [91]:</div>
+<div>In [94]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>numbers</span> <span>=</span> <span>&quot;+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>split</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;numbers: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>str</span><span>(</span><span>numbers</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;filtered: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>str</span><span>([</span><span>n</span> <span>for</span> <span>n</span> <span>in</span> <span>numbers</span> <span>if</span> <span>n</span><span>.</span><span>startswith</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>)]))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;filtered and mapped: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>&#39;, &#39;</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>([</span><span>number2country</span><span>[</span><span>n</span><span>]</span> <span>for</span> <span>n</span> <span>in</span> <span>numbers</span> <span>if</span> <span>n</span><span>.</span><span>startswith</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>)]))</span>
+<div><pre><span>numbers</span> <span>=</span> <span>&quot;+86 1123 +65 1234 +51 2347 +30 9123 +65 1246 +30 2347 +86 2935&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>split</span><span>()</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;numbers: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>str</span><span>(</span><span>numbers</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;filtered: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>str</span><span>([</span><span>n</span> <span>for</span> <span>n</span> <span>in</span> <span>numbers</span> <span>if</span> <span>n</span><span>.</span><span>startswith</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>)]))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;filtered and mapped: </span><span>%s</span><span>&quot;</span> <span>%</span> <span>&#39;, &#39;</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>([</span><span>number2country</span><span>[</span><span>n</span><span>]</span> <span>for</span> <span>n</span> <span>in</span> <span>numbers</span> <span>if</span> <span>n</span><span>.</span><span>startswith</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>)]))</span>
 <span>country_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>set</span><span>([</span><span>number2country</span><span>[</span><span>n</span><span>]</span> <span>for</span> <span>n</span> <span>in</span> <span>numbers</span> <span>if</span> <span>n</span><span>.</span><span>startswith</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>)])</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;, &#39;</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>country_set</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;, &#39;</span><span>.</span><span>join</span><span>(</span><span>country_set</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4603,14 +17767,16 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-numbers: [&apos;+86&apos;, &apos;1123&apos;, &apos;+65&apos;, &apos;1234&apos;, &apos;+51&apos;, &apos;2347&apos;, &apos;+30&apos;, &apos;9123&apos;, &apos;+65&apos;, &apos;1246&apos;, &apos;+30&apos;, &apos;2347&apos;, &apos;+86&apos;, &apos;2935&apos;]
-filtered: [&apos;+86&apos;, &apos;+65&apos;, &apos;+51&apos;, &apos;+30&apos;, &apos;+65&apos;, &apos;+30&apos;, &apos;+86&apos;]
+<pre>numbers: [&#39;+86&#39;, &#39;1123&#39;, &#39;+65&#39;, &#39;1234&#39;, &#39;+51&#39;, &#39;2347&#39;, &#39;+30&#39;, &#39;9123&#39;, &#39;+65&#39;, &#39;1246&#39;, &#39;+30&#39;, &#39;2347&#39;, &#39;+86&#39;, &#39;2935&#39;]
+filtered: [&#39;+86&#39;, &#39;+65&#39;, &#39;+51&#39;, &#39;+30&#39;, &#39;+65&#39;, &#39;+30&#39;, &#39;+86&#39;]
 filtered and mapped: 中国, 新加坡, 秘鲁, 希腊, 新加坡, 希腊, 中国
-中国, 新加坡, 秘鲁, 希腊
-
+希腊, 秘鲁, 新加坡, 中国
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4618,24 +17784,17 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">面对对象编程</h1>
+<h1 id="&#38754;&#23545;&#23545;&#35937;&#32534;&#31243;">&#38754;&#23545;&#23545;&#35937;&#32534;&#31243;<a href="#&#38754;&#23545;&#23545;&#35937;&#32534;&#31243;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>&quot;一个苹果加一个苹果是什么?&quot;</p>
 <p>&quot;两个苹果。&quot;</p>
@@ -4647,54 +17806,51 @@ <h1 id="-">面对对象编程</h1>
 <p>&quot;......两个水果?&quot;</p>
 <p>&quot;明白了吧?&quot;冰清灵看着若有所思的妲柯妮丝笑道,&quot;从苹果、雪梨到水果,其实是一个去掉不同的部分,然后把相同的部分进行累加的一个过程。从水果、杯子到‘东西’,也是它们的存在本身,也是一样的道理。&quot;</p>
 <p>——XINPINGYE《御天者.星星》</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</aside></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="class">class</h2>
-<p>如何定义类:</p>
+<h2 id="class">class<a href="#class">&#182;</a> </h2><p>如何定义类:</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [92]:</div>
+<div>In [95]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>:</span>
 <span>pass</span> <span># An empty block</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div>
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>如何使用类产生对象:</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [93]:</div>
+<div>In [96]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>p</span> <span>=</span> <span>Person</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>p</span> <span>=</span> <span>Person</span><span>()</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4702,11 +17858,13 @@ <h2 id="class">class</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-&lt;__main__.Person instance at 0x7f7fbc419128&gt;
+<div>
 
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>&lt;__main__.Person object at 0x7f13cc23b358&gt;
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4715,31 +17873,28 @@ <h2 id="class">class</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">方法</h2>
-<p>如何定义类的成员方法:</p>
+<h2 id="&#26041;&#27861;">&#26041;&#27861;<a href="#&#26041;&#27861;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>如何定义类的成员方法:</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [94]:</div>
+<div>In [97]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>:</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>say_hi</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Hello, how are you?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Hello, how are you?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>p</span> <span>=</span> <span>Person</span><span>()</span>
 <span>p</span><span>.</span><span>say_hi</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4747,11 +17902,13 @@ <h2 id="-">方法</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-Hello, how are you?
+<div>
 
+ 
+
+
+<div>
+<pre>Hello, how are you?
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4760,38 +17917,35 @@ <h2 id="-">方法</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">数据</h2>
-<p>对象里包含的数据。</p>
+<h2 id="&#25968;&#25454;">&#25968;&#25454;<a href="#&#25968;&#25454;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>对象里包含的数据。</p>
 <p>可以用.访问。</p>
 <p>和方法的主要差别在于。方法需要使用()来调用,而数据不需要。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [95]:</div>
+<div>In [98]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>:</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>set_name</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>name</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>say_hi</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;hello, {}, how are you?&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;hello, </span><span>{}</span><span>, how are you?&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>p</span> <span>=</span> <span>Person</span><span>()</span>
 <span>p</span><span>.</span><span>set_name</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;shell&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>)</span>
 <span>p</span><span>.</span><span>say_hi</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4799,12 +17953,14 @@ <h2 id="-">数据</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-shell
+<pre>shell
 hello, shell, how are you?
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4813,44 +17969,37 @@ <h2 id="-">数据</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="self">self</h2>
-<p>在python中,成员函数使用&quot;self&quot;来指代对象自身。类似于java和C++中的&quot;this&quot;。</p>
+<h2 id="self">self<a href="#self">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在python中,成员函数使用&quot;self&quot;来指代对象自身。类似于java和C++中的&quot;this&quot;。</p>
 <p>在调用时,p.say_hi()即可。不需要传递p.say_hi(self)或者p.say_hi(p)。</p>
 <p>在使用时,需要先将self定义为第一个参数。例如def say_hi(self):。</p>
 <p>在函数内使用时,对象的成员需要用self.xx的方式使用,例如self.name。</p>
 <p>self不是关键词,也不是强制名称。它只是函数的第一个参数。但是为了保持传统,请不要将他改为其他名称。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-_-_init-_-_-">__init__方法</h2>
-<p>__init__是对象的第一个方法,用于初始化对象数据。</p>
+<h2 id="__init__&#26041;&#27861;">__init__&#26041;&#27861;<a href="#__init__&#26041;&#27861;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>__init__是对象的第一个方法,用于初始化对象数据。</p>
 <p>__init__函数是初始化方法,而非构造方法。</p>
 <p>在__init__函数被调用时,self对象已经创建完毕。</p>
 <p>在python中,对象的属性可以自由添加删除,不需要先在类里面声明。</p>
 <p>一般而言,对象里的所有数据会在__init__方法中赋值,后面可以变更。</p>
 <p>但是不在__init__中赋值,后面直接赋值创建属性也是合法的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [96]:</div>
+<div>In [99]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>:</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>name</span>
 
@@ -4858,18 +18007,18 @@ <h2 id="-_-_init-_-_-">__init__方法</h2>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>name</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>say_hi</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;hello, {}, how are you?&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;hello, </span><span>{}</span><span>, how are you?&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>p</span> <span>=</span> <span>Person</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Swaroop&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>)</span>
 <span>p</span><span>.</span><span>say_hi</span><span>()</span>
 
 <span>p</span><span>.</span><span>set_name</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;shell&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>)</span>
 <span>p</span><span>.</span><span>say_hi</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -4877,14 +18026,16 @@ <h2 id="-_-_init-_-_-">__init__方法</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Swaroop
+<pre>Swaroop
 hello, Swaroop, how are you?
 shell
 hello, shell, how are you?
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4893,33 +18044,27 @@ <h2 id="-_-_init-_-_-">__init__方法</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>定义一个马克杯类,定义一个加水方法和一个喝水方法。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>定义一个马克杯类,定义一个加水方法和一个喝水方法。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [97]:</div>
+<div>In [100]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Mug</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Mug</span><span>:</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>water</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
@@ -4931,43 +18076,38 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>water</span> <span>+=</span> <span>mass</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">类成员和对象成员</h2>
-<p>类和对象分别拥有成员,例如数据和方法。</p>
+<h2 id="&#31867;&#25104;&#21592;&#21644;&#23545;&#35937;&#25104;&#21592;">&#31867;&#25104;&#21592;&#21644;&#23545;&#35937;&#25104;&#21592;<a href="#&#31867;&#25104;&#21592;&#21644;&#23545;&#35937;&#25104;&#21592;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>类和对象分别拥有成员,例如数据和方法。</p>
 <p>对象可以引用类成员,例如p.say_hi()。也可以引用对象成员,或者self.name。</p>
 <p>当有重名时优先引用对象成员。</p>
 <p>类成员在所有对象间共享,而对象成员只是它自己的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>这里是否要加个例子说明类和对象变量的优先引用次序。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [98]:</div>
+<div>In [101]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Robot</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Robot</span><span>:</span>
 <span>&quot;&quot;&quot;Represents a robot, with a name.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
 
 <span># A class variable, counting the number of robots</span>
@@ -4976,44 +18116,43 @@ <h2 id="-">类成员和对象成员</h2>
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>):</span>
 <span>&quot;&quot;&quot;Initializes the data.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>name</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;(Initializing {})&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;(Initializing </span><span>{}</span><span>)&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
 <span># When this person is created, the robot</span>
 <span># adds to the population</span>
 <span>Robot</span><span>.</span><span>population</span> <span>+=</span> <span>1</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>die</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>&quot;&quot;&quot;I am dying.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;{} is being destroyed!&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;</span><span>{}</span><span> is being destroyed!&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
 <span>Robot</span><span>.</span><span>population</span> <span>-=</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>Robot</span><span>.</span><span>population</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;{} was the last one.&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;</span><span>{}</span><span> was the last one.&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;There are still {:d} robots working.&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;There are still </span><span>{:d}</span><span> robots working.&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span>
 <span>Robot</span><span>.</span><span>population</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>say_hi</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>&quot;&quot;&quot;Greeting by the robot.</span>
 <span> Yeah, they can do that.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Greetings, my masters call me {}.&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Greetings, my masters call me </span><span>{}</span><span>.&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>@classmethod</span>
- <span>def</span> <span>how_many</span><span>(</span><span>cls</span><span>):</span>
+ <span>def</span> <span>how_many</span><span>(</span><span>cls</span><span>):</span>
 <span>&quot;&quot;&quot;Prints the current population.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;We have {:d} robots.&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>cls</span><span>.</span><span>population</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;We have </span><span>{:d}</span><span> robots.&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>cls</span><span>.</span><span>population</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [99]:</div>
+<div>In [102]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>droid1</span> <span>=</span> <span>Robot</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;R2-D2&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>droid1</span> <span>=</span> <span>Robot</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;R2-D2&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>droid1</span><span>.</span><span>say_hi</span><span>()</span>
 <span>Robot</span><span>.</span><span>how_many</span><span>()</span>
 
@@ -5021,16 +18160,16 @@ <h2 id="-">类成员和对象成员</h2>
 <span>droid2</span><span>.</span><span>say_hi</span><span>()</span>
 <span>Robot</span><span>.</span><span>how_many</span><span>()</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;</span><span>\n</span><span>Robots can do some work here.</span><span>\n</span><span>&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;</span><span>\n</span><span>Robots can do some work here.</span><span>\n</span><span>&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Robots have finished their work. So let&#39;s destroy them.&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Robots have finished their work. So let&#39;s destroy them.&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>droid1</span><span>.</span><span>die</span><span>()</span>
 <span>droid2</span><span>.</span><span>die</span><span>()</span>
 
 <span>Robot</span><span>.</span><span>how_many</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5038,10 +18177,13 @@ <h2 id="-">类成员和对象成员</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-(Initializing R2-D2)
+<pre>(Initializing R2-D2)
 Greetings, my masters call me R2-D2.
 We have 1 robots.
 (Initializing C-3PO)
@@ -5050,13 +18192,12 @@ <h2 id="-">类成员和对象成员</h2>
 
 Robots can do some work here.
 
-Robots have finished their work. So let&apos;s destroy them.
+Robots have finished their work. So let&#39;s destroy them.
 R2-D2 is being destroyed!
 There are still 1 robots working.
 C-3PO is being destroyed!
 C-3PO was the last one.
 We have 0 robots.
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5065,34 +18206,28 @@ <h2 id="-">类成员和对象成员</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>回想一下,上一节你的定义里是否考虑了马克杯的&quot;最大容量&quot;。如果没有,请加上。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>回想一下,上一节你的定义里是否考虑了马克杯的&quot;最大容量&quot;。如果没有,请加上。</p>
 <p>思考一下,&quot;最大容量&quot;是对象属性还是类属性,为什么?</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [100]:</div>
+<div>In [103]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Mug</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Mug</span><span>:</span>
 
 <span>capacity</span> <span>=</span> <span>300</span>
 
@@ -5110,86 +18245,81 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>water</span> <span>=</span> <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>capacity</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">继承</h2>
-<p>继承关系分为基类和继承类(也叫父类和子类)。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32487;&#25215;">&#32487;&#25215;<a href="#&#32487;&#25215;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>继承关系分为基类和继承类(也叫父类和子类)。</p>
 <p>子类可以继承父类的成员。当子类和父类定义同名成员时,优先引用子类的。</p>
 <p>原则上说,父类能做的事,子类一定能做(虽然行为可能有差异)。父类能出现的地方,子类一定能出现。</p>
 <p>因为子类拥有父类的所有成员。</p>
 <p>继承的写法为:</p>
+
 <pre><code>class Person(Animal):
- pass
-</code></pre>
+ pass</code></pre>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [101]:</div>
+<div>In [104]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>SchoolMember</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>SchoolMember</span><span>:</span>
 <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;Represents any school member.&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>age</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>name</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>age</span> <span>=</span> <span>age</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(Initialized SchoolMember: {})&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(Initialized SchoolMember: </span><span>{}</span><span>)&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>tell</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;Tell my details.&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Name:&quot;{}&quot; Age:&quot;{}&quot;&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>age</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Name:&quot;</span><span>{}</span><span>&quot; Age:&quot;</span><span>{}</span><span>&quot;&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>age</span><span>))</span>
 
 
 <span>class</span> <span>Teacher</span><span>(</span><span>SchoolMember</span><span>):</span>
 <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;Represents a teacher.&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>age</span><span>,</span> <span>salary</span><span>):</span>
- <span>SchoolMember</span><span>.</span><span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>age</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>SchoolMember</span><span>.</span><span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>age</span><span>)</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>salary</span> <span>=</span> <span>salary</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(Initialized Teacher: {})&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(Initialized Teacher: </span><span>{}</span><span>)&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>tell</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>SchoolMember</span><span>.</span><span>tell</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>)</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Salary: &quot;{:d}&quot;&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>salary</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Salary: &quot;</span><span>{:d}</span><span>&quot;&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>salary</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [102]:</div>
+<div>In [105]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Student</span><span>(</span><span>SchoolMember</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Student</span><span>(</span><span>SchoolMember</span><span>):</span>
 <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;Represents a student.&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>age</span><span>,</span> <span>marks</span><span>):</span>
- <span>SchoolMember</span><span>.</span><span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>age</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>SchoolMember</span><span>.</span><span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>name</span><span>,</span> <span>age</span><span>)</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>marks</span> <span>=</span> <span>marks</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(Initialized Student: {})&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(Initialized Student: </span><span>{}</span><span>)&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>name</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>tell</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>SchoolMember</span><span>.</span><span>tell</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>)</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Marks: &quot;{:d}&quot;&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>marks</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Marks: &quot;</span><span>{:d}</span><span>&quot;&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>marks</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>t</span> <span>=</span> <span>Teacher</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Mrs. Shrividya&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>40</span><span>,</span> <span>30000</span><span>)</span>
 <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>Student</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Swaroop&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>25</span><span>,</span> <span>75</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span># prints a blank line</span>
-<span>print</span><span>()</span>
+<span>print</span><span>()</span>
 
 <span>members</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>t</span><span>,</span> <span>s</span><span>]</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>member</span> <span>in</span> <span>members</span><span>:</span>
@@ -5197,7 +18327,7 @@ <h2 id="-">继承</h2>
 <span>member</span><span>.</span><span>tell</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5205,19 +18335,21 @@ <h2 id="-">继承</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-(Initialized SchoolMember: Mrs. Shrividya)
+<pre>(Initialized SchoolMember: Mrs. Shrividya)
 (Initialized Teacher: Mrs. Shrividya)
 (Initialized SchoolMember: Swaroop)
 (Initialized Student: Swaroop)
-()
-Name:&quot;Mrs. Shrividya&quot; Age:&quot;40&quot;
-Salary: &quot;30000&quot;
-Name:&quot;Swaroop&quot; Age:&quot;25&quot;
-Marks: &quot;75&quot;
 
+Name:&#34;Mrs. Shrividya&#34; Age:&#34;40&#34;
+Salary: &#34;30000&#34;
+Name:&#34;Swaroop&#34; Age:&#34;25&#34;
+Marks: &#34;75&#34;
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5226,33 +18358,27 @@ <h2 id="-">继承</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>请为马克杯增加一个&quot;添满&quot;方法,可以求出需要添多少水到加满,并自动为杯子加水。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>请为马克杯增加一个&quot;添满&quot;方法,可以求出需要添多少水到加满,并自动为杯子加水。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [103]:</div>
+<div>In [106]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Mug</span><span>(</span><span>object</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Mug</span><span>(</span><span>object</span><span>):</span>
 <span>capacity</span> <span>=</span> <span>300</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
@@ -5273,51 +18399,42 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>watering</span><span>(</span><span>mass</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>请定义一个运动杯类,并同样实现&quot;喝水&quot;,&quot;加水&quot;和&quot;添满&quot;方法。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>请定义一个运动杯类,并同样实现&quot;喝水&quot;,&quot;加水&quot;和&quot;添满&quot;方法。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>考虑一下,如果&quot;马克杯&quot;和&quot;运动杯&quot;的&quot;喝水&quot;和&quot;添水&quot;行为是不一样的。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>考虑一下,如果&quot;马克杯&quot;和&quot;运动杯&quot;的&quot;喝水&quot;和&quot;添水&quot;行为是不一样的。</p>
 <p>那么,&quot;添满&quot;行为是否一样,两边是否可以重用&quot;添满&quot;?</p>
 <p>如果可以,怎么做?</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [104]:</div>
+<div>In [107]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Cup</span><span>(</span><span>object</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>Cup</span><span>(</span><span>object</span><span>):</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>water</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
@@ -5353,29 +18470,28 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>water</span> <span>=</span> <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>capacity</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [105]:</div>
+<div>In [108]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>m</span> <span>=</span> <span>Mug</span><span>()</span>
+<div><pre><span>m</span> <span>=</span> <span>Mug</span><span>()</span>
 <span>m</span><span>.</span><span>full</span><span>()</span>
 <span>m</span><span>.</span><span>drink</span><span>(</span><span>100</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>m</span><span>.</span><span>water</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>m</span><span>.</span><span>water</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>SportBottle</span><span>()</span>
 <span>s</span><span>.</span><span>full</span><span>()</span>
 <span>s</span><span>.</span><span>drink</span><span>(</span><span>100</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>water</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>water</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5383,12 +18499,14 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-200
+<pre>200
 400
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5396,43 +18514,30 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">输入输出</h1>
+<h1 id="&#36755;&#20837;&#36755;&#20986;">&#36755;&#20837;&#36755;&#20986;<a href="#&#36755;&#20837;&#36755;&#20986;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">从命令行输入</h2>
-<p>python3使用input从命令行输入。python2使用raw_input从命令行输入。</p>
+<h2 id="&#20174;&#21629;&#20196;&#34892;&#36755;&#20837;">&#20174;&#21629;&#20196;&#34892;&#36755;&#20837;<a href="#&#20174;&#21629;&#20196;&#34892;&#36755;&#20837;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python3使用input从命令行输入。Python2使用raw_input从命令行输入。</p>
 <p>两者参数一致,都是一个提示字符串。</p>
-<p>在python2中,input是eval(input),有安全性问题。</p>
+<p>在Python2中,input是eval(input),有安全性问题。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [106]:</div>
+<div>In [109]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>#Rise to vote, sir.</span>
-<span>try</span><span>:</span>
- <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
-<span>except</span> <span>NameError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>pass</span>
+<div><pre><span>#Rise to vote, sir.</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>reverse</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>):</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>text</span><span>[::</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]</span>
@@ -5443,12 +18548,12 @@ <h2 id="-">从命令行输入</h2>
 <span>something</span> <span>=</span> <span>input</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Enter text: &quot;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>if</span> <span>is_palindrome</span><span>(</span><span>something</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Yes, it is a palindrome&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Yes, it is a palindrome&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;No, it is not a palindrome&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;No, it is not a palindrome&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5456,12 +18561,14 @@ <h2 id="-">从命令行输入</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Enter text: Rise to vote, sir.
+<pre>Enter text: abc
 No, it is not a palindrome
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5470,41 +18577,30 @@ <h2 id="-">从命令行输入</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>刚刚的回文字符串程序只能检测纯粹的字符串,真正的回文字符检测程序应当能够处理标点,空格和大小写。</p>
-<p>例如&quot;Rise to vote, sir.&quot;实际上也是回文字符串,但是刚刚的程序判定他不是。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>刚刚的回文字符串程序只能检测纯粹的字符串,真正的回文字符检测程序应当能够处理标点,空格和大小写。</p>
+<p>例如"Rise to vote, sir."实际上也是回文字符串,但是刚刚的程序判定他不是。</p>
 <p>请写出一个新的版本。</p>
 <p>简单起见,只需要处理,和.即可。先不用管理各种复杂标点,例如&amp;。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [107]:</div>
+<div>In [110]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
- <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
-<span>except</span> <span>NameError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>pass</span>
-
-<span>def</span> <span>reverse</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>reverse</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>):</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>text</span><span>[::</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>]</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>is_palindrome</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>):</span>
@@ -5517,12 +18613,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>something</span> <span>=</span> <span>input</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Enter text: &quot;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>if</span> <span>is_palindrome</span><span>(</span><span>something</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Yes, it is a palindrome&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Yes, it is a palindrome&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;No, it is not a palindrome&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;No, it is not a palindrome&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5530,12 +18626,14 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Enter text: Rise to vote, sir.
+<pre>Enter text: Rise to vote, sir.
 Yes, it is a palindrome
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5544,24 +18642,20 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">从文件中输入输出</h2>
-<p>使用open打开文件进行读写。调用方法和C的fopen类似。</p>
+<h2 id="&#20174;&#25991;&#20214;&#20013;&#36755;&#20837;&#36755;&#20986;">&#20174;&#25991;&#20214;&#20013;&#36755;&#20837;&#36755;&#20986;<a href="#&#20174;&#25991;&#20214;&#20013;&#36755;&#20837;&#36755;&#20986;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>使用open打开文件进行读写。调用方法和C的fopen类似。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [108]:</div>
+<div>In [111]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
 <span>poem</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;</span><span>\</span>
 <span>Programming is fun</span>
 <span>When the work is done</span>
@@ -5573,7 +18667,7 @@ <h2 id="-">从文件中输入输出</h2>
 <span>f</span><span>.</span><span>close</span><span>()</span>
 
 <span>f</span> <span>=</span> <span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;poem.txt&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
+<span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
 <span>line</span> <span>=</span> <span>f</span><span>.</span><span>readline</span><span>()</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>line</span><span>)</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>:</span>
 <span>break</span>
@@ -5581,7 +18675,7 @@ <h2 id="-">从文件中输入输出</h2>
 <span>f</span><span>.</span><span>close</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5589,14 +18683,16 @@ <h2 id="-">从文件中输入输出</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Programming is fun
+<pre>Programming is fun
 When the work is done
 if you wanna make your work also fun:
 use Python!
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5605,16 +18701,15 @@ <h2 id="-">从文件中输入输出</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [109]:</div>
+<div>In [112]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l poem.txt
+<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l poem.txt
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5622,11 +18717,13 @@ <h2 id="-">从文件中输入输出</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
--rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 95 10月 28 20:07 poem.txt
+<div>
+
+ 
 
+
+<div>
+<pre>-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 95 Mar 22 20:06 poem.txt
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5637,13 +18734,13 @@ <h2 id="-">从文件中输入输出</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [110]:</div>
+<div>In [113]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>cat poem.txt
+<div><pre><span>!</span>cat poem.txt
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5651,14 +18748,16 @@ <h2 id="-">从文件中输入输出</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Programming is fun
+<pre>Programming is fun
 When the work is done
 if you wanna make your work also fun:
 use Python!
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5667,57 +18766,47 @@ <h2 id="-">从文件中输入输出</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div>
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>以上皆是linux指令,因此不能(也不需要)在windows上执行。windows上对应的行为为dir,type,和del。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">异常</h1>
+<h1 id="&#24322;&#24120;">&#24322;&#24120;<a href="#&#24322;&#24120;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">简介</h2>
-<p>Python允许在出现错误的时候,&quot;抛&quot;出这个错误。</p>
+<h2 id="&#31616;&#20171;">&#31616;&#20171;<a href="#&#31616;&#20171;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python允许在出现错误的时候,&quot;抛&quot;出这个错误。</p>
 <p>错误按照调用顺序依次向上找,找到第一个合适的处理方法对错误进行处理。如果无人处理错误,则程序崩溃。</p>
 <p>这种错误处理机制允许调用者对函数深层的错误进行容错,同时中间所有代码对这个过程无需干预。</p>
-<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; Print(&quot;Hello World&quot;)
+
+<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; Print("Hello World")
 Traceback (most recent call last):
- File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
-NameError: name &#39;Print&#39; is not defined
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print(&quot;Hello World&quot;)
-Hello World
-</code></pre>
+ File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
+NameError: name 'Print' is not defined
+&gt;&gt;&gt; print("Hello World")
+Hello World</code></pre>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [111]:</div>
+<div>In [114]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>Print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Hello World&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>Print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Hello World&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5725,15 +18814,19 @@ <h2 id="-">简介</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
+<div>
 <pre>
-<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
-<span>NameError</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
-<span>&lt;ipython-input-111-4a9fe39e6a16&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
-<span>----&gt; 1</span>Print<span>(</span><span>&quot;Hello World&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span>NameError</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
+<span>&lt;ipython-input-114-82ee0b7fee85&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
+<span>----&gt; 1</span>Print<span>(</span><span>&#34;Hello World&#34;</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>NameError</span>: name &apos;Print&apos; is not defined</pre>
+<span>NameError</span>: name &#39;Print&#39; is not defined</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5743,13 +18836,13 @@ <h2 id="-">简介</h2>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [112]:</div>
+<div>In [115]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Hello World&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;Hello World&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5757,11 +18850,13 @@ <h2 id="-">简介</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre>
-Hello World
+<div>
+
+ 
+
 
+<div>
+<pre>Hello World
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5770,39 +18865,35 @@ <h2 id="-">简介</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">异常输出阅读</h2>
-<p>python的大多数错误会伴随抛出异常。因此,为了解决日常在使用中碰到的种种问题,我们需要学会如何阅读异常。</p>
+<h2 id="&#24322;&#24120;&#36755;&#20986;&#38405;&#35835;">&#24322;&#24120;&#36755;&#20986;&#38405;&#35835;<a href="#&#24322;&#24120;&#36755;&#20986;&#38405;&#35835;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>python的大多数错误会伴随抛出异常。因此,为了解决日常在使用中碰到的种种问题,我们需要学会如何阅读异常。</p>
 <p>异常输出通常和函数的调用顺序相同,和栈的顺序相反。</p>
 <p>最上层的调用(最先发生的)在最上面,最后执行到的地方在最下面。最后一个异常行就是异常发生的精确地点。</p>
 <p>最后一行是异常的名字和参数。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [113]:</div>
+<div>In [116]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>layer1</span><span>():</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;layer1 called&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>layer1</span><span>():</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;layer1 called&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>layer2</span><span>()</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>layer2</span><span>():</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;layer2 called&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;layer2 called&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>raise</span> <span>Exception</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;arg1&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>1</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>layer1</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>layer1</span><span>())</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5810,41 +18901,47 @@ <h2 id="-">异常输出阅读</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-layer1 called
+<pre>layer1 called
 layer2 called
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-<div>
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
+<div>
 <pre>
-<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
-<span>Exception</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
-<span>&lt;ipython-input-113-22bfd87adf46&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
-<span> 8</span> <span>return</span> <span>1</span>
-<span> 9</span> 
-<span>---&gt; 10</span><span>print</span><span>(</span>layer1<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span>
+<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span>Exception</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
+<span>&lt;ipython-input-116-ee9e317c1a37&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
+<span> 8</span> <span>return</span> <span>1</span>
+<span> 9</span> 
+<span>---&gt; 10</span>print<span>(</span>layer1<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>&lt;ipython-input-113-22bfd87adf46&gt;</span> in <span>layer1</span><span>()</span>
-<span> 1</span> <span>def</span> layer1<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>:</span>
-<span> 2</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&apos;layer1 called&apos;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>----&gt; 3</span><span>return</span> layer2<span>(</span><span>)</span>
-<span> 4</span> 
-<span> 5</span> <span>def</span> layer2<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>:</span>
+<span>&lt;ipython-input-116-ee9e317c1a37&gt;</span> in <span>layer1</span><span>()</span>
+<span> 1</span> <span>def</span> layer1<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>:</span>
+<span> 2</span> print<span>(</span><span>&#39;layer1 called&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>----&gt; 3</span><span>return</span> layer2<span>(</span><span>)</span>
+<span> 4</span> 
+<span> 5</span> <span>def</span> layer2<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>:</span>
 
-<span>&lt;ipython-input-113-22bfd87adf46&gt;</span> in <span>layer2</span><span>()</span>
-<span> 5</span> <span>def</span> layer2<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>:</span>
-<span> 6</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&apos;layer2 called&apos;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>----&gt; 7</span><span>raise</span> Exception<span>(</span><span>&apos;arg1&apos;</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>)</span>
-<span> 8</span> <span>return</span> <span>1</span>
-<span> 9</span> 
+<span>&lt;ipython-input-116-ee9e317c1a37&gt;</span> in <span>layer2</span><span>()</span>
+<span> 5</span> <span>def</span> layer2<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>:</span>
+<span> 6</span> print<span>(</span><span>&#39;layer2 called&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>----&gt; 7</span><span>raise</span> Exception<span>(</span><span>&#39;arg1&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>)</span>
+<span> 8</span> <span>return</span> <span>1</span>
+<span> 9</span> 
 
-<span>Exception</span>: (&apos;arg1&apos;, 2)</pre>
+<span>Exception</span>: (&#39;arg1&#39;, 2)</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5852,40 +18949,31 @@ <h2 id="-">异常输出阅读</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">异常处理</h2>
-<p>常规异常处理代码段需要包含三部分内容:被监管代码体,错误类型和异常处理代码体。</p>
+<h2 id="&#24322;&#24120;&#22788;&#29702;">&#24322;&#24120;&#22788;&#29702;<a href="#&#24322;&#24120;&#22788;&#29702;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>常规异常处理代码段需要包含三部分内容:被监管代码体,错误类型和异常处理代码体。</p>
 <p>当被监管代码体中发生异常时,异常被向上抛出。</p>
 <p>向上寻找处理函数的异常属于定义的这个错误类的子类时,异常处理代码体被调用。</p>
 <p>一般来说,除非明确知道确实要捕获所有异常,否则严禁用捕获所有异常来处理某种特定问题。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [114]:</div>
+<div>In [117]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
- <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
-<span>except</span> <span>NameError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>pass</span>
-
-<span>try</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
 <span>number</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>(</span><span>input</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Enter something --&gt; &#39;</span><span>))</span>
 <span>except</span> <span>ValueError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Illegal number&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Illegal number&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>number</span><span>+</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>number</span><span>+</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5893,12 +18981,14 @@ <h2 id="-">异常处理</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Enter something --&gt; 10.a
+<pre>Enter something --&gt; abc
 Illegal number
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5907,14 +18997,10 @@ <h2 id="-">异常处理</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">常见异常</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#24120;&#35265;&#24322;&#24120;">&#24120;&#35265;&#24322;&#24120;<a href="#&#24120;&#35265;&#24322;&#24120;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>AttributeError</li>
 <li>ImportError</li>
 <li>IndexError</li>
@@ -5925,35 +19011,33 @@ <h2 id="-">常见异常</h2>
 <li>TypeError</li>
 <li>ValueError</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">抛出异常</h2>
+<h2 id="&#25243;&#20986;&#24322;&#24120;">&#25243;&#20986;&#24322;&#24120;<a href="#&#25243;&#20986;&#24322;&#24120;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [115]:</div>
+<div>In [118]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>f</span><span>():</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;I&#39;m ok&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>f</span><span>():</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;I&#39;m ok&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>raise</span> <span>Exception</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;actually not&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>try</span><span>:</span>
 <span>f</span><span>()</span>
 <span>except</span> <span>Exception</span> <span>as</span> <span>err</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>err</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>err</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -5961,12 +19045,14 @@ <h2 id="-">抛出异常</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-I&apos;m ok
+<pre>I&#39;m ok
 actually not
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5975,57 +19061,49 @@ <h2 id="-">抛出异常</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">自定义异常</h2>
+<h2 id="&#33258;&#23450;&#20041;&#24322;&#24120;">&#33258;&#23450;&#20041;&#24322;&#24120;<a href="#&#33258;&#23450;&#20041;&#24322;&#24120;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [116]:</div>
+<div>In [119]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># 必须自Exception中继承</span>
+<div><pre><span># 必须自Exception中继承</span>
 <span>class</span> <span>ShortInputException</span><span>(</span><span>Exception</span><span>):</span>
 <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;A user-defined exception class.&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>length</span><span>,</span> <span>atleast</span><span>):</span>
- <span>Exception</span><span>.</span><span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>Exception</span><span>.</span><span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>)</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>length</span> <span>=</span> <span>length</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>atleast</span> <span>=</span> <span>atleast</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [117]:</div>
+<div>In [120]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
- <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
-<span>except</span> <span>NameError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>pass</span>
-
-<span>try</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
 <span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>input</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Enter something --&gt; &#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>3</span><span>:</span>
 <span>raise</span> <span>ShortInputException</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>),</span> <span>3</span><span>)</span>
 <span>except</span> <span>ShortInputException</span> <span>as</span> <span>ex</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ShortInputException: The input was {0} long, expected at least {1}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;ShortInputException: The input was </span><span>{0}</span><span> long, expected at least </span><span>{1}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span>
 <span>ex</span><span>.</span><span>length</span><span>,</span> <span>ex</span><span>.</span><span>atleast</span><span>))</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No exception was raised.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;No exception was raised.&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -6033,12 +19111,14 @@ <h2 id="-">自定义异常</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Enter something --&gt; 1
+<pre>Enter something --&gt; a
 ShortInputException: The input was 1 long, expected at least 3
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -6047,40 +19127,31 @@ <h2 id="-">自定义异常</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="finally">finally</h2>
-<p>finally用于&quot;无论是异常还是正常,以下内容必然被执行&quot;的情况。</p>
+<h2 id="finally">finally<a href="#finally">&#182;</a> </h2><p>finally用于&quot;无论是异常还是正常,以下内容必然被执行&quot;的情况。</p>
 <p>多用于清理。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [118]:</div>
+<div>In [121]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
- <span>input</span> <span>=</span> <span>raw_input</span>
-<span>except</span> <span>NameError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>pass</span>
-
-<span>try</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>try</span><span>:</span>
 <span>number</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>(</span><span>input</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Enter something --&gt; &#39;</span><span>))</span>
 <span>except</span> <span>ValueError</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Illegal number&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Illegal number&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>number</span><span>+</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>number</span><span>+</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
 <span>finally</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(clean up here)&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(clean up here)&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -6088,13 +19159,15 @@ <h2 id="finally">finally</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Enter something --&gt; 10.a
+<pre>Enter something --&gt; abc
 Illegal number
 (clean up here)
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -6103,30 +19176,27 @@ <h2 id="finally">finally</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="with">with</h2>
-<p>with可以在推出区块时自动关闭文件,而且对异常安全(异常在下一节讲)。</p>
+<h2 id="with">with<a href="#with">&#182;</a> </h2><p>with可以在推出区块时自动关闭文件,而且对异常安全(异常在下一节讲)。</p>
 <p>with不仅可以用于文件,而且可以用于很多需要在离开区域时自动关闭的对象,例如锁。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [119]:</div>
+<div>In [122]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
 <span>with</span> <span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;poem.txt&quot;</span><span>)</span> <span>as</span> <span>f</span><span>:</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>line</span> <span>in</span> <span>f</span><span>:</span>
 <span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>stdout</span><span>.</span><span>write</span><span>(</span><span>line</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -6134,14 +19204,16 @@ <h2 id="with">with</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
 <div>
-<pre>
-Programming is fun
+<pre>Programming is fun
 When the work is done
 if you wanna make your work also fun:
 use Python!
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -6149,41 +19221,23 @@ <h2 id="with">with</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div><div style=display:none>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-<div>In [120]:</div>
-<div>
- <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>rm -f poem.txt
-</pre></div>
-
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
- </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="assert">assert</h2>
+<h2 id="assert">assert<a href="#assert">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [121]:</div>
+<div>In [124]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>assert</span> <span>1</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>Exception</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;of course&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>assert</span> <span>1</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>Exception</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;of course&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
-</div>
+ </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -6191,96 +19245,76 @@ <h2 id="assert">assert</h2>
 <div>
 
 
-<div>
-<div>
+<div>
+
+ 
+
+
+<div>
 <pre>
-<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
-<span>AssertionError</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
-<span>&lt;ipython-input-121-53f9edc366b8&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
-<span>----&gt; 1</span><span>assert</span> <span>1</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>,</span> Exception<span>(</span><span>&apos;of course&apos;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span>AssertionError</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
+<span>&lt;ipython-input-124-edbb3195c18c&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
+<span>----&gt; 1</span><span>assert</span> <span>1</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>,</span> Exception<span>(</span><span>&#39;of course&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>AssertionError</span>: of course</pre>
+<span>AssertionError</span>: of course</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">文档</h1>
+<h1 id="&#25991;&#26723;">&#25991;&#26723;<a href="#&#25991;&#26723;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">文档获得和查阅</h2>
-<p>在线文档:</p>
-<p><a href="https://docs.python.org/2/">https://docs.python.org/2/</a> </p>
-<p><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/">https://docs.python.org/3/</a> </p>
+<h2 id="&#25991;&#26723;&#33719;&#24471;&#21644;&#26597;&#38405;">&#25991;&#26723;&#33719;&#24471;&#21644;&#26597;&#38405;<a href="#&#25991;&#26723;&#33719;&#24471;&#21644;&#26597;&#38405;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在线文档:</p>
+<p><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/">https://docs.python.org/3/</a> </p>
 <p>本地文档:随安装版本变化。</p>
 <p>两者冲突以本地为准,本地一定对应安装使用的版本。</p>
 <p>库查Library Reference,这是最主要部分。</p>
 <p>语法特性查Language Reference。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>打开文档,请查阅itertools.permutations的意义,参数,返回值,用法,注意要点等信息。并向大家解释。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>打开文档,请查阅itertools.permutations的意义,参数,返回值,用法,注意要点等信息。并向大家解释。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">第三方文档查询</h2>
-<p>没有什么固定方法。</p>
+<h2 id="&#31532;&#19977;&#26041;&#25991;&#26723;&#26597;&#35810;">&#31532;&#19977;&#26041;&#25991;&#26723;&#26597;&#35810;<a href="#&#31532;&#19977;&#26041;&#25991;&#26723;&#26597;&#35810;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>没有什么固定方法。</p>
 <p>在google(注意,不是baidu)上搜索关键词。找一个比较像的官网。找到文档。</p>
 <p>可以参考pypi,很多第三方库可以在上面找到。里面往往带有文档地址。</p>
 <p>缺点是,pypi上搜出来的重名库太多,很难搞清楚哪个才是你要的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="python2-python3-">Python2和Python3的差异</h1>
+<h1 id="Python2&#21644;Python3&#30340;&#24046;&#24322;">Python2&#21644;Python3&#30340;&#24046;&#24322;<a href="#Python2&#21644;Python3&#30340;&#24046;&#24322;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">简述</h2>
-<p>Python2中有很多固有的设计问题,例如:</p>
+<h2 id="&#31616;&#36848;">&#31616;&#36848;<a href="#&#31616;&#36848;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python2中有很多固有的设计问题,例如:</p>
 <ol>
 <li>print是内置关键词。一般来说,关键词越少越好,因为关键词越少,语言的内核越简洁。</li>
 <li>混同了bytes和unicode。</li>
@@ -6290,14 +19324,12 @@ <h2 id="-">简述</h2>
 <p>常规来说,修复问题最重要的是&quot;向下兼容,逐步进行&quot;。</p>
 <p>然而上述问题几乎全部都是语言本质问题,不对语言进行伤筋动骨的大改是没有办法修复的。</p>
 <p>因此Python3的预订是&quot;不和Python2兼容&quot;,这造成了Python社区目前2/3分裂的现状。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
 <p>Python2和Python3有很多细节差异。但是大致来说,最主要就是上面提到的三项。</p>
 <ol>
@@ -6307,266 +19339,224 @@ <h2 id="-">简述</h2>
 </ol>
 <p>在下面这个连接里,收录了Python2和Python3的其他一些细节差异。</p>
 <p><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3">https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3</a> </p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="python2-3-">Python2到3迁移</h2>
-<p>Python3带有2to3脚本,可以完成很多项目的迁移。</p>
+<h2 id="Python2&#21040;3&#36801;&#31227;">Python2&#21040;3&#36801;&#31227;<a href="#Python2&#21040;3&#36801;&#31227;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python3带有2to3脚本,可以完成很多项目的迁移。</p>
 <p>但是对于某些情况,他仍然不能自动的完成所有工作。</p>
 <p>2到3迁移的主要问题在于,目前有很多库,仍然没有完成Python3的迁移工作。这导致使用这些库编写的程序很难在Python3上找到更好的(或者更习惯的)替代产品。</p>
 <p>而这件事情是2to3脚本无法自动完成的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
-<div>
-<h2 id="-">我该用哪个版本/哪个更好</h2>
-<p>任何能让你不添加额外的麻烦把工作做下来的版本都是好的。</p>
-<p>如果Python2和Python3一样好,那么Python3更好。</p>
-<p>因为很显然,Python社区已经宣布Python2将停止维护。在可见的时间内,显然都要使用Python3的写法。</p>
-<p>如果能够不添加额外麻烦的情况下使用Python3,这可能为将来的维护带来便利。</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div><aside>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<p>如果你正在维护一个现有的Python2代码(自己写的,或者接手的)。在没有明确问题的情况下,不建议做2to3移植。</p>
-<p>因为移植需要成本,而项目有生存周期。很难保证项目一定能够活到非迁不可那一天。等到这天来临时才进行迁移一定是成本最小的。</p>
-<p>当然,如果依赖你的代码的人有Python3迁移问题(例如说是一个库,而且很常用),这明显就是一个必须移植的情况了。</p>
-</div>
-</div>
+<h2 id="&#25105;&#35813;&#29992;&#21738;&#20010;&#29256;&#26412;/&#21738;&#20010;&#26356;&#22909;">&#25105;&#35813;&#29992;&#21738;&#20010;&#29256;&#26412;/&#21738;&#20010;&#26356;&#22909;<a href="#&#25105;&#35813;&#29992;&#21738;&#20010;&#29256;&#26412;/&#21738;&#20010;&#26356;&#22909;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>由于Python2已经停止维护,因此新开项目时请一律使用Python3。</p>
+<p>教材教授了很多Python2写法,主要是考虑到接手项目中可能有大量遗留代码。对于这些代码,读懂维护是必要技能。</p>
+<p>对现存代码。如果预期会被长期维护的,建议将代码迁移到Python3中。如果代码生命期不长,短期维护Python2代码也可接受。</p>
+
 </div>
- </aside></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
-<div>
-
-<div>
+</div></section></section><section><section>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">第三方软件安装</h1>
-<p>两套基本系统:</p>
+<h1 id="&#31532;&#19977;&#26041;&#36719;&#20214;&#23433;&#35013;">&#31532;&#19977;&#26041;&#36719;&#20214;&#23433;&#35013;<a href="#&#31532;&#19977;&#26041;&#36719;&#20214;&#23433;&#35013;">&#182;</a> </h1><p>两套基本系统:</p>
 <ul>
 <li>setuptools</li>
 <li>pip</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="setuptools">setuptools</h2>
-<p>系统中必须安装了setuptools(请咨询管理员安装),或者使用以下指令安装:</p>
+<h2 id="setuptools">setuptools<a href="#setuptools">&#182;</a> </h2><p>系统中必须安装了setuptools(请咨询管理员安装),或者使用以下指令安装:</p>
 <p>Linux:</p>
+
 <pre><code>wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - &#124; sudo python
-</code></pre><p>MacOS:</p>
-<pre><code>curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - &#124; python
+
 </code></pre>
+<p>MacOS:</p>
+
+<pre><code>curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - &#124; python</code></pre>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="setuptools-">setuptools的使用</h2>
-<ol>
+<h2 id="setuptools&#30340;&#20351;&#29992;">setuptools&#30340;&#20351;&#29992;<a href="#setuptools&#30340;&#20351;&#29992;">&#182;</a> </h2><ol>
 <li>easy_install 包名</li>
 <li>easy_install 安装包路径。(路径可以填写一个url,系统会从网络上下载安装)</li>
 <li>在软件的分发包中找到setup.py,直接运行python setup.py install</li>
 </ol>
 <p>进一步资料请参考:<a href="https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/easy_install.html">https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/easy_install.html</a> </p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="pip">pip</h2>
-<p>系统中必须有pip,具体请咨询管理员。或者下载该文件:</p>
+<h2 id="pip">pip<a href="#pip">&#182;</a> </h2><p>系统中必须有pip,具体请咨询管理员。或者下载该文件:</p>
 <p><a href="https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py">https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py</a> </p>
 <p>使用python执行安装(注意需要管理员权限)。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="pip-">pip的使用</h2>
-<ol>
+<h2 id="pip&#30340;&#20351;&#29992;">pip&#30340;&#20351;&#29992;<a href="#pip&#30340;&#20351;&#29992;">&#182;</a> </h2><ol>
 <li>pip install 包名</li>
 <li>pip install -r requirements.txt (自动处理里面的所有依赖)</li>
 </ol>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="virtualenv">virtualenv</h2>
-<p>功能:用于隔离出一套独立的环境,可以在里面安装各种包,而不对系统造成影响。</p>
+<h2 id="virtualenv">virtualenv<a href="#virtualenv">&#182;</a> </h2><p>功能:用于隔离出一套独立的环境,可以在里面安装各种包,而不对系统造成影响。</p>
 <p>使用场景:可以在用户目录中安装包,无需系统权限。也可以隔离多个环境,安装不同版本的不同程序。</p>
 <p>限制:virtualenv本身,及其依赖的Python是无法隔离的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="virtualenv-">virtualenv的使用</h2>
-<p>建立环境:virtualenv 目录名</p>
+<h2 id="virtualenv&#30340;&#20351;&#29992;">virtualenv&#30340;&#20351;&#29992;<a href="#virtualenv&#30340;&#20351;&#29992;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>建立环境:virtualenv 目录名</p>
 <p>激活环境:进入目录后执行source bin/activate</p>
 <p>退出激活环境:deactivate</p>
 <p>隔离环境内的安装:pip或者setup.py均可</p>
 <p>注意:安装库时需要编译的,系统中必须有编译工具链。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">访问系统库</h2>
-<p>如果在使用virtualenv的同时,也想使用系统中安装的库。那么需要在创建环境时用--system-site-packages参数。</p>
+<h2 id="&#35775;&#38382;&#31995;&#32479;&#24211;">&#35775;&#38382;&#31995;&#32479;&#24211;<a href="#&#35775;&#38382;&#31995;&#32479;&#24211;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>如果在使用virtualenv的同时,也想使用系统中安装的库。那么需要在创建环境时用--system-site-packages参数。</p>
 <p>从工程管理角度,我们不推荐这种办法。建议将系统中的所有库在虚环境中再安装一次。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">虚拟环境的发布</h2>
-<p>使用virtualenv生成的虚拟环境可以迁移到其他机器上,从而允许将运行环境在多台机器上迁移。但是需要注意以下事项:</p>
+<h2 id="&#34394;&#25311;&#29615;&#22659;&#30340;&#21457;&#24067;">&#34394;&#25311;&#29615;&#22659;&#30340;&#21457;&#24067;<a href="#&#34394;&#25311;&#29615;&#22659;&#30340;&#21457;&#24067;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>使用virtualenv生成的虚拟环境可以迁移到其他机器上,从而允许将运行环境在多台机器上迁移。但是需要注意以下事项:</p>
 <ul>
 <li>virtualenv依赖于目录工作,所以所有机器上virtualenv必须处于同一路径下。</li>
 <li>virtualenv不能隔离系统/Python基础环境。因此所有机器必须同构,并且Python环境基本一致。</li>
 <li>里面所安装的库所依赖的其他系统文件,例如动态运行库,数据文件。如果不在virtualenv里安装的,则每个系统上均需要自行安装。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">更进一步资料</h2>
-<p>请参考这里:</p>
+<h2 id="&#26356;&#36827;&#19968;&#27493;&#36164;&#26009;">&#26356;&#36827;&#19968;&#27493;&#36164;&#26009;<a href="#&#26356;&#36827;&#19968;&#27493;&#36164;&#26009;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>请参考这里:</p>
 <p><a href="https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/userguide/">https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/userguide/</a> </p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-</div>
-<div>
+<div><div>
+</div><div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">软件包安装和管理建议</h2>
-<p>Python默认情况下会试图将软件包安装到系统里,如果不具备管理员权限,需要使用virtualenv来安装软件包。</p>
+<h2 id="&#36719;&#20214;&#21253;&#23433;&#35013;&#21644;&#31649;&#29702;&#24314;&#35758;">&#36719;&#20214;&#21253;&#23433;&#35013;&#21644;&#31649;&#29702;&#24314;&#35758;<a href="#&#36719;&#20214;&#21253;&#23433;&#35013;&#21644;&#31649;&#29702;&#24314;&#35758;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python默认情况下会试图将软件包安装到系统里,如果不具备管理员权限,需要使用virtualenv来安装软件包。</p>
 <p>对于Debian/Ubuntu而言,安装软件的第一选择是apt系统。如果找不到包,或版本不对,建议采用virtualenv + pip的方式安装。</p>
 <p>对于RHEL/CentOS而言,安装软件的第一选择是yum系统。如果找不到包,或版本不对,建议采用virtualenv + pip的方式安装。</p>
 <p>对于Windows/MacOS而言,建议使用virtualenv + pip的方式安装。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section>
+</div></section></section>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-
-
-
-
 
-
-
-
- 
- 
- 
- 
 
-
 
 </div><div class="naked_ctrl">
<form action="/index.cgi/contrast" method="get" name="gate">
<p><a href="http://altstyle.alfasado.net">AltStyle</a> によって変換されたページ <a href="https://github.com/shell909090/learn-python/compare/gh-pages...master.diff">(-&gt;オリジナル)</a>
/ <label>アドレス: <input type="text" name="naked_post_url" value="https://github.com/shell909090/learn-python/compare/gh-pages...master.diff" size="22" /></label> <label>モード: <select name="naked_post_mode">
<option value="default">デフォルト</option>
<option value="speech">音声ブラウザ</option>
<option value="ruby">ルビ付き</option>
<option value="contrast" selected="selected">配色反転</option>
<option value="larger-text">文字拡大</option>
<option value="mobile">モバイル</option>
</select>
<input type="submit" value="表示" />
</p>
</form>
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</body>
 
+
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diff --git "a/102-Python350円277円233円351円230円266円.slides.html" "b/102-Python350円277円233円351円230円266円.slides.html"
index 8790379..1213f53 100644
--- "a/102-Python350円277円233円351円230円266円.slides.html"
+++ "b/102-Python350円277円233円351円230円266円.slides.html"
@@ -15,11 +15,8 @@
 
 
 
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
 
 
 
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
+
 
 
 <style type="text/css">
 /* Overrides of notebook CSS for static HTML export */
-html {
- overflow-y: auto;
-}
 .reveal {
 font-size: 160%;
+ overflow-y: scroll;
 }
 .reveal pre {
 width: inherit;
@@ -168,6 +11761,9 @@
 font-size: 80%;
 box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
 }
+.reveal pre code {
+ padding: 0px;
+}
 .reveal section img {
 border: 0px solid black;
 box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
@@ -208,6 +11804,14 @@
 /* 5px right shift to account for margin in parent container */
 margin: 5px 5px 0 0;
 }
+div.text_cell.rendered .rendered_html {
+ /* The H1 height seems miscalculated, we are just hidding the scrollbar */
+ overflow-y: hidden;
+}
+a.anchor-link {
+ /* There is still an anchor, we are only hidding it */
+ display: none;
+}
 .rendered_html p {
 text-align: inherit;
 }
@@ -218,68 +11822,63 @@
 
 </head>
 
+
 <body>
+
+
 <div>
 <div>
-<section>
- <section>
- 
+<section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="python-">Python进阶</h1>
+<h1 id="Python&#36827;&#38454;">Python&#36827;&#38454;<a href="#Python&#36827;&#38454;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="license">License</h2>
-<p>CC-BY-SA 4.0</p>
+<h2 id="License">License<a href="#License">&#182;</a> </h2><p>CC-BY-SA 4.0</p>
 <p>大部分内容来自&quot;a byte of python&quot;,在此感谢作者。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">高阶语法技巧</h1>
+<h1 id="&#39640;&#38454;&#35821;&#27861;&#25216;&#24039;">&#39640;&#38454;&#35821;&#27861;&#25216;&#24039;<a href="#&#39640;&#38454;&#35821;&#27861;&#25216;&#24039;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">按名称传递参数</h2>
-<p>函数除了可以按照顺序传递参数,还可以按照名称传递参数。</p>
+<h2 id="&#25353;&#21517;&#31216;&#20256;&#36882;&#21442;&#25968;">&#25353;&#21517;&#31216;&#20256;&#36882;&#21442;&#25968;<a href="#&#25353;&#21517;&#31216;&#20256;&#36882;&#21442;&#25968;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>函数除了可以按照顺序传递参数,还可以按照名称传递参数。</p>
 <p>这可以有效解决我们在&quot;默认参数&quot;一节提到过的问题。</p>
 <p>即函数大量参数有默认值,导致想在某个参数上传递一个不同的值,需要将前面的参数默认值全部传递一遍的窘境。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [1]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>print_function</span>
+<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>print_function</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>func</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>=</span><span>5</span><span>,</span> <span>c</span><span>=</span><span>10</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;a is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;and b is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;and c is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>c</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;a is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;and b is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;and c is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>c</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>func</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>7</span><span>)</span>
 <span>func</span><span>(</span><span>25</span><span>,</span> <span>c</span><span>=</span><span>24</span><span>)</span>
@@ -296,11 +11895,9 @@ <h2 id="-">按名称传递参数</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-a is 3 and b is 7 and c is 10
+<pre>a is 3 and b is 7 and c is 10
 a is 25 and b is 5 and c is 24
 a is 100 and b is 5 and c is 50
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -309,14 +11906,12 @@ <h2 id="-">按名称传递参数</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">混合多种传递方式</h2>
-<p>一般而言,比较容易理解的次序是:</p>
+<h2 id="&#28151;&#21512;&#22810;&#31181;&#20256;&#36882;&#26041;&#24335;">&#28151;&#21512;&#22810;&#31181;&#20256;&#36882;&#26041;&#24335;<a href="#&#28151;&#21512;&#22810;&#31181;&#20256;&#36882;&#26041;&#24335;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>一般而言,比较容易理解的次序是:</p>
 <ol>
 <li>有按顺序传递的值,就从左向右接收数据。</li>
 <li>没有按顺序传递的值,就按名传递。</li>
@@ -324,10 +11919,10 @@ <h2 id="-">混合多种传递方式</h2>
 <li>全部传递完了还没找到值的参数,用默认参数。</li>
 <li>没有默认参数的,报错。</li>
 </ol>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
@@ -339,32 +11934,31 @@ <h2 id="-">混合多种传递方式</h2>
 <li>传递值时,如果按名传递写在了按顺序传递的左边,报错。</li>
 <li>设计使用函数时,如果需要想一下才知道是怎么回事的。请衡量一下这个写法是不是太繁琐了,有没有简单的办法。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">可变参数</h2>
-<p>有时我们需要接收不确定长度个参数。例如sum函数。</p>
+<h2 id="&#21487;&#21464;&#21442;&#25968;">&#21487;&#21464;&#21442;&#25968;<a href="#&#21487;&#21464;&#21442;&#25968;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>有时我们需要接收不确定长度个参数。例如sum函数。</p>
 <p>或者是出于某种理由,不想处理用户的所有输入。</p>
 <p>这时我们可以用可变参数来接收或传递参数。</p>
 <p>可变参数的基本写法是<code>function_name(arguments, *argument_list, arguments_withname, **arguments_dict)</code>。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [2]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>any_arguments</span><span>(</span><span>*</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>kw</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>)</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>kw</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>any_arguments</span><span>(</span><span>*</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>kw</span><span>):</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>kw</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>any_arguments</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>4</span><span>,</span> <span>5</span><span>,</span> <span>a</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>=</span><span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>c</span><span>=</span><span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>d</span><span>=</span><span>4</span><span>,</span> <span>e</span><span>=</span><span>5</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
@@ -379,10 +11973,8 @@ <h2 id="-">可变参数</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
-{&apos;a&apos;: 1, &apos;c&apos;: 3, &apos;b&apos;: 2, &apos;e&apos;: 5, &apos;d&apos;: 4}
-
+<pre>(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+{&#39;a&#39;: 1, &#39;c&#39;: 3, &#39;b&#39;: 2, &#39;e&#39;: 5, &#39;d&#39;: 4}
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -391,30 +11983,30 @@ <h2 id="-">可变参数</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>要提防用可变参数来做list传递的行为。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [3]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>*</span><span>p</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>*</span><span>p</span><span>):</span>
 <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>a</span> <span>+</span> <span>b</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>p</span><span>:</span> <span>s</span> <span>+=</span> <span>i</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>s</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -427,10 +12019,8 @@ <h2 id="-">可变参数</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-3
+<pre>3
 6
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -444,12 +12034,12 @@ <h2 id="-">可变参数</h2>
 <div>In [4]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>,</span> <span>inital</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>,</span> <span>inital</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>):</span>
 <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>inital</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>l</span><span>:</span> <span>s</span> <span>+=</span> <span>i</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>s</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>range</span><span>(</span><span>101</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>range</span><span>(</span><span>101</span><span>)))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -462,9 +12052,7 @@ <h2 id="-">可变参数</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-5050
-
+<pre>5050
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -473,49 +12061,46 @@ <h2 id="-">可变参数</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<ol>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><ol>
 <li>查阅subprocess.Popen,写出执行一个子程序的写法。(不需要后续配合,只需要写出Popen的调用方法)</li>
 <li>写出需要改变执行目录的写法。</li>
 <li>如果你的调用在一个函数内,这个函数需要对外暴露一些Popen的细节。例如由外层来决定是否close_fds等。请写出你认为合适的写法。</li>
 </ol>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">第一类函数对象</h2>
-<p>什么叫做&quot;第一类&quot;?</p>
+<h2 id="&#31532;&#19968;&#31867;&#20989;&#25968;&#23545;&#35937;">&#31532;&#19968;&#31867;&#20989;&#25968;&#23545;&#35937;<a href="#&#31532;&#19968;&#31867;&#20989;&#25968;&#23545;&#35937;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>什么叫做&quot;第一类&quot;?</p>
 <p>就是&quot;一等公民&quot;的意思。在使用上和其他值一样,没有任何区别和歧视。</p>
 <p>第一类函数对象的意思就是,函数对象在使用上和其他对象一样。</p>
 <p>你是否想象过,将函数作为普通对象使用?像普通对象一样,能够定义,作为参数传递,作为结果传出。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [5]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>op_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
+<div><pre><span>op_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
 <span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>+</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;-&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>-</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;*&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>*</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;/&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>float</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
 <span>}</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>op_set</span><span>[</span><span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>](</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>op_set</span><span>[</span><span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>](</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -528,9 +12113,7 @@ <h2 id="-">第一类函数对象</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-3
-
+<pre>3
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -539,33 +12122,31 @@ <h2 id="-">第一类函数对象</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">闭包</h2>
-<p>python的作用域基本原则是,内层可以访问外层变量,外层不能访问内层。在两层的时候,只有局部和全局。</p>
+<h2 id="&#38381;&#21253;">&#38381;&#21253;<a href="#&#38381;&#21253;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>python的作用域基本原则是,内层可以访问外层变量,外层不能访问内层。在两层的时候,只有局部和全局。</p>
 <p>但是如果考虑在函数内可以定义函数,而且被定义出来的函数还可以作为结果值返回。</p>
 <p>那么这个&quot;在内层定义的函数&quot;,除了访问自己的局部变量和全部变量外,是否可以访问定义他的函数的&quot;局部变量&quot;呢?</p>
 <p>这种使得嵌套定义函数可访问上个作用域数据的定义,被称为&quot;闭包&quot;。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [6]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>addn</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>addn</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>add</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>):</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>x</span><span>+</span><span>n</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>add</span>
 
 <span>add10</span> <span>=</span> <span>addn</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add10</span><span>(</span><span>50</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add10</span><span>(</span><span>50</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -578,9 +12159,7 @@ <h2 id="-">闭包</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-60
-
+<pre>60
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -589,46 +12168,43 @@ <h2 id="-">闭包</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">闭包的本质</h2>
-<p>正常来说,局部变量在函数结束时消亡。</p>
+<h2 id="&#38381;&#21253;&#30340;&#26412;&#36136;">&#38381;&#21253;&#30340;&#26412;&#36136;<a href="#&#38381;&#21253;&#30340;&#26412;&#36136;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>正常来说,局部变量在函数结束时消亡。</p>
 <p>然而如果在内层嵌套函数中需要访问的话,那么函数结束时局部变量也不能消亡,否则内层函数去访问什么呢?</p>
 <p>带有闭包的函数,局部变量会被附带在刚刚生成函数上,随着这个函数对象的消亡而消亡。</p>
 <p>因此,闭包是一种带环境数据的可执行对象。这是闭包和普通函数最大的区别。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">闭包和类的比较</h2>
-<p>闭包是带数据的方法,类是带方法的数据,两者非常类似。可以选用简单的那个。</p>
+<h2 id="&#38381;&#21253;&#21644;&#31867;&#30340;&#27604;&#36739;">&#38381;&#21253;&#21644;&#31867;&#30340;&#27604;&#36739;<a href="#&#38381;&#21253;&#21644;&#31867;&#30340;&#27604;&#36739;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>闭包是带数据的方法,类是带方法的数据,两者非常类似。可以选用简单的那个。</p>
 <p>在需要暴露内部数据,数据附带的方法比较复杂时,建议选用类。反之,可以选用闭包。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [7]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>addn</span><span>(</span><span>object</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>addn</span><span>(</span><span>object</span><span>):</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>n</span> <span>=</span> <span>n</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>__call__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>x</span><span>):</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>x</span> <span>+</span> <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>n</span>
 
 <span>add10</span> <span>=</span> <span>addn</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add10</span><span>(</span><span>50</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add10</span><span>(</span><span>50</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -641,9 +12217,7 @@ <h2 id="-">闭包和类的比较</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-60
-
+<pre>60
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -652,30 +12226,28 @@ <h2 id="-">闭包和类的比较</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="legb">LEGB</h2>
-<p>在加入闭包后,我们可以得到完整的变量查询顺序。</p>
+<h2 id="LEGB">LEGB<a href="#LEGB">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在加入闭包后,我们可以得到完整的变量查询顺序。</p>
 <p>局部,闭包中,全局,内置。四个名称的字母简写为LEGB。</p>
 <p>LEGB - Local Enclosing Global Builtins</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [8]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>my_variable</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
+<div><pre><span>my_variable</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>func</span><span>():</span>
 <span>my_variable</span> <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>my_variable</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>my_variable</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>func</span><span>()</span>
 </pre></div>
@@ -690,9 +12262,7 @@ <h2 id="legb">LEGB</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-2
-
+<pre>2
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -706,13 +12276,13 @@ <h2 id="legb">LEGB</h2>
 <div>In [9]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>my_variable</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
+<div><pre><span>my_variable</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>func</span><span>():</span>
 <span>my_variable</span> <span>=</span> <span>2</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>func1</span><span>():</span>
 <span>my_variable</span> <span>=</span> <span>3</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>my_variable</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>my_variable</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>func1</span>
 
 <span>func</span><span>()()</span>
@@ -728,9 +12298,7 @@ <h2 id="legb">LEGB</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-3
-
+<pre>3
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -739,39 +12307,37 @@ <h2 id="legb">LEGB</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">装饰器</h2>
-<p>装饰器方法允许你重写某个函数的执行过程,在实际函数执行前后执行一些自己的辅助代码。</p>
+<h2 id="&#35013;&#39280;&#22120;">&#35013;&#39280;&#22120;<a href="#&#35013;&#39280;&#22120;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>装饰器方法允许你重写某个函数的执行过程,在实际函数执行前后执行一些自己的辅助代码。</p>
 <p>从而允许你将部分功能附加在其他函数上。或者运用这种手法对函数的共同行为进行剥离。</p>
 <p>这种重写过程,可以用闭包或类来实现。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [10]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>print_function</span>
+<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>print_function</span>
 
 <span>class</span> <span>print_arg</span><span>(</span><span>object</span><span>):</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>__init__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>f</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>f</span> <span>=</span> <span>f</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>__call__</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>*</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>kw</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>kw</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>kw</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>f</span><span>(</span><span>*</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>kw</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>add</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>):</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>a</span><span>+</span><span>b</span>
 <span>add</span> <span>=</span> <span>print_arg</span><span>(</span><span>add</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>20</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>20</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -784,10 +12350,8 @@ <h2 id="-">装饰器</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-(10, 20) {}
+<pre>(10, 20) {}
 30
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -796,15 +12360,14 @@ <h2 id="-">装饰器</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [11]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>print_arg</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>print_arg</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>):</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>inner</span><span>(</span><span>*</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>kw</span><span>):</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>kw</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>kw</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>f</span><span>(</span><span>*</span><span>p</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>kw</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>inner</span>
 
@@ -812,7 +12375,7 @@ <h2 id="-">装饰器</h2>
 <span>return</span> <span>a</span><span>+</span><span>b</span>
 <span>add</span> <span>=</span> <span>print_arg</span><span>(</span><span>add</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>20</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>20</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -825,10 +12388,8 @@ <h2 id="-">装饰器</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-(10, 20) {}
+<pre>(10, 20) {}
 30
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -837,14 +12398,13 @@ <h2 id="-">装饰器</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">装饰器语法糖</h2>
-<p>由于装饰器在python中经常使用,因此python定义了专门的语法来方便使用。</p>
+<h2 id="&#35013;&#39280;&#22120;&#35821;&#27861;&#31958;">&#35013;&#39280;&#22120;&#35821;&#27861;&#31958;<a href="#&#35013;&#39280;&#22120;&#35821;&#27861;&#31958;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>由于装饰器在python中经常使用,因此python定义了专门的语法来方便使用。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -853,11 +12413,11 @@ <h2 id="-">装饰器语法糖</h2>
 <div>In [12]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>@print_arg</span>
+<div><pre><span>@print_arg</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>add</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>):</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>a</span><span>+</span><span>b</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>20</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>add</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>20</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -870,10 +12430,8 @@ <h2 id="-">装饰器语法糖</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-(10, 20) {}
+<pre>(10, 20) {}
 30
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -882,15 +12440,14 @@ <h2 id="-">装饰器语法糖</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-1">练习1</h2>
-<p>fib计算函数的运算很慢,因为fib在计算某个参数时,会重复执行很多次更低值的计算。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;1">&#32451;&#20064;1<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;1">&#182;</a> </h2><p>fib计算函数的运算很慢,因为fib在计算某个参数时,会重复执行很多次更低值的计算。</p>
 <p>请设计一个装饰器,加速这个执行过程。并对比在加和不加这个装饰器下的效率。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -899,11 +12456,11 @@ <h2 id="-1">练习1</h2>
 <div>In [13]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>n</span> <span>&lt;=</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span> <span>return</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>-</span><span>2</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>%</span><span>time</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>35</span><span>)</span>
+<span>%</span><span>time</span> fib(35)
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -916,10 +12473,8 @@ <h2 id="-1">练习1</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-CPU times: user 3.4 s, sys: 16 ms, total: 3.42 s
-Wall time: 3.41 s
-
+<pre>CPU times: user 3.66 s, sys: 0 ns, total: 3.66 s
+Wall time: 3.66 s
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -927,10 +12482,8 @@ <h2 id="-1">练习1</h2>
 <div><div>Out[13]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-14930352
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>14930352</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -939,13 +12492,12 @@ <h2 id="-1">练习1</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -954,7 +12506,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [14]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>memorized</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>memorized</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>):</span>
 <span>cache</span> <span>=</span> <span>{}</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>inner</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>n</span> <span>not</span> <span>in</span> <span>cache</span><span>:</span>
@@ -967,7 +12519,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>if</span> <span>n</span> <span>&lt;=</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span> <span>return</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>-</span><span>2</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>%</span><span>time</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>35</span><span>)</span>
+<span>%</span><span>time</span> fib(35)
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -980,10 +12532,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns
-Wall time: 78 μs
-
+<pre>CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns
+Wall time: 104 μs
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -991,10 +12541,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div><div>Out[14]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-14930352
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>14930352</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1003,25 +12551,23 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-2">练习2</h2>
-<p>请考虑上述装饰器是否能用于其他函数。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;2">&#32451;&#20064;2<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;2">&#182;</a> </h2><p>请考虑上述装饰器是否能用于其他函数。</p>
 <p>如果不能,请修改上述装饰器,使其能够用于其他函数。并说明其适用范围。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1030,7 +12576,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [15]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>memorized</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>memorized</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>):</span>
 <span>cache</span> <span>=</span> <span>{}</span>
 <span>def</span> <span>inner</span><span>(</span><span>*</span><span>p</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>p</span> <span>not</span> <span>in</span> <span>cache</span><span>:</span>
@@ -1043,7 +12589,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>if</span> <span>n</span> <span>&lt;=</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span> <span>return</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>-</span><span>2</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>%</span><span>time</span> <span>fib</span><span>(</span><span>35</span><span>)</span>
+<span>%</span><span>time</span> fib(35)
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1056,10 +12602,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns
-Wall time: 81.1 μs
-
+<pre>CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns
+Wall time: 83.9 μs
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1067,10 +12611,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div><div>Out[15]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-14930352
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>14930352</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1079,39 +12621,38 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">生成器</h2>
-<p>在python中,我们时常需要生成一个非常大的序列数据并返回。例如帖子的列表,用户的ID,等等。</p>
+<h2 id="&#29983;&#25104;&#22120;">&#29983;&#25104;&#22120;<a href="#&#29983;&#25104;&#22120;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在python中,我们时常需要生成一个非常大的序列数据并返回。例如帖子的列表,用户的ID,等等。</p>
 <p>正常我们都是获得数据并生成一个list返回。但是很多时候,这个序列数据是近乎于无限的。</p>
 <p>从性能角度来说,我希望使用一个计算一个,不需要为了全部列表而耗费资源。</p>
 <p>从使用角度来说,我希望这个列表和原来的列表使用起来没有什么太大区别。两者最好做到可以互相替换。</p>
 <p>幸好,python为我们提供了生成器这么一种功能。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>生成器等于生成数组返回。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [16]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
 <span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
@@ -1119,7 +12660,7 @@ <h2 id="-">生成器</h2>
 <span>l</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>l</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1132,9 +12673,7 @@ <h2 id="-">生成器</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711]
-
+<pre>[2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1148,14 +12687,14 @@ <h2 id="-">生成器</h2>
 <div>In [17]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>1</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span> <span>=</span> <span>a</span><span>+</span><span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>a</span>
 <span>yield</span> <span>a</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>)))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1168,10 +12707,8 @@ <h2 id="-">生成器</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-&lt;generator object fib_seq at 0x7f9a124368c0&gt;
+<pre>&lt;generator object fib_seq at 0x7fc8cb49ca50&gt;
 [2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711]
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1180,27 +12717,25 @@ <h2 id="-">生成器</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">无限生成器</h2>
-<p>既然生成器机制允许我们一个个获得数据,那么我们定义一个&quot;无限长&quot;的list也是可以的。</p>
+<h2 id="&#26080;&#38480;&#29983;&#25104;&#22120;">&#26080;&#38480;&#29983;&#25104;&#22120;<a href="#&#26080;&#38480;&#29983;&#25104;&#22120;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>既然生成器机制允许我们一个个获得数据,那么我们定义一个&quot;无限长&quot;的list也是可以的。</p>
 <p>只要不真的去使用所有数据,就不会产生死循环。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [18]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib_seq</span><span>():</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>fib_seq</span><span>():</span>
 <span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>b</span> <span>=</span> <span>1</span>
- <span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
 <span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span> <span>=</span> <span>a</span><span>+</span><span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>a</span>
 <span>yield</span> <span>b</span>
 
@@ -1210,7 +12745,7 @@ <h2 id="-">无限生成器</h2>
 <span>yield</span> <span>i</span>
 <span>n</span> <span>-=</span> <span>1</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>size_limited_seq</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(),</span> <span>10</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>size_limited_seq</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(),</span> <span>10</span><span>)))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1223,9 +12758,7 @@ <h2 id="-">无限生成器</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
-
+<pre>[1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1234,7 +12767,7 @@ <h2 id="-">无限生成器</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
@@ -1242,22 +12775,22 @@ <h2 id="-">无限生成器</h2>
 <div>
 <p>生成器在需要时才生成。</p>
 <p>如果此处使用数组的话,百分百会导致无法执行。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [19]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>number_limited_seq</span><span>(</span><span>seq</span><span>,</span> <span>n</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>number_limited_seq</span><span>(</span><span>seq</span><span>,</span> <span>n</span><span>):</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>seq</span><span>:</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>i</span> <span>&gt;=</span> <span>n</span><span>:</span> <span>break</span>
 <span>yield</span> <span>i</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>number_limited_seq</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(),</span> <span>100000</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>number_limited_seq</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(),</span> <span>100000</span><span>)))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1270,9 +12803,7 @@ <h2 id="-">无限生成器</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025]
-
+<pre>[1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1286,8 +12817,8 @@ <h2 id="-">无限生成器</h2>
 <div>In [20]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># 和前面定义的sum函数联用,sum函数支持生成器</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>number_limited_seq</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(),</span> <span>100000</span><span>)))</span>
+<div><pre><span># 和前面定义的sum函数联用,sum函数支持生成器</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>number_limited_seq</span><span>(</span><span>fib_seq</span><span>(),</span> <span>100000</span><span>)))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1300,9 +12831,7 @@ <h2 id="-">无限生成器</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-196416
-
+<pre>196416
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1311,29 +12840,27 @@ <h2 id="-">无限生成器</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="map-filter-reduce">map/filter/reduce</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="map/filter/reduce">map/filter/reduce<a href="#map/filter/reduce">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>map: 从一个列表映射到另一个列表</li>
 <li>filter: 从列表中选择符合条件的</li>
 <li>reduce: 对列表反复执行合并操作</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [21]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># python2下无需list,但是python3下map返回生成器</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>map</span><span>(</span><span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>*</span><span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>))))</span>
+<div><pre><span># python2下无需list,但是python3下map返回生成器</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>map</span><span>(</span><span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>*</span><span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>))))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1346,9 +12873,7 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-reduce">map/filter/reduce</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361]
-
+<pre>[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1362,8 +12887,8 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-reduce">map/filter/reduce</h2>
 <div>In [22]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># python2下无需list,但是python3下filter返回生成器</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>filter</span><span>(</span><span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span> <span>%</span> <span>2</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>))))</span>
+<div><pre><span># python2下无需list,但是python3下filter返回生成器</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>filter</span><span>(</span><span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span> <span>%</span> <span>2</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>))))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1376,9 +12901,7 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-reduce">map/filter/reduce</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
-
+<pre>[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1392,10 +12915,10 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-reduce">map/filter/reduce</h2>
 <div>In [23]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># 在python2下,无需import。</span>
+<div><pre><span># 在python2下,无需import。</span>
 <span># python3中,reduce已经被从全局命名空间中移除了,所以需要import。</span>
-<span>from</span> <span>functools</span> <span>import</span> <span>reduce</span>
-<span>reduce</span><span>(</span><span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>*</span><span>y</span><span>,</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>20</span><span>))</span>
+<span>from</span> <span>functools</span> <span>import</span> <span>reduce</span>
+<span>reduce</span><span>(</span><span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>*</span><span>y</span><span>,</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>20</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1409,10 +12932,8 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-reduce">map/filter/reduce</h2>
 <div><div>Out[23]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-121645100408832000
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>121645100408832000</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1421,38 +12942,37 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-reduce">map/filter/reduce</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="map-filter-for-">map/filter,列表推导式和for循环的比较</h2>
-<p>三者都可以完成对list操作的特定功能,例如筛选出其中某些值,将其中的值转换为另一个值。但是三者在便利程度和使用细节上略有不同。</p>
+<h2 id="map/filter&#65292;&#21015;&#34920;&#25512;&#23548;&#24335;&#21644;for&#24490;&#29615;&#30340;&#27604;&#36739;">map/filter&#65292;&#21015;&#34920;&#25512;&#23548;&#24335;&#21644;for&#24490;&#29615;&#30340;&#27604;&#36739;<a href="#map/filter&#65292;&#21015;&#34920;&#25512;&#23548;&#24335;&#21644;for&#24490;&#29615;&#30340;&#27604;&#36739;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>三者都可以完成对list操作的特定功能,例如筛选出其中某些值,将其中的值转换为另一个值。但是三者在便利程度和使用细节上略有不同。</p>
 <p>map/filter和列表推导式比较简短,适用于相对不是很复杂的情况。真正复杂的情况需要用for来展开。</p>
 <p>map/filter和列表推导式基本假定是&quot;运算不彼此干扰&quot;。即运算某个元素时,不受到其他元素的影响。for没有这一假定,某元素运算时可以受到另一个元素影响。</p>
 <p>一般来说列表推导式比map/filter更简洁一些,因为map/filter需要定义lambda。但是在已经拥有现成函数的前提下,map/filter更加方便一些。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>可以举筛法的例子。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [24]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>print</span><span>([</span><span>x</span><span>*</span><span>x</span> <span>for</span> <span>x</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>)])</span>
+<div><pre><span>print</span><span>([</span><span>x</span><span>*</span><span>x</span> <span>for</span> <span>x</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>)])</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1465,9 +12985,7 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-for-">map/filter,列表推导式和for循环的比较</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361]
-
+<pre>[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1481,10 +12999,10 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-for-">map/filter,列表推导式和for循环的比较</h2>
 <div>In [25]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
+<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>x</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>):</span>
 <span>l</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>*</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1497,9 +13015,7 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-for-">map/filter,列表推导式和for循环的比较</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361]
-
+<pre>[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1513,7 +13029,7 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-for-">map/filter,列表推导式和for循环的比较</h2>
 <div>In [26]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>print</span><span>([</span><span>x</span> <span>for</span> <span>x</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>)</span> <span>if</span> <span>x</span> <span>%</span> <span>2</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>])</span>
+<div><pre><span>print</span><span>([</span><span>x</span> <span>for</span> <span>x</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>)</span> <span>if</span> <span>x</span> <span>%</span> <span>2</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>])</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1526,9 +13042,7 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-for-">map/filter,列表推导式和for循环的比较</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
-
+<pre>[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1542,11 +13056,11 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-for-">map/filter,列表推导式和for循环的比较</h2>
 <div>In [27]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
+<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>x</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>20</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>x</span> <span>%</span> <span>2</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>:</span>
 <span>l</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1559,9 +13073,7 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-for-">map/filter,列表推导式和for循环的比较</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
-
+<pre>[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1570,24 +13082,22 @@ <h2 id="map-filter-for-">map/filter,列表推导式和for循环的比较</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">例子: 计算器</h2>
-<p>写一个计算器,能够计算简单的加减乘除。(不考虑优先级)</p>
+<h2 id="&#20363;&#23376;:-&#35745;&#31639;&#22120;">&#20363;&#23376;: &#35745;&#31639;&#22120;<a href="#&#20363;&#23376;:-&#35745;&#31639;&#22120;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>写一个计算器,能够计算简单的加减乘除。(不考虑优先级)</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1596,7 +13106,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [28]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>op_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
+<div><pre><span>op_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
 <span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>+</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;-&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>-</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;*&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>*</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
@@ -1614,7 +13124,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>s</span> <span>+=</span> <span>c</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>s</span><span>:</span> <span>yield</span> <span>s</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>parser_exp</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2&#39;</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>parser_exp</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2&#39;</span><span>)))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1627,9 +13137,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[&apos;1&apos;, &apos;+&apos;, &apos;2&apos;]
-
+<pre>[&#39;1&#39;, &#39;+&#39;, &#39;2&#39;]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1638,14 +13146,13 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [29]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
- <span>num</span> <span>=</span> <span>None</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
+ <span>num</span> <span>=</span> <span>None</span>
 <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>parser_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>)</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>s</span><span>:</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>op_set</span><span>:</span>
@@ -1655,8 +13162,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>num</span> <span>=</span> <span>float</span><span>(</span><span>e</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>num</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;2*3+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2*3&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;2*3+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2*3&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1669,10 +13176,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-7.0
+<pre>7.0
 9.0
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1680,53 +13185,48 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">语法范式</h1>
+<h1 id="&#35821;&#27861;&#33539;&#24335;">&#35821;&#27861;&#33539;&#24335;<a href="#&#35821;&#27861;&#33539;&#24335;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">引用和复制</h2>
-<p>在Python中,要分清&quot;可变对象&quot;和&quot;不可变对象&quot;。以及&quot;对象引用&quot;和&quot;对象复制&quot;。</p>
+<h2 id="&#24341;&#29992;&#21644;&#22797;&#21046;">&#24341;&#29992;&#21644;&#22797;&#21046;<a href="#&#24341;&#29992;&#21644;&#22797;&#21046;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在Python中,要分清&quot;可变对象&quot;和&quot;不可变对象&quot;。以及&quot;对象引用&quot;和&quot;对象复制&quot;。</p>
 <p>对不可变对象而言,引用和复制并没有太大区别——反正弄来弄去都是同一个对象。</p>
 <p>而对于可变对象,对于引用的修改会同时作用于原始对象。对复制的修改并不影响原始对象。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [30]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>print_function</span>
+<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>print_function</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Simple Assignment&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Simple Assignment&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>shoplist</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>&#39;apple&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;mango&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;carrot&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;banana&#39;</span><span>]</span>
 <span>mylist</span> <span>=</span> <span>shoplist</span>
 
 <span>del</span> <span>shoplist</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;shoplist is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>shoplist</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;mylist is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>mylist</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Copy by making a full slice&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;shoplist is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>shoplist</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;mylist is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>mylist</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;Copy by making a full slice&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>mylist</span> <span>=</span> <span>shoplist</span><span>[:]</span>
 <span>del</span> <span>mylist</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;shoplist is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>shoplist</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;mylist is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>mylist</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;shoplist is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>shoplist</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;mylist is&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>mylist</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1739,14 +13239,12 @@ <h2 id="-">引用和复制</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-Simple Assignment
-shoplist is [&apos;mango&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;, &apos;banana&apos;]
-mylist is [&apos;mango&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;, &apos;banana&apos;]
+<pre>Simple Assignment
+shoplist is [&#39;mango&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;, &#39;banana&#39;]
+mylist is [&#39;mango&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;, &#39;banana&#39;]
 Copy by making a full slice
-shoplist is [&apos;mango&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;, &apos;banana&apos;]
-mylist is [&apos;carrot&apos;, &apos;banana&apos;]
-
+shoplist is [&#39;mango&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;, &#39;banana&#39;]
+mylist is [&#39;carrot&#39;, &#39;banana&#39;]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1755,45 +13253,43 @@ <h2 id="-">引用和复制</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">浅拷贝和深拷贝</h2>
-<p>可变对象的拷贝是一件耗时而重要的工作。</p>
+<h2 id="&#27973;&#25335;&#36125;&#21644;&#28145;&#25335;&#36125;">&#27973;&#25335;&#36125;&#21644;&#28145;&#25335;&#36125;<a href="#&#27973;&#25335;&#36125;&#21644;&#28145;&#25335;&#36125;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>可变对象的拷贝是一件耗时而重要的工作。</p>
 <p>那么,如果在可变对象内有另一个可变对象呢?例如在list里嵌套了list?</p>
 <p>只对原始的list进行复制的行为,叫做浅拷贝。对多层对象进行拷贝的行为,叫做深拷贝。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [31]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>print_function</span>
+<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>print_function</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>copy</span>
 
 <span>orig_list</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>,</span> <span>[</span><span>4</span><span>,</span> <span>5</span><span>,</span> <span>6</span><span>]]</span>
 
 <span>new_list</span> <span>=</span> <span>copy</span><span>.</span><span>deepcopy</span><span>(</span><span>orig_list</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>new_list</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>new_list</span><span>)</span>
 <span>new_list</span><span>[</span><span>3</span><span>]</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>7</span><span>)</span>
 <span>new_list</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>8</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>new_list</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>orig_list</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>new_list</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>orig_list</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;-----------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;-----------&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>new_list</span> <span>=</span> <span>copy</span><span>.</span><span>copy</span><span>(</span><span>orig_list</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>new_list</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>new_list</span><span>)</span>
 <span>new_list</span><span>[</span><span>3</span><span>]</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>7</span><span>)</span>
 <span>new_list</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>8</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>new_list</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>orig_list</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>new_list</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>orig_list</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1806,15 +13302,13 @@ <h2 id="-">浅拷贝和深拷贝</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6]]
+<pre>[1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6]]
 [1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6, 7], 8]
 [1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6]]
 -----------
 [1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6]]
 [1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6, 7], 8]
 [1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6, 7]]
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1823,25 +13317,23 @@ <h2 id="-">浅拷贝和深拷贝</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-1">练习1</h2>
-<p>编写一个函数,将输入列表反序输出。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;1">&#32451;&#20064;1<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;1">&#182;</a> </h2><p>编写一个函数,将输入列表反序输出。</p>
 <p>禁止用系统反向函数,例如reversed和list.reverse。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1850,13 +13342,13 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [32]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>1</span><span>,</span><span>2</span><span>,</span><span>3</span><span>,</span><span>4</span><span>,</span><span>5</span><span>]</span>
+<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>1</span><span>,</span><span>2</span><span>,</span><span>3</span><span>,</span><span>4</span><span>,</span><span>5</span><span>]</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>my_reverse</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>):</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span><span>+</span><span>1</span><span>):</span>
 <span>yield</span> <span>l</span><span>[</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span><span>-</span><span>i</span><span>]</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>my_reverse</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>list</span><span>(</span><span>my_reverse</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1869,9 +13361,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
-
+<pre>[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1880,24 +13370,22 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-2">练习2</h2>
-<p>修改上面的函数,将输入列表就地反序,不产生输出。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;2">&#32451;&#20064;2<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;2">&#182;</a> </h2><p>修改上面的函数,将输入列表就地反序,不产生输出。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1906,7 +13394,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [33]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>1</span><span>,</span><span>2</span><span>,</span><span>3</span><span>,</span><span>4</span><span>,</span><span>5</span><span>]</span>
+<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>1</span><span>,</span><span>2</span><span>,</span><span>3</span><span>,</span><span>4</span><span>,</span><span>5</span><span>]</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>my_reverse</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>):</span>
 <span>t</span> <span>=</span> <span>l</span><span>[:]</span>
@@ -1915,7 +13403,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>l</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>t</span><span>[</span><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>t</span><span>)</span><span>-</span><span>i</span><span>])</span>
 
 <span>my_reverse</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1928,9 +13416,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
-
+<pre>[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1939,24 +13425,22 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-3">练习3</h2>
-<p>构造一颗自循环二叉树。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;3">&#32451;&#20064;3<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;3">&#182;</a> </h2><p>构造一颗自循环二叉树。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1965,10 +13449,10 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [34]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
+<div><pre><span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
 <span>l</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
 <span>l</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -1981,9 +13465,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[[...], [...]]
-
+<pre>[[...], [...]]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1992,175 +13474,159 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-4">练习4</h2>
-<p>思考一下,如果只用tuple,是否能够完成自循环树的构造。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;4">&#32451;&#20064;4<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;4">&#182;</a> </h2><p>思考一下,如果只用tuple,是否能够完成自循环树的构造。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-yield-">多层yield范式</h2>
-<p>前面我们说过,对于list的处理常常可以归结为map/filter模式,而对于map/filter的复杂操作往往最好使用for来展开。</p>
+<h2 id="&#22810;&#23618;yield&#33539;&#24335;">&#22810;&#23618;yield&#33539;&#24335;<a href="#&#22810;&#23618;yield&#33539;&#24335;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>前面我们说过,对于list的处理常常可以归结为map/filter模式,而对于map/filter的复杂操作往往最好使用for来展开。</p>
 <p>但是实际工作中,我们常常会发现,我们需要对list进行复杂处理,每层处理都需要用for。</p>
 <p>而且每层处理都是可选的,总体处理过程需要根据条件进行拼装。</p>
 <p>大家可能还记得&quot;无限生成器&quot;一节的size_limited_seq和number_limited_seq吧。</p>
 <p>这种对list进行处理的模式称为链式范式——输入一个list,经过处理链条上一层层的转化,最后形成输出list。</p>
 <p>每一个环节的输入和输出都是一个list——或其等效物生成器。因而每个环节都可以和其他环节拼装在一起。</p>
 <p>类似的模式还在&quot;计算器&quot;一节出现过。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">设计原则</h1>
+<h1 id="&#35774;&#35745;&#21407;&#21017;">&#35774;&#35745;&#21407;&#21017;<a href="#&#35774;&#35745;&#21407;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">面对对象程序设计原则</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#38754;&#23545;&#23545;&#35937;&#31243;&#24207;&#35774;&#35745;&#21407;&#21017;">&#38754;&#23545;&#23545;&#35937;&#31243;&#24207;&#35774;&#35745;&#21407;&#21017;<a href="#&#38754;&#23545;&#23545;&#35937;&#31243;&#24207;&#35774;&#35745;&#21407;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>单一功能原则:一个对象应该仅具有一类特定功能。不要试图在上面做太多的功能。</li>
 <li>开闭原则:软件体对于扩展是开放的,对于修改是封闭的。简单思考一下,如果你的代码提交后只能追加文件和修改最少的行数,如何设计?</li>
 <li>里氏替换原则:对父类适用的程序,对子类也适用。这点往往会和我们日常生活的经验构成悖论。</li>
 <li>接口隔离原则:多个功能独立的小接口好过一个无所不有的大接口。</li>
 <li>依赖反转原则:针对接口编程而不是针对实现编程。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-1">练习1</h2>
-<p>定义一些类,描述平行四边形,矩形,正方形。并按照你的理解实现继承关系。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;1">&#32451;&#20064;1<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;1">&#182;</a> </h2><p>定义一些类,描述平行四边形,矩形,正方形。并按照你的理解实现继承关系。</p>
 <p>不用实现方法和属性。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-2">练习2</h2>
-<p>为刚刚的&quot;平行四边形&quot;,&quot;矩形&quot;,&quot;正方形&quot;类,添加以下属性和方法:</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;2">&#32451;&#20064;2<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;2">&#182;</a> </h2><p>为刚刚的&quot;平行四边形&quot;,&quot;矩形&quot;,&quot;正方形&quot;类,添加以下属性和方法:</p>
 <ul>
 <li>属性:夹角,边长</li>
 <li>方法:获得夹角,设定夹角,获得边长,设定边长</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-3">练习3</h2>
-<p>考虑一下,刚刚你实现的类中,&quot;设定夹角&quot;方法,对于&quot;长方形&quot;和&quot;正方形&quot;是一个合理的方法么?</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;3">&#32451;&#20064;3<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;3">&#182;</a> </h2><p>考虑一下,刚刚你实现的类中,&quot;设定夹角&quot;方法,对于&quot;长方形&quot;和&quot;正方形&quot;是一个合理的方法么?</p>
 <p>思考一下,哪个原则错了?</p>
 <ul>
 <li>在父类能够出现的地方,一定能够使用子类替换。</li>
 <li>长方形是一种平行四边形。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-4">练习4</h2>
-<p>增加一个用于计算面积的函数,考虑是否可以复用呢?</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;4">&#32451;&#20064;4<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;4">&#182;</a> </h2><p>增加一个用于计算面积的函数,考虑是否可以复用呢?</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-5">练习5</h2>
-<p>现在实现一个方法,判断两个对象是否相等。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;5">&#32451;&#20064;5<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;5">&#182;</a> </h2><p>现在实现一个方法,判断两个对象是否相等。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="python-">Python程序设计原则</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="Python&#31243;&#24207;&#35774;&#35745;&#21407;&#21017;">Python&#31243;&#24207;&#35774;&#35745;&#21407;&#21017;<a href="#Python&#31243;&#24207;&#35774;&#35745;&#21407;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>Duck typing</li>
 <li>最小惊讶原则</li>
 <li>万物皆接口</li>
 <li>尽早崩溃</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>要注意到,属性,参数名,列表结构,生成器界面,在Python中也是接口。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</aside></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">字符编码</h1>
+<h1 id="&#23383;&#31526;&#32534;&#30721;">&#23383;&#31526;&#32534;&#30721;<a href="#&#23383;&#31526;&#32534;&#30721;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">字符集</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#23383;&#31526;&#38598;">&#23383;&#31526;&#38598;<a href="#&#23383;&#31526;&#38598;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>GB2312:GB 2312-80,1981年5月1日,6763个字。</li>
 <li>GBK:1995年12月15日,21003个字。</li>
 <li>GB18030:GB 18030-2005,2006年5月1日,70244个字。</li>
@@ -2168,28 +13634,28 @@ <h2 id="-">字符集</h2>
 <li>UNICODE:Unicode 9.0,2016年6月,128237个字。</li>
 </ul>
 <p>注:资料来源,wikipedia。<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81">国家标准代码</a> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode">Unicode</a> </p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>GBK比CP936多了95个字。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">编码方案</h2>
-<p>编码方案基本分为两类:变长和定长。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32534;&#30721;&#26041;&#26696;">&#32534;&#30721;&#26041;&#26696;<a href="#&#32534;&#30721;&#26041;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>编码方案基本分为两类:变长和定长。</p>
 <ul>
 <li>GB2312/GBK使用变长编码。单字编码长度1-2字节。</li>
 <li>GB18030使用变长编码。单字编码长度1,2,4字节。</li>
@@ -2197,50 +13663,51 @@ <h2 id="-">编码方案</h2>
 <li>UCS-2采用定长编码。单字编码长度4字节。</li>
 <li>UTF-8使用变长编码。单字编码长度1-3字节。(如果加上BMP之外的话为1-6)</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>变长类的方案在微软里称为MBCS。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">兼容性</h2>
-<p>字符集兼容性:GB18030下行兼容GBK,GBK下行兼容GB2312。GB18030兼容Unicode3.1中日韩表意文字区。</p>
+<h2 id="&#20860;&#23481;&#24615;">&#20860;&#23481;&#24615;<a href="#&#20860;&#23481;&#24615;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>字符集兼容性:GB18030下行兼容GBK,GBK下行兼容GB2312。GB18030兼容Unicode3.1中日韩表意文字区。</p>
 <p>编码兼容性:UCS-2/UCS-4互相不兼容。UTF-8独立。GB18030的编码方式下行兼容GB2312/GBK。除了UCS-2/UCS-4以外,都兼容ascii。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>注意提到GBK很多地方都被写为GB2312。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
+<h2 id="Unicode">Unicode<a href="#Unicode">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2249,7 +13716,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
 <div>In [35]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>b</span><span>&quot;hello world&quot;</span>
+<div><pre><span>b</span><span>&quot;hello world&quot;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2263,10 +13730,8 @@ <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
 <div><div>Out[35]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&apos;hello world&apos;
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>&#39;hello world&#39;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2280,7 +13745,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
 <div>In [36]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>type</span><span>(</span><span>b</span><span>&quot;hello world&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>type</span><span>(</span><span>b</span><span>&quot;hello world&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2293,11 +13758,9 @@ <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
 
 <div><div>Out[36]:</div>
 
-
-<div>
-<pre>
-str
-</pre>
+
+<div>
+<pre>str</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2311,7 +13774,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
 <div>In [37]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>u&quot;hello world&quot;</span>
+<div><pre><span>u</span><span>&quot;hello world&quot;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2325,10 +13788,8 @@ <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
 <div><div>Out[37]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-u&apos;hello world&apos;
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>u&#39;hello world&#39;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2342,7 +13803,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
 <div>In [38]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>type</span><span>(</span><span>u&quot;hello world&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>type</span><span>(</span><span>u</span><span>&quot;hello world&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2356,10 +13817,8 @@ <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
 <div><div>Out[38]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-unicode
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>unicode</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2368,24 +13827,24 @@ <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>这里需要注意,Python内部的Unicode编码格式为UCS-4,而非UTF-8或者UCS-2。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
+<h2 id="Unicode-IO">Unicode IO<a href="#Unicode-IO">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2394,16 +13853,16 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 <div>In [39]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># encoding=utf-8</span>
+<div><pre><span># encoding=utf-8</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>io</span>
 
 <span>f</span> <span>=</span> <span>io</span><span>.</span><span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;abc.txt&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>&quot;wt&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>encoding</span><span>=</span><span>&quot;utf-8&quot;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>f</span><span>.</span><span>write</span><span>(</span><span>u&quot;想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>f</span><span>.</span><span>write</span><span>(</span><span>u</span><span>&quot;想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>f</span><span>.</span><span>close</span><span>()</span>
 
 <span># 如果在windows下,这个行为反而可能出现乱码。因为windows的默认编码为CP936,而不是UTF-8。</span>
 <span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>io</span><span>.</span><span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;abc.txt&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>encoding</span><span>=</span><span>&quot;utf-8&quot;</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>read</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2416,9 +13875,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
-
+<pre>想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2427,13 +13884,12 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [40]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l abc.txt
+<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l abc.txt
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2446,9 +13902,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
--rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 72 9月 5 18:14 abc.txt
-
+<pre>-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 72 10月 13 11:49 abc.txt
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2462,7 +13916,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 <div>In [41]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>cat abc.txt
+<div><pre><span>!</span>cat abc.txt
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2475,9 +13929,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
-</pre>
+<pre>想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2485,27 +13937,26 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [42]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># encoding=utf-8</span>
+<div><pre><span># encoding=utf-8</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>io</span>
 
 <span>f</span> <span>=</span> <span>io</span><span>.</span><span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;abc.txt&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>&quot;wt&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>encoding</span><span>=</span><span>&quot;gbk&quot;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>f</span><span>.</span><span>write</span><span>(</span><span>u&quot;想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文&quot;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>f</span><span>.</span><span>write</span><span>(</span><span>u</span><span>&quot;想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文&quot;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>f</span><span>.</span><span>close</span><span>()</span>
 
 <span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>io</span><span>.</span><span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;abc.txt&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>encoding</span><span>=</span><span>&quot;gbk&quot;</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>read</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;abc.txt&quot;</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>read</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>io</span><span>.</span><span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&quot;abc.txt&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>encoding</span><span>=</span><span>&quot;utf-8&quot;</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>read</span><span>()</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2518,33 +13969,31 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
+<pre>想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
 ����һ��������ijЩ�������ݣ�Ҳ���������Ļ��ߺ���
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 <div>
-<div>
+<div>
 <pre>
-<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
-<span>UnicodeDecodeError</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
-<span>&lt;ipython-input-42-d2ca517a40b2&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
-<span> 12</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span>text<span>)</span>
-<span> 13</span> 
-<span>---&gt; 14</span>text <span>=</span> io<span>.</span>open<span>(</span><span>&quot;abc.txt&quot;</span><span>,</span> encoding<span>=</span><span>&quot;utf-8&quot;</span><span>)</span><span>.</span>read<span>(</span><span>)</span>
-<span> 15</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span>text<span>)</span>
+<span>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span>UnicodeDecodeError</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
+<span>&lt;ipython-input-42-d2ca517a40b2&gt;</span> in <span>&lt;module&gt;</span><span>()</span>
+<span> 12</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span>text<span>)</span>
+<span> 13</span> 
+<span>---&gt; 14</span>text <span>=</span> io<span>.</span>open<span>(</span><span>&#34;abc.txt&#34;</span><span>,</span> encoding<span>=</span><span>&#34;utf-8&#34;</span><span>)</span><span>.</span>read<span>(</span><span>)</span>
+<span> 15</span> <span>print</span><span>(</span>text<span>)</span>
 
-<span>/usr/lib/python2.7/codecs.pyc</span> in <span>decode</span><span>(self, input, final)</span>
-<span> 312</span> <span># decode input (taking the buffer into account)</span>
-<span> 313</span> data <span>=</span> self<span>.</span>buffer <span>+</span> input
-<span>--&gt; 314</span><span>(</span>result<span>,</span> consumed<span>)</span> <span>=</span> self<span>.</span>_buffer_decode<span>(</span>data<span>,</span> self<span>.</span>errors<span>,</span> final<span>)</span>
-<span> 315</span> <span># keep undecoded input until the next call</span>
-<span> 316</span> self<span>.</span>buffer <span>=</span> data<span>[</span>consumed<span>:</span><span>]</span>
+<span>/usr/lib/python2.7/codecs.pyc</span> in <span>decode</span><span>(self, input, final)</span>
+<span> 312</span> <span># decode input (taking the buffer into account)</span>
+<span> 313</span> data <span>=</span> self<span>.</span>buffer <span>+</span> input
+<span>--&gt; 314</span><span>(</span>result<span>,</span> consumed<span>)</span> <span>=</span> self<span>.</span>_buffer_decode<span>(</span>data<span>,</span> self<span>.</span>errors<span>,</span> final<span>)</span>
+<span> 315</span> <span># keep undecoded input until the next call</span>
+<span> 316</span> self<span>.</span>buffer <span>=</span> data<span>[</span>consumed<span>:</span><span>]</span>
 
-<span>UnicodeDecodeError</span>: &apos;utf8&apos; codec can&apos;t decode byte 0xcf in position 0: invalid continuation byte</pre>
+<span>UnicodeDecodeError</span>: &#39;utf8&#39; codec can&#39;t decode byte 0xcf in position 0: invalid continuation byte</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2552,13 +14001,12 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [43]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l abc.txt
+<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l abc.txt
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2571,9 +14019,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
--rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 48 9月 5 18:14 abc.txt
-
+<pre>-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 48 10月 13 11:49 abc.txt
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2587,7 +14033,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 <div>In [44]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>cat abc.txt
+<div><pre><span>!</span>cat abc.txt
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2600,9 +14046,7 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-����һ��������ijЩ�������ݣ�Ҳ���������Ļ��ߺ���
-</pre>
+<pre>����һ��������ijЩ�������ݣ�Ҳ���������Ļ��ߺ���</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -2610,24 +14054,22 @@ <h2 id="unicode-io">Unicode IO</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>写一个程序,将文件从指定编码转换成指定编码。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>写一个程序,将文件从指定编码转换成指定编码。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2636,7 +14078,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [45]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>with</span> <span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;abc.txt&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;rb&#39;</span><span>)</span> <span>as</span> <span>fi</span><span>:</span>
+<div><pre><span>with</span> <span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;abc.txt&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;rb&#39;</span><span>)</span> <span>as</span> <span>fi</span><span>:</span>
 <span>data</span> <span>=</span> <span>fi</span><span>.</span><span>read</span><span>()</span>
 <span>data</span> <span>=</span> <span>data</span><span>.</span><span>decode</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;gbk&#39;</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>encode</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>with</span> <span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;abc.txt&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;wb&#39;</span><span>)</span> <span>as</span> <span>fo</span><span>:</span>
@@ -2653,7 +14095,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [46]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>cat abc.txt
+<div><pre><span>!</span>cat abc.txt
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2666,50 +14108,31 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-
+<pre>想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文</pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div><div style=display:none>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-<div>In [47]:</div>
-<div>
- <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>rm -f abc.txt
-</pre></div>
-
-</div>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div>
- </div></section><section>
- 
+</div></section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习(可选)</h2>
-<p>为上述程序增加猜测编码功能。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;&#65288;&#21487;&#36873;&#65289;">&#32451;&#20064;&#65288;&#21487;&#36873;&#65289;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;&#65288;&#21487;&#36873;&#65289;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>为上述程序增加猜测编码功能。</p>
 <p>注:本题目需要自行查阅chardet库的文档。这是一个猜测字符串编码的库。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2718,16 +14141,16 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [48]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># encoding=utf-8</span>
+<div><pre><span># encoding=utf-8</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>chardet</span>
 
-<span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>u&quot;想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>encode</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;gbk&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
+<span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>u</span><span>&quot;想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>encode</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;gbk&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>chardet</span><span>.</span><span>detect</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>chardet</span><span>.</span><span>detect</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>))</span>
 <span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>text</span><span>.</span><span>decode</span><span>(</span><span>chardet</span><span>.</span><span>detect</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)[</span><span>&#39;encoding&#39;</span><span>])</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>type</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>type</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2740,12 +14163,10 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-����һ��������ijЩ�������ݣ�Ҳ���������Ļ��ߺ���
-{&apos;confidence&apos;: 0.99, &apos;encoding&apos;: &apos;GB2312&apos;}
+<pre>����һ��������ijЩ�������ݣ�Ҳ���������Ļ��ߺ���
+{&#39;confidence&#39;: 0.99, &#39;encoding&#39;: &#39;GB2312&#39;}
 想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
-&lt;type &apos;unicode&apos;&gt;
-
+&lt;type &#39;unicode&#39;&gt;
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2754,22 +14175,21 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [49]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># encoding=utf-8</span>
+<div><pre><span># encoding=utf-8</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>chardet</span>
 
-<span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>u&quot;想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>encode</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
+<span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>u</span><span>&quot;想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文&quot;</span><span>.</span><span>encode</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>chardet</span><span>.</span><span>detect</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>chardet</span><span>.</span><span>detect</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>))</span>
 <span>text</span> <span>=</span> <span>text</span><span>.</span><span>decode</span><span>(</span><span>chardet</span><span>.</span><span>detect</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)[</span><span>&#39;encoding&#39;</span><span>])</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>type</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>type</span><span>(</span><span>text</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2782,12 +14202,10 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
-{&apos;confidence&apos;: 0.99, &apos;encoding&apos;: &apos;utf-8&apos;}
+<pre>想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
+{&#39;confidence&#39;: 0.99, &#39;encoding&#39;: &#39;utf-8&#39;}
 想象一下这里是某些中文内容,也可能是日文或者韩文
-&lt;type &apos;unicode&apos;&gt;
-
+&lt;type &#39;unicode&#39;&gt;
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2795,45 +14213,39 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">正则表达式入门</h1>
-<p>如果需要将一系列内容表述成文字,我们可以很方便的使用format来达成这一目标。</p>
+<h1 id="&#27491;&#21017;&#34920;&#36798;&#24335;&#20837;&#38376;">&#27491;&#21017;&#34920;&#36798;&#24335;&#20837;&#38376;<a href="#&#27491;&#21017;&#34920;&#36798;&#24335;&#20837;&#38376;">&#182;</a> </h1><p>如果需要将一系列内容表述成文字,我们可以很方便的使用format来达成这一目标。</p>
 <p>然而如果是表达完成的文字解析为内容(例如int)呢?format是否有一个反操作,能让我们方便的解析内容。</p>
 <p>当然,最傻的办法就是手写文字解析器。时间成本巨大,而且可变性很差。</p>
 <p>我们希望一种方法,能够使用和format里的语句&quot;差不多&quot;的东西完整这个功能。</p>
 <p>幸运的是,我们可以用正则表达式完成类似的功能(当然,有很大区别)。</p>
 <p>正则表达式是用于从文本中提取内容的表达式,你可以认为他是从字符串中提取字符串的字符串。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">从*和?说起</h2>
-<p>在搜索文件时,我们经常会用*和?表示适配一个或多个字符。</p>
+<h2 id="&#20174;*&#21644;?&#35828;&#36215;">&#20174;*&#21644;?&#35828;&#36215;<a href="#&#20174;*&#21644;?&#35828;&#36215;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在搜索文件时,我们经常会用*和?表示适配一个或多个字符。</p>
 <p>正则的思路和这个类似,但是更加复杂一些。他不但能表示匹配一个或多个字符,而且还能限定匹配哪个或者哪些字符,匹配多少。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">匹配规则</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#21305;&#37197;&#35268;&#21017;">&#21305;&#37197;&#35268;&#21017;<a href="#&#21305;&#37197;&#35268;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>. 匹配除换行符以外的任意字符</li>
 <li>\w 匹配字母或数字或下划线或汉字</li>
 <li>\s 匹配任意的空白符</li>
@@ -2842,17 +14254,16 @@ <h2 id="-">匹配规则</h2>
 <li>^ 匹配字符串的开始</li>
 <li>$ 匹配字符串的结束</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">重复次数</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#37325;&#22797;&#27425;&#25968;">&#37325;&#22797;&#27425;&#25968;<a href="#&#37325;&#22797;&#27425;&#25968;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>* 重复零次或更多次</li>
 <li>+ 重复一次或更多次</li>
 <li>? 重复零次或一次</li>
@@ -2860,105 +14271,96 @@ <h2 id="-">重复次数</h2>
 <li>{n,} 重复n次或更多次</li>
 <li>{n,m} 重复n到m次</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">例子</h2>
-<p>He was carefully disguised but captured quickly by police.</p>
+<h2 id="&#20363;&#23376;">&#20363;&#23376;<a href="#&#20363;&#23376;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>He was carefully disguised but captured quickly by police.</p>
 <p>\w+ly</p>
-<p>&#39;carefully&#39;, &#39;quickly&#39;</p>
+<p>'carefully', 'quickly'</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">字符范围</h2>
-<p>可以用[...]的语法来匹配自定义内容,例如[a-z0-9]*,表示小写或数字重复任意次。</p>
+<h2 id="&#23383;&#31526;&#33539;&#22260;">&#23383;&#31526;&#33539;&#22260;<a href="#&#23383;&#31526;&#33539;&#22260;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>可以用[...]的语法来匹配自定义内容,例如[a-z0-9]*,表示小写或数字重复任意次。</p>
 <p>可以用^表示求反,除去这个字符不匹配。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">捕获</h2>
-<p>在正则表达式中,可以用(...)的语法表示捕获部分内容。</p>
+<h2 id="&#25429;&#33719;">&#25429;&#33719;<a href="#&#25429;&#33719;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在正则表达式中,可以用(...)的语法表示捕获部分内容。</p>
 <p>例如([^/]*),表示匹配直到/之前的所有内容,并且捕获。</p>
 <p>被捕获的内容可以后续使用(例如用于内容替换,像sed),或者在一次匹配中或的多个内容(例如在re库中使用groups,后面会讲)。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">非贪婪匹配</h2>
-<p>常规来说,正则会匹配&quot;尽量长&quot;的字符。例如我们用(h.*o),试图匹配hello, fox中的hello。但是实际结果是hello, fo。</p>
+<h2 id="&#38750;&#36138;&#23146;&#21305;&#37197;">&#38750;&#36138;&#23146;&#21305;&#37197;<a href="#&#38750;&#36138;&#23146;&#21305;&#37197;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>常规来说,正则会匹配&quot;尽量长&quot;的字符。例如我们用(h.*o),试图匹配hello, fox中的hello。但是实际结果是hello, fo。</p>
 <p>可以在匹配规则后面加?,表示非贪婪匹配。</p>
 <p>此时正则会尽力匹配&quot;尽量短&quot;的字符。例如(h.*?o)去匹配hello, fox,此时得到hello。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">其他材料</h2>
-<p><a href="/index.cgi/contrast/http://deerchao.net/tutorials/regex/regex.htm">正则表达式30分钟入门教程</a> </p>
+<h2 id="&#20854;&#20182;&#26448;&#26009;">&#20854;&#20182;&#26448;&#26009;<a href="#&#20854;&#20182;&#26448;&#26009;">&#182;</a> </h2><p><a href="/index.cgi/contrast/http://deerchao.net/tutorials/regex/regex.htm">正则表达式30分钟入门教程</a> </p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>写出一个正则表达式,匹配手机号码。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>写出一个正则表达式,匹配手机号码。</p>
 <p>写出一个正则表达式,匹配ipv4地址。</p>
 <p>观看下面两个范例,解释逻辑:</p>
 <p>匹配url: <code>(http&#124;ftp&#124;https):\/\/[\w\-_]+(\.[\w\-_]+)+([\w\-\.,@?^=%&amp;amp;:/~\+#]*)?</code></p>
 <p>匹配email地址: <code>[a-z]([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)*@([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)+[\.][a-z]{2,3}([\.][a-z]{2})?</code></p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="python-">Python库示例</h1>
+<h1 id="Python&#24211;&#31034;&#20363;">Python&#24211;&#31034;&#20363;<a href="#Python&#24211;&#31034;&#20363;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-sys">标准库:sys</h2>
+<h2 id="&#26631;&#20934;&#24211;:sys">&#26631;&#20934;&#24211;:sys<a href="#&#26631;&#20934;&#24211;:sys">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2967,9 +14369,9 @@ <h2 id="-sys">标准库:sys</h2>
 <div>In [50]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>version_info</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>version_info</span><span>.</span><span>major</span> <span>==</span> <span>3</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>version_info</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>version_info</span><span>.</span><span>major</span> <span>==</span> <span>3</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -2982,10 +14384,8 @@ <h2 id="-sys">标准库:sys</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-sys.version_info(major=2, minor=7, micro=12, releaselevel=&apos;final&apos;, serial=0)
+<pre>sys.version_info(major=2, minor=7, micro=12, releaselevel=&#39;final&#39;, serial=0)
 False
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -2994,13 +14394,12 @@ <h2 id="-sys">标准库:sys</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-logging">标准库:logging</h2>
+<h2 id="&#26631;&#20934;&#24211;:logging">&#26631;&#20934;&#24211;:logging<a href="#&#26631;&#20934;&#24211;:logging">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3009,11 +14408,11 @@ <h2 id="-logging">标准库:logging</h2>
 <div>In [51]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>os</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>os</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>platform</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>logging</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;normal output&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;normal output&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>logger</span> <span>=</span> <span>logging</span><span>.</span><span>getLogger</span><span>()</span>
 <span>logger</span><span>.</span><span>setLevel</span><span>(</span><span>logging</span><span>.</span><span>DEBUG</span><span>)</span>
@@ -3033,20 +14432,16 @@ <h2 id="-logging">标准库:logging</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-DEBUG:root:Start of the program
+<pre>DEBUG:root:Start of the program
 INFO:root:Doing something
 WARNING:root:Dying now
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-normal output
-
+<pre>normal output
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3055,14 +14450,12 @@ <h2 id="-logging">标准库:logging</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="re">re</h2>
-<p>re是一个用来处理正则表达式的库。</p>
+<h2 id="re">re<a href="#re">&#182;</a> </h2><p>re是一个用来处理正则表达式的库。</p>
 <ul>
 <li>compile 将一个正则表达式&quot;编译&quot;。编译后的正则表达式对象比直接运行拥有更快的速度。</li>
 <li>search 在一系列文字中搜索。</li>
@@ -3071,16 +14464,16 @@ <h2 id="re">re</h2>
 <li>findall 找到所有符合正则的子字符串。</li>
 <li>sub 对文本进行替换。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [52]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
 
 <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;He was carefully disguised but captured quickly by police.&#39;</span>
 <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;\w+ly&#39;</span><span>)</span>
@@ -3098,10 +14491,8 @@ <h2 id="re">re</h2>
 <div><div>Out[52]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-[&apos;carefully&apos;, &apos;quickly&apos;]
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>[&#39;carefully&#39;, &#39;quickly&#39;]</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3110,37 +14501,34 @@ <h2 id="re">re</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="search-match-">search和match的区别</h2>
-<p>match一定从字符串的头开始匹配,search搜索全部文本。search即使用了^,也可能匹配到一个新行。</p>
+<h2 id="search&#21644;match&#30340;&#21306;&#21035;">search&#21644;match&#30340;&#21306;&#21035;<a href="#search&#21644;match&#30340;&#21306;&#21035;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>match一定从字符串的头开始匹配,search搜索全部文本。search即使用了^,也可能匹配到一个新行。</p>
 <p>因此,要匹配头部,或者整个完整字符串,需要用match。而要在文字中搜索,需要用search。</p>
 <p>细节:从复杂性上看,理所当然的,match更快。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>请写程序验证在&quot;正则表达式&quot;一节中所写的那些正则。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>请写程序验证在&quot;正则表达式&quot;一节中所写的那些正则。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3149,11 +14537,11 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [53]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
 
-<span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1\d{10}&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;13512345678&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;021-10101010&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1\d</span><span>{10}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;13512345678&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;021-10101010&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3166,10 +14554,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7f9a0819a7e8&gt;
+<pre>&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7fc8c9c6e1d0&gt;
 None
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3178,20 +14564,19 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [54]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
 
-<span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r&#39;\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;192.168.0.1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1200年5月4日.3&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;abc.def.ghi.jkl&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>&#39;\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;192.168.0.1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1200年5月4日.3&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;abc.def.ghi.jkl&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;192.168.0.999&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;192.168.0.999&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3204,12 +14589,10 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7f9a0819a988&gt;
+<pre>&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7fc8c9c6e370&gt;
 None
 None
-&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7f9a0819a988&gt;
-
+&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7fc8c9c6e370&gt;
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3218,18 +14601,17 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [55]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
 
 <span># source: http://c.biancheng.net/cpp/html/1435.html</span>
-<span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r&#39;(http&#124;ftp&#124;https):\/\/[\w\-_]+(\.[\w\-_]+)+([\w\-\.,@?^=%&amp;amp;:/~\+#]*)?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;http://regxlib.com/Default.aspx&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;regxlib.com&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>&#39;(http&#124;ftp&#124;https):\/\/[\w\-_]+(\.[\w\-_]+)+([\w\-\.,@?^=%&amp;amp;:/~\+#]*)?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;http://regxlib.com/Default.aspx&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;regxlib.com&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3242,10 +14624,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7f9a123f53c0&gt;
+<pre>&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7fc8c9c44458&gt;
 None
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3254,18 +14634,17 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [56]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
 
 <span># source: http://bbs.csdn.net/topics/60032440</span>
-<span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r&#39;[a-z]([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)*@([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)+[\.][a-z]{2,3}([\.][a-z]{2})?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;shell999@gmail.com&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;000@shell@1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>&#39;[a-z]([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)*@([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)+[\.][a-z]{2,3}([\.][a-z]</span><span>{2}</span><span>)?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;shell999@gmail.com&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;000@shell@1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3278,10 +14657,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7f9a123f5750&gt;
+<pre>&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7fc8c9c440c8&gt;
 None
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3290,13 +14667,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="pickle">pickle</h2>
+<h2 id="pickle">pickle<a href="#pickle">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3305,7 +14681,7 @@ <h2 id="pickle">pickle</h2>
 <div>In [57]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>pickle</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>pickle</span>
 <span>shoplistfile</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;shoplist.data&#39;</span>
 <span>shoplist</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>&#39;apple&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;mango&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;carrot&#39;</span><span>]</span>
 <span>f</span> <span>=</span> <span>open</span><span>(</span><span>shoplistfile</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;wb&#39;</span><span>)</span>
@@ -3314,7 +14690,7 @@ <h2 id="pickle">pickle</h2>
 <span>del</span> <span>shoplist</span>
 <span>f</span> <span>=</span> <span>open</span><span>(</span><span>shoplistfile</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;rb&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span>storedlist</span> <span>=</span> <span>pickle</span><span>.</span><span>load</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>storedlist</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>storedlist</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3327,9 +14703,7 @@ <h2 id="pickle">pickle</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-[&apos;apple&apos;, &apos;mango&apos;, &apos;carrot&apos;]
-
+<pre>[&#39;apple&#39;, &#39;mango&#39;, &#39;carrot&#39;]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3343,7 +14717,7 @@ <h2 id="pickle">pickle</h2>
 <div>In [58]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l shoplist.data
+<div><pre><span>!</span>ls -l shoplist.data
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3356,9 +14730,7 @@ <h2 id="pickle">pickle</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
--rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 46 9月 5 18:14 shoplist.data
-
+<pre>-rw-r--r-- 1 shell shell 46 10月 13 11:49 shoplist.data
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3366,57 +14738,39 @@ <h2 id="pickle">pickle</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div><div style=display:none>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-<div>In [59]:</div>
-<div>
- <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>rm shoplist.data
-</pre></div>
-
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
- </div></section><section>
- 
+</div></section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="datetime">datetime</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="datetime">datetime<a href="#datetime">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>datetime.fromtimestamp</li>
 <li>datetime.now</li>
 <li>datetime.strptime</li>
 <li>datetime.strftime</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>不要写任何代码,求出攻占攻占巴士底狱发生在周几?</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>不要写任何代码,求出攻占攻占巴士底狱发生在周几?</p>
 <p>提示:攻占巴士底狱发生在西历1789年7月14日。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3425,8 +14779,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [60]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>datetime</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>datetime</span><span>.</span><span>date</span><span>(</span><span>1789</span><span>,</span> <span>7</span><span>,</span> <span>14</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>weekday</span><span>())</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>datetime</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>datetime</span><span>.</span><span>date</span><span>(</span><span>1789</span><span>,</span> <span>7</span><span>,</span> <span>14</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span>weekday</span><span>())</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3439,9 +14793,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-1
-
+<pre>1
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3456,42 +14808,40 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>帮助文档看<a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.weekday">这里</a>。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="math">math</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="math">math<a href="#math">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>math.exp</li>
 <li>math.log</li>
 <li>math.pow</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>算出2**15有多少位数。2**11515呢?2**115151515呢?</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>算出2**15有多少位数。2**11515呢?2**115151515呢?</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3500,7 +14850,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [61]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>2</span><span>**</span><span>15</span>
+<div><pre><span>2</span><span>**</span><span>15</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3514,10 +14864,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div><div>Out[61]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-32768
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>32768</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3531,7 +14879,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [62]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>str</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>**</span><span>15</span><span>))</span>
+<div><pre><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>str</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>**</span><span>15</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3545,10 +14893,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div><div>Out[62]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-5
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>5</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3562,7 +14908,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [63]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>2</span><span>**</span><span>1515</span>
+<div><pre><span>2</span><span>**</span><span>1515</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3576,10 +14922,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div><div>Out[63]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-1149326528034702581682260802282483154731794952366680598907315749676350303455258941969435226491616272765850432529872896570140083779714087641224676603265178037383658094111263859162703551253166913832114001816457662609862015656425761751871770440149072630404384442015791262449967076912697519498726922973530707535919651560412212344672313695699099755325593751836252686364599363077472034064061672117649734107141736148353976201394067293417855894280067914417745952768L
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>1149326528034702581682260802282483154731794952366680598907315749676350303455258941969435226491616272765850432529872896570140083779714087641224676603265178037383658094111263859162703551253166913832114001816457662609862015656425761751871770440149072630404384442015791262449967076912697519498726922973530707535919651560412212344672313695699099755325593751836252686364599363077472034064061672117649734107141736148353976201394067293417855894280067914417745952768L</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3593,7 +14937,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [64]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>str</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>**</span><span>1515</span><span>))</span>
+<div><pre><span>len</span><span>(</span><span>str</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>**</span><span>1515</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3607,10 +14951,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div><div>Out[64]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-457
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>457</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3619,24 +14961,23 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [65]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># log(2**15151515) == log2 * 15151515 == log10 * (log2/log10) * 15151515</span>
+<div><pre><span># log(2**15151515) == log2 * 15151515 == log10 * (log2/log10) * 15151515</span>
 <span># 2**15151515 == 10**((log2/log10) * 15151515)</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>math</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>15</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>int</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>15</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>1</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>15</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>int</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>15</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>1</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>1515</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>int</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>1515</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>1</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>1515</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>int</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>1515</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>1</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>15151515</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>int</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>15151515</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>1</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>15151515</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>int</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>15151515</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>1</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3649,14 +14990,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-4.51544993496
+<pre>4.51544993496
 5
 456.060443431
 457
 4561060.49475
 4561061
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3665,18 +15004,17 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [66]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>math</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>math</span>
 <span>f</span> <span>=</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>:</span> <span>int</span><span>((</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>2</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>math</span><span>.</span><span>log</span><span>(</span><span>10</span><span>))</span> <span>*</span> <span>x</span><span>)</span> <span>+</span> <span>1</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>(</span><span>15</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>(</span><span>1515</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>(</span><span>15151515</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>(</span><span>15</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>(</span><span>1515</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>(</span><span>15151515</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3689,11 +15027,9 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-5
+<pre>5
 457
 4561061
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3702,51 +15038,49 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="random">random</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="random">random<a href="#random">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>randint 指定区间的随机数字</li>
 <li>choice 从集合中随机挑选一个</li>
 <li>shuffle 随机打乱集合</li>
 <li>random 从0-1之间随机产生一个浮点数</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>做一个抽奖程序</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>做一个抽奖程序</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>这里要着重指出,抽奖程序是否支持重复抽奖。尤其是无放回重复抽奖。随机抽奖只需要用choice,无放回抽奖需要用shuffle。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3755,16 +15089,16 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [67]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>u&#39;赵钱孙李周吴郑王&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>u</span><span>&#39;赵钱孙李周吴郑王&#39;</span>
 <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>list</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>import</span> <span>random</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>random</span><span>.</span><span>choice</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3777,14 +15111,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-吴
-赵
-王
+<pre>孙
+郑
+郑
 孙
-赵
-赵
-
+吴
+钱
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3793,23 +15125,22 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [68]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>u&#39;赵钱孙李周吴郑王&#39;</span>
+<div><pre><span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>u</span><span>&#39;赵钱孙李周吴郑王&#39;</span>
 <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>list</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>import</span> <span>random</span>
 <span>random</span><span>.</span><span>shuffle</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>())</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3822,14 +15153,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
+<pre>赵
 钱
-孙
-赵
-吴
-郑
 李
-
+周
+郑
+王
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3838,14 +15167,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="path">path</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="path">path<a href="#path">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>basename</li>
 <li>dirname</li>
 <li>exists</li>
@@ -3855,44 +15182,42 @@ <h2 id="path">path</h2>
 <li>realpath</li>
 <li>splitext</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="subprocess">subprocess</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="subprocess">subprocess<a href="#subprocess">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>call</li>
 <li>check_output</li>
 <li>Popen</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>完成<code>grep -v ^# file &#124; wc -l</code>的功能,注意不能用shell调用。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>完成<code>grep -v ^# file &#124; wc -l</code>的功能,注意不能用shell调用。</p>
 <p>用python代码完成上述功能。</p>
 <p>注意: windows的同学无法做grep和wc,所以这道题目只能用python代码完成这部分功能。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3901,7 +15226,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [69]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>cat /etc/rc.local
+<div><pre><span>!</span>cat /etc/rc.local
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3914,13 +15239,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-#!/bin/sh -e
+<pre>#!/bin/sh -e
 #
 # rc.local
 #
 # This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel.
-# Make sure that the script will &quot;exit 0&quot; on success or any other
+# Make sure that the script will &#34;exit 0&#34; on success or any other
 # value on error.
 #
 # In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution
@@ -3929,7 +15253,6 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 # By default this script does nothing.
 
 exit 0
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3943,7 +15266,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [70]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>grep -v ^# /etc/rc.local <span>&#124;</span> wc -l
+<div><pre><span>!</span>grep -v ^# /etc/rc.local <span>&#124;</span> wc -l
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -3956,9 +15279,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-2
-
+<pre>2
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -3967,13 +15288,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [71]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span># grep -v ^# file &#124; wc -l</span>
+<div><pre><span># grep -v ^# file &#124; wc -l</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>subprocess</span>
 
 <span>p1</span> <span>=</span> <span>subprocess</span><span>.</span><span>Popen</span><span>([</span><span>&quot;grep&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>&quot;-v&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>&quot;^#&quot;</span><span>,</span> <span>&quot;/etc/rc.local&quot;</span><span>],</span> <span>stdout</span><span>=</span><span>subprocess</span><span>.</span><span>PIPE</span><span>)</span>
@@ -3993,10 +15313,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div><div>Out[71]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-2
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>2</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4005,20 +15323,19 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [72]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>io</span>
 
 <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;^#&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 <span># 在python2下无需考虑编码。</span>
 <span># python3下由于re需要处理string而非bytes,因此需要对输入做转码。</span>
 <span>with</span> <span>io</span><span>.</span><span>open</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;/etc/rc.local&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;r&#39;</span><span>,</span> <span>encoding</span><span>=</span><span>&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span>)</span> <span>as</span> <span>fi</span><span>:</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>([</span><span>line</span> <span>for</span> <span>line</span> <span>in</span> <span>fi</span> <span>if</span> <span>not</span> <span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>line</span><span>)]))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>len</span><span>([</span><span>line</span> <span>for</span> <span>line</span> <span>in</span> <span>fi</span> <span>if</span> <span>not</span> <span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>line</span><span>)]))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4031,9 +15348,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-2
-
+<pre>2
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4042,40 +15357,37 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="pdb">pdb</h2>
-<p>使用python -m pdb file.py来启动你的某个程序。</p>
+<h2 id="pdb">pdb<a href="#pdb">&#182;</a> </h2><p>使用python -m pdb file.py来启动你的某个程序。</p>
 <p>然后试试看跟踪运行过程,看看你的解释是否正确。</p>
 <p>如果希望在程序中快速定位到某个位置,可以考虑set_trace调用。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="unittest">unittest</h2>
-<p>执行某个代码,并且设定一些assert。如果全部正确,那么测试通过。如果出现问题,那么该子项测试失败。</p>
+<h2 id="unittest">unittest<a href="#unittest">&#182;</a> </h2><p>执行某个代码,并且设定一些assert。如果全部正确,那么测试通过。如果出现问题,那么该子项测试失败。</p>
 <p>unittest的好处在于,对每个小的代码段,实现一个小的自动化测试脚本,并且这些脚本可以根据框架规则整合到一起。</p>
 <p>当代码段增多,每个代码的修改变复杂的时候,依然可以保证这些小的代码片段正确实现了当初预订的逻辑。</p>
 <p>只要单元测试是通过的,那么每个小片段代码的逻辑就是大致上正确的。这可以有力的保证最终代码是正确的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [73]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>unittest</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>unittest</span>
 
 <span>class</span> <span>TestStringMethods</span><span>(</span><span>unittest</span><span>.</span><span>TestCase</span><span>):</span>
 
@@ -4107,13 +15419,11 @@ <h2 id="unittest">unittest</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-...
+<pre>...
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ran 3 tests in 0.001s
+Ran 3 tests in 0.004s
 
 OK
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4121,10 +15431,8 @@ <h2 id="unittest">unittest</h2>
 <div><div>Out[73]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&lt;unittest.runner.TextTestResult run=3 errors=0 failures=0&gt;
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>&lt;unittest.runner.TextTestResult run=3 errors=0 failures=0&gt;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4133,24 +15441,22 @@ <h2 id="unittest">unittest</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">练习</h2>
-<p>针对&quot;正则表达式&quot;一节中的表达式,建立正向和反向用例,检验其正确性。</p>
+<h2 id="&#32451;&#20064;">&#32451;&#20064;<a href="#&#32451;&#20064;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>针对&quot;正则表达式&quot;一节中的表达式,建立正向和反向用例,检验其正确性。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4159,11 +15465,11 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [74]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
+<div><pre><span>import</span> <span>re</span>
 <span>import</span> <span>unittest</span><span>,</span> <span>unittest.loader</span>
 
 <span>class</span> <span>TestMobile</span><span>(</span><span>unittest</span><span>.</span><span>TestCase</span><span>):</span>
- <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1\d{10}&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1\d</span><span>{10}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>test_match</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>assertTrue</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;13512345678&#39;</span><span>))</span>
@@ -4172,7 +15478,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>assertFalse</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;021-10101010&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 
 <span>class</span> <span>TestInetAddr</span><span>(</span><span>unittest</span><span>.</span><span>TestCase</span><span>):</span>
- <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r&#39;\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>&#39;\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}\.\d{0,3}&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>test_ipv4</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>assertTrue</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;192.168.0.1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
@@ -4191,15 +15497,14 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [75]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>TestUrl</span><span>(</span><span>unittest</span><span>.</span><span>TestCase</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>class</span> <span>TestUrl</span><span>(</span><span>unittest</span><span>.</span><span>TestCase</span><span>):</span>
 <span># source: http://c.biancheng.net/cpp/html/1435.html</span>
- <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r&#39;(http&#124;ftp&#124;https):\/\/[\w\-_]+(\.[\w\-_]+)+([\w\-\.,@?^=%&amp;amp;:/~\+#]*)?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>&#39;(http&#124;ftp&#124;https):\/\/[\w\-_]+(\.[\w\-_]+)+([\w\-\.,@?^=%&amp;amp;:/~\+#]*)?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>test_url</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>assertTrue</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;http://regxlib.com/Default.aspx&#39;</span><span>))</span>
@@ -4209,7 +15514,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <span>class</span> <span>TestEmail</span><span>(</span><span>unittest</span><span>.</span><span>TestCase</span><span>):</span>
 <span># source: http://bbs.csdn.net/topics/60032440</span>
- <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r&#39;[a-z]([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)*@([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)+[\.][a-z]{2,3}([\.][a-z]{2})?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+ <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>re</span><span>.</span><span>compile</span><span>(</span><span>r</span><span>&#39;[a-z]([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)*@([a-z0-9]*[-_]?[a-z0-9]+)+[\.][a-z]{2,3}([\.][a-z]</span><span>{2}</span><span>)?&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>test_email</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>):</span>
 <span>self</span><span>.</span><span>assertTrue</span><span>(</span><span>self</span><span>.</span><span>r</span><span>.</span><span>match</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;shell999@gmail.com&#39;</span><span>))</span>
@@ -4223,13 +15528,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [76]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>suite</span> <span>=</span> <span>unittest</span><span>.</span><span>TestSuite</span><span>()</span>
+<div><pre><span>suite</span> <span>=</span> <span>unittest</span><span>.</span><span>TestSuite</span><span>()</span>
 <span>loader</span> <span>=</span> <span>unittest</span><span>.</span><span>TestLoader</span><span>()</span>
 <span>suite</span><span>.</span><span>addTest</span><span>(</span><span>loader</span><span>.</span><span>loadTestsFromTestCase</span><span>(</span><span>TestMobile</span><span>))</span>
 <span>suite</span><span>.</span><span>addTest</span><span>(</span><span>loader</span><span>.</span><span>loadTestsFromTestCase</span><span>(</span><span>TestInetAddr</span><span>))</span>
@@ -4248,21 +15552,19 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-....F....
+<pre>....F....
 ======================================================================
 FAIL: test_wrong (__main__.TestInetAddr)
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Traceback (most recent call last):
- File &quot;&lt;ipython-input-74-ea312ac19d96&gt;&quot;, line 25, in test_wrong
- self.assertFalse(self.r.match(&apos;192.168.0.999&apos;))
-AssertionError: &lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7f9a080c5850&gt; is not false
+ File &#34;&lt;ipython-input-74-ea312ac19d96&gt;&#34;, line 25, in test_wrong
+ self.assertFalse(self.r.match(&#39;192.168.0.999&#39;))
+AssertionError: &lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7fc8c9c8b440&gt; is not false
 
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ran 9 tests in 0.003s
+Ran 9 tests in 0.006s
 
 FAILED (failures=1)
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4270,10 +15572,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div><div>Out[76]:</div>
 
 
-<div>
-<pre>
-&lt;unittest.runner.TextTestResult run=9 errors=0 failures=1&gt;
-</pre>
+<div>
+<pre>&lt;unittest.runner.TextTestResult run=9 errors=0 failures=1&gt;</pre>
 </div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4281,33 +15581,30 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">复杂例子:计算器</h1>
-<p>记得我们上面做过的练习&quot;计算器&quot;么?下面我们要做一个带有优先级和括号处理能力的复杂版本计算器。</p>
+<h1 id="&#22797;&#26434;&#20363;&#23376;&#65306;&#35745;&#31639;&#22120;">&#22797;&#26434;&#20363;&#23376;&#65306;&#35745;&#31639;&#22120;<a href="#&#22797;&#26434;&#20363;&#23376;&#65306;&#35745;&#31639;&#22120;">&#182;</a> </h1><p>记得我们上面做过的练习&quot;计算器&quot;么?下面我们要做一个带有优先级和括号处理能力的复杂版本计算器。</p>
 <p>请先思考一下,这类计算器如何做。然后试着实现一下想法。(假定目前只支持双目算符,但是优先级可能超过两个级别)</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>我实现了一下,用了20分钟。有这个时间内能够做出来的学生请务必联系我。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 
@@ -4320,10 +15617,10 @@ <h1 id="-">复杂例子:计算器</h1>
 <p>因此,我们需要构建一个list,并记录一个计算位置。</p>
 <p>如果这个位置的优先级比前面的更高,那么继续向后移动。如果优先级比前面更低或相等,那么先计算前面的数据,并且将被计算部分从list中移走,插入计算结果。</p>
 <p>在表达式结束的时候,通过持续的计算和缩减前面的数据,可以使前面的数据剩下且只剩下一项。这项即是我们需要的结果。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
@@ -4332,16 +15629,16 @@ <h1 id="-">复杂例子:计算器</h1>
 <p>括号的问题更容易解决一些。</p>
 <p>我们可以在看到(的时候,将剩余表达式作为一个新表达式传递给自身(递归)来求值,并且将)看做是一种表达式终结。</p>
 <p>这样,()中的内容会被表达式计算函数吸收并运算成结果,替代在原始位置。经过有限次递归后,这个问题总是可以解决的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">答案</h2>
+<h2 id="&#31572;&#26696;">&#31572;&#26696;<a href="#&#31572;&#26696;">&#182;</a> </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4350,7 +15647,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <div>In [77]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>#!/usr/bin/python</span>
+<div><pre><span>#!/usr/bin/python</span>
 <span># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
 <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
 <span>@date: 2016年09月02日</span>
@@ -4359,8 +15656,8 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>@license: BSD-3-clause</span>
 <span>&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
 
-<span>op_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span><span>&#39;(&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>None</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;)&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>None</span><span>,</span>
+<span>op_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span><span>&#39;(&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>None</span><span>,</span>
+ <span>&#39;)&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>None</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>+</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;-&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>-</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
 <span>&#39;*&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>*</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
@@ -4386,13 +15683,12 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [78]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>find_last_op</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>find_last_op</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>):</span>
 <span>for</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>reversed</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>):</span>
 <span>if</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>op_set</span><span>:</span> <span>return</span> <span>e</span>
 
@@ -4401,7 +15697,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>op</span> <span>=</span> <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
 <span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
 <span>result</span> <span>=</span> <span>op_set</span><span>[</span><span>op</span><span>](</span><span>l</span><span>,</span> <span>r</span><span>)</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;{} {} {} =&gt; {}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>op</span><span>,</span> <span>l</span><span>,</span> <span>r</span><span>,</span> <span>result</span><span>))</span>
+ <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;</span><span>{}</span><span>{}</span><span>{}</span><span> =&gt; </span><span>{}</span><span>&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>op</span><span>,</span> <span>l</span><span>,</span> <span>r</span><span>,</span> <span>result</span><span>))</span>
 <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>result</span><span>)</span>
 
 <span>def</span> <span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
@@ -4414,9 +15710,9 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 <span>if</span> <span>e</span> <span>not</span> <span>in</span> <span>op_set</span><span>:</span>
 <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>float</span><span>(</span><span>e</span><span>))</span>
 <span>continue</span>
- <span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
 <span>last</span> <span>=</span> <span>find_last_op</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>last</span> <span>is</span> <span>None</span> <span>or</span> <span>op_priority</span><span>[</span><span>last</span><span>]</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>op_priority</span><span>[</span><span>e</span><span>]:</span> <span>break</span>
+ <span>if</span> <span>last</span> <span>is</span> <span>None</span> <span>or</span> <span>op_priority</span><span>[</span><span>last</span><span>]</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>op_priority</span><span>[</span><span>e</span><span>]:</span> <span>break</span>
 <span>force_stack</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span>
 <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>e</span><span>)</span>
 <span>while</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span>
@@ -4429,20 +15725,19 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [79]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
+<div><pre><span>def</span> <span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
 <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>parser_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>)</span>
 <span>return</span> <span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>)</span>
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;2*3+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2*3&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(1.1+2.5/10)*3/4+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>eval</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(1.1+2.5/10)*3/4+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;2*3+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2*3&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(1.1+2.5/10)*3/4+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>eval</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(1.1+2.5/10)*3/4+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4455,8 +15750,7 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-* 2.0 3.0 =&gt; 6.0
+<pre>* 2.0 3.0 =&gt; 6.0
 + 6.0 1.0 =&gt; 7.0
 7.0
 * 2.0 3.0 =&gt; 6.0
@@ -4469,7 +15763,6 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 + 1.0125 1.0 =&gt; 2.0125
 2.0125
 2.0125
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4477,17 +15770,13 @@ <h2 id="-">答案</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="pep8-">pep8代码规范</h1>
-<ul>
+<h1 id="pep8&#20195;&#30721;&#35268;&#33539;">pep8&#20195;&#30721;&#35268;&#33539;<a href="#pep8&#20195;&#30721;&#35268;&#33539;">&#182;</a> </h1><ul>
 <li>对齐规则</li>
 <li>导入规则</li>
 <li>空格规则</li>
@@ -4496,17 +15785,16 @@ <h1 id="pep8-">pep8代码规范</h1>
 <li>异常规则</li>
 <li>编程细节</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">对齐规则</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#23545;&#40784;&#35268;&#21017;">&#23545;&#40784;&#35268;&#21017;<a href="#&#23545;&#40784;&#35268;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>使用空格而非tab,除非文件已经使用tab缩进。</li>
 <li>使用4空格缩进。对于跨行而言,4空格缩进是可选的。</li>
 <li>一行代码最长79个字符。对于不遵从结构的长段落(例如docstring或注释),行长度限制应当在72个字符以内。</li>
@@ -4516,17 +15804,16 @@ <h2 id="-">对齐规则</h2>
 <li>独立的顶级函数和类应该被两行空行包围。类里面的函数应被一行空行包围。</li>
 <li>鼓励使用空行来分割代码中的逻辑段落,形成有节奏感的代码。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">导入规则</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#23548;&#20837;&#35268;&#21017;">&#23548;&#20837;&#35268;&#21017;<a href="#&#23548;&#20837;&#35268;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>文件应使用utf-8编码。符号应使用英文(但不排斥拼音)。</li>
 <li>一行import操作一个module,但是from import多个符号是OK的。</li>
 <li>import应该始终在文件头部。</li>
@@ -4536,28 +15823,28 @@ <h2 id="-">导入规则</h2>
 <li>模块级dunders(例如__all__,__version__),应定义在doc string和__future__的后面,但是在import的前面。</li>
 <li>文件的推荐次序依次是Sha-Bang,encoding声明,注释,module doc string,__future__ import,dunders,import,global和常量定义。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div><aside>
- 
+
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>文件里唯一应当出现非ascii字符的地方,只有测试非ascii字符,和作者的名字。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
- </aside></section><section>
- 
+</aside></section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">空格规则</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#31354;&#26684;&#35268;&#21017;">&#31354;&#26684;&#35268;&#21017;<a href="#&#31354;&#26684;&#35268;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>以下情况不应使用空格:<ul>
 <li>括号,方括号和花括号内部的包围空格。</li>
 <li>冒号,逗号和分号前面的空格。</li>
@@ -4576,17 +15863,16 @@ <h2 id="-">空格规则</h2>
 </ul>
 </li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">注释规则</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#27880;&#37322;&#35268;&#21017;">&#27880;&#37322;&#35268;&#21017;<a href="#&#27880;&#37322;&#35268;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>注释和代码不符比没有注释更糟糕。所以注释的有效性应被视为代码正确性的一部分。</li>
 <li>对于非英语作者,请使用英文注释。除非你万分确定代码永远不会被这种语言外的使用者阅读。(否则你的注释就是无用的)</li>
 <li>块注释一般和代码缩进对齐,并注释下面的代码。每行都应以#和空格开头。</li>
@@ -4595,17 +15881,16 @@ <h2 id="-">注释规则</h2>
 <li>结束docstring的三引号应当有自己单独的一行。</li>
 <li>对于单行的docstring,三引号需要保持在同一行上。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">命名规则</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#21629;&#21517;&#35268;&#21017;">&#21629;&#21517;&#35268;&#21017;<a href="#&#21629;&#21517;&#35268;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>永远不要用lIOo单独作为变量名,因为搞不清谁是谁。</li>
 <li>模块建议使用短的,全小写名字。如果有助于阅读,可以用_。包应该始终用短的,小写名字。不鼓励用_。</li>
 <li>使用C/C++模块外面包装一个py时,一般有一个前置的_。</li>
@@ -4613,10 +15898,10 @@ <h2 id="-">命名规则</h2>
 <li>类型名称建议使用驼峰字。</li>
 <li>异常基本上是类,所以异常应使用驼峰字。但是最后可以加Error后缀来标识。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
@@ -4629,17 +15914,16 @@ <h2 id="-">命名规则</h2>
 <li>常量始终全大写。</li>
 <li>如果要访问类属性,直接访问类属性即可,不需要额外的getter/setter。因为python允许你使用property来重载这个属性。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">异常规则</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#24322;&#24120;&#35268;&#21017;">&#24322;&#24120;&#35268;&#21017;<a href="#&#24322;&#24120;&#35268;&#21017;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>从Exception继承异常而不是从BaseException继承。</li>
 <li>谨慎使用异常串。</li>
 <li>使用raise Exception(args)的形态而非raise Exception, args的形态。</li>
@@ -4647,17 +15931,16 @@ <h2 id="-">异常规则</h2>
 <li>在捕获的时候,尽量减少无效的无效的捕获区域。以免异常遮蔽。(异常捕获的区域越小越好)</li>
 <li>context manager最好以独立函数或方法来进入和退出。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">编程细节</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#32534;&#31243;&#32454;&#33410;">&#32534;&#31243;&#32454;&#33410;<a href="#&#32534;&#31243;&#32454;&#33410;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>代码应当被编写的尽量不妨碍其他python实现。(例如pypy,etc)所以不要依赖于一些CPython中特定的特性/优化。</li>
 <li>对单例变量(例如True/False/None)的比较应始终使用is/is not,而不是比较算符。</li>
 <li>使用is not而不是not ... is ...。虽然逻辑意义不变,但是后者不符合英语语法。</li>
@@ -4666,10 +15949,10 @@ <h2 id="-">编程细节</h2>
 <li>使用startswith, endswith而不是使用slice计算,因为前者更加符合自然语言。</li>
 <li>使用isinstance而不是类型比较。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
@@ -4681,112 +15964,108 @@ <h2 id="-">编程细节</h2>
 <li>不建议一行包含多个逻辑语句。</li>
 <li>有的时候,对于if/for/while接一个小逻辑体,包含在一行是OK的。但是不要在多行结构里面包含逻辑体,更不要试图对这种逻辑体做跨行折叠。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="python-">Python工程</h1>
+<h1 id="Python&#24037;&#31243;">Python&#24037;&#31243;<a href="#Python&#24037;&#31243;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#20195;&#30721;&#26816;&#26597;&#24037;&#20855;">&#20195;&#30721;&#26816;&#26597;&#24037;&#20855;<a href="#&#20195;&#30721;&#26816;&#26597;&#24037;&#20855;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>pylint</li>
 <li>pycodestyle</li>
 <li>maccabe</li>
 <li>flake8</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [80]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>%%</span><span>writefile</span> <span>calc</span><span>.</span><span>py</span>
-<span>#!/usr/bin/python</span>
-<span># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
-<span>&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
-<span>@date: 2016年09月02日</span>
-<span>@author: Shell.Xu</span>
-<span>@copyright: 2016, Shell.Xu &lt;shell909090@gmail.com&gt;</span>
-<span>@license: BSD-3-clause</span>
-<span>&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
-
-<span>op_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span><span>&#39;(&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>None</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;)&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>None</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>+</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;-&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>-</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;*&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>*</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;/&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>float</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>y</span><span>,}</span>
-
-<span>op_priority</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span><span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>10</span><span>,</span> <span>&#39;-&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>10</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;*&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>20</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;/&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>20</span><span>,}</span>
-
-<span>def</span> <span>parser_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
- <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;&#39;</span>
- <span>for</span> <span>c</span> <span>in</span> <span>exp</span><span>:</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>c</span> <span>in</span> <span>op_set</span><span>:</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>s</span><span>:</span> <span>yield</span> <span>s</span>
- <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;&#39;</span>
- <span>yield</span> <span>c</span>
- <span>else</span><span>:</span> <span>s</span> <span>+=</span> <span>c</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>s</span><span>:</span> <span>yield</span> <span>s</span>
-
-<span>def</span> <span>find_last_op</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>):</span>
- <span>for</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>reversed</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>):</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>op_set</span><span>:</span> <span>return</span> <span>e</span>
-
-<span>def</span> <span>force_stack</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>):</span>
- <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
- <span>op</span> <span>=</span> <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
- <span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
- <span>result</span> <span>=</span> <span>op_set</span><span>[</span><span>op</span><span>](</span><span>l</span><span>,</span> <span>r</span><span>)</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;{} {} {} =&gt; {}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>op</span><span>,</span> <span>l</span><span>,</span> <span>r</span><span>,</span> <span>result</span><span>))</span>
- <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>result</span><span>)</span>
-
-<span>def</span> <span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
- <span>stack</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
- <span>for</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>exp</span><span>:</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>e</span> <span>==</span> <span>&#39;)&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>break</span>
- <span>elif</span> <span>e</span> <span>==</span> <span>&#39;(&#39;</span><span>:</span>
- <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>))</span>
- <span>continue</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>e</span> <span>not</span> <span>in</span> <span>op_set</span><span>:</span>
- <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>float</span><span>(</span><span>e</span><span>))</span>
- <span>continue</span>
- <span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
- <span>last</span> <span>=</span> <span>find_last_op</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>last</span> <span>is</span> <span>None</span> <span>or</span> <span>op_priority</span><span>[</span><span>last</span><span>]</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>op_priority</span><span>[</span><span>e</span><span>]:</span> <span>break</span>
- <span>force_stack</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span>
- <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>e</span><span>)</span>
- <span>while</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span>
- <span>force_stack</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span>
- <span>return</span> <span>stack</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]</span>
-
-<span>def</span> <span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
- <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>parser_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>)</span>
- <span>return</span> <span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>)</span>
-
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;2*3+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2*3&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(1.1+2.5/10)*3/4+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+<div><pre><span>%%</span><span>writefile</span> calc.py
+#!/usr/bin/python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+&#39;&#39;&#39;
+@date: 2016年09月02日
+@author: Shell.Xu
+@copyright: 2016, Shell.Xu &lt;shell909090@gmail.com&gt;
+@license: BSD-3-clause
+&#39;&#39;&#39;
+
+op_set = {&#39;(&#39;: None,
+ &#39;)&#39;: None,
+ &#39;+&#39;: lambda x, y: x+y,
+ &#39;-&#39;: lambda x, y: x-y,
+ &#39;*&#39;: lambda x, y: x*y,
+ &#39;/&#39;: lambda x, y: float(x)/y,}
+
+op_priority = {&#39;+&#39;: 10, &#39;-&#39;: 10,
+ &#39;*&#39;: 20,
+ &#39;/&#39;: 20,}
+
+def parser_exp(exp):
+ s = &#39;&#39;
+ for c in exp:
+ if c in op_set:
+ if s: yield s
+ s = &#39;&#39;
+ yield c
+ else: s += c
+ if s: yield s
+
+def find_last_op(l):
+ for e in reversed(l):
+ if e in op_set: return e
+
+def force_stack(stack):
+ r = stack.pop(-1)
+ op = stack.pop(-1)
+ l = stack.pop(-1)
+ result = op_set[op](l, r)
+ print(&#39;{} {} {} =&gt; {}&#39;.format(op, l, r, result))
+ stack.append(result)
+
+def eval_exp(exp):
+ stack = []
+ for e in exp:
+ if e == &#39;)&#39;: break
+ elif e == &#39;(&#39;:
+ stack.append(eval_exp(exp))
+ continue
+ if e not in op_set:
+ stack.append(float(e))
+ continue
+ while True:
+ last = find_last_op(stack)
+ if last is None or op_priority[last] &lt; op_priority[e]: break
+ force_stack(stack)
+ stack.append(e)
+ while len(stack) &gt; 1:
+ force_stack(stack)
+ return stack[0]
+
+def calc(exp):
+ s = parser_exp(exp)
+ return eval_exp(s)
+
+print(calc(&#39;2*3+1&#39;))
+print(calc(&#39;1+2*3&#39;))
+print(calc(&#39;(1.1+2.5/10)*3/4+1&#39;))
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4799,9 +16078,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-Writing calc.py
-
+<pre>Writing calc.py
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4810,13 +16087,12 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [81]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>pylint calc.py <span>&#124;</span> head -n <span>10</span>
+<div><pre><span>!</span>pylint calc.py <span>&#124;</span> head -n <span>10</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4829,18 +16105,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-************* Module calc
-C: 11, 0: Wrong continued indentation (add 6 spaces).
- &apos;)&apos;: None,
- ^ &#124; (bad-continuation)
-C: 12, 0: Wrong continued indentation (add 6 spaces).
- &apos;+&apos;: lambda x, y: x+y,
- ^ &#124; (bad-continuation)
-C: 13, 0: Wrong continued indentation (add 6 spaces).
- &apos;-&apos;: lambda x, y: x-y,
- ^ &#124; (bad-continuation)
-
+<pre>/bin/sh: pylint: 未找到命令
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4854,7 +16119,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 <div>In [82]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>pylint calc.py <span>&#124;</span> tail -n <span>5</span>
+<div><pre><span>!</span>pylint calc.py <span>&#124;</span> tail -n <span>5</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4867,13 +16132,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-
-Global evaluation
------------------
-Your code has been rated at 4.00/10 (previous run: 4.00/10, +0.00)
-
-
+<pre>/bin/sh: pylint: 未找到命令
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4882,13 +16141,12 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [83]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>flake8 calc.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>flake8 calc.py
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4901,29 +16159,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-calc.py:11:5: E128 continuation line under-indented for visual indent
-calc.py:12:5: E128 continuation line under-indented for visual indent
-calc.py:13:5: E128 continuation line under-indented for visual indent
-calc.py:14:5: E128 continuation line under-indented for visual indent
-calc.py:15:5: E128 continuation line under-indented for visual indent
-calc.py:15:33: E231 missing whitespace after &apos;,&apos;
-calc.py:18:5: E128 continuation line under-indented for visual indent
-calc.py:19:5: E128 continuation line under-indented for visual indent
-calc.py:19:12: E231 missing whitespace after &apos;,&apos;
-calc.py:21:1: E302 expected 2 blank lines, found 1
-calc.py:25:17: E701 multiple statements on one line (colon)
-calc.py:28:13: E701 multiple statements on one line (colon)
-calc.py:29:9: E701 multiple statements on one line (colon)
-calc.py:31:1: E302 expected 2 blank lines, found 1
-calc.py:33:23: E701 multiple statements on one line (colon)
-calc.py:35:1: E302 expected 2 blank lines, found 1
-calc.py:43:1: E302 expected 2 blank lines, found 1
-calc.py:46:20: E701 multiple statements on one line (colon)
-calc.py:55:66: E701 multiple statements on one line (colon)
-calc.py:62:1: E302 expected 2 blank lines, found 1
-calc.py:68:34: W292 no newline at end of file
-
+<pre>/bin/sh: flake8: 未找到命令
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4932,13 +16168,12 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [84]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>python3 -m mccabe calc.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>python3 -m mccabe calc.py
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -4951,13 +16186,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-21:1: &apos;parser_exp&apos; 5
-31:1: &apos;find_last_op&apos; 3
-43:1: &apos;eval_exp&apos; 8
-62:1: &apos;calc&apos; 1
-35:1: &apos;force_stack&apos; 1
-
+<pre>/usr/bin/python3: No module named mccabe
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -4966,104 +16195,103 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [85]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>%%</span><span>writefile</span> <span>calc</span><span>.</span><span>py</span>
-<span>#!/usr/bin/python</span>
-<span># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
-<span>&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
-<span>@date: 2016年09月02日</span>
-<span>@author: Shell.Xu</span>
-<span>@copyright: 2016, Shell.Xu &lt;shell909090@gmail.com&gt;</span>
-<span>@license: BSD-3-clause</span>
-<span>&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
-<span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>absolute_import</span><span>,</span> <span>division</span><span>,</span>\
- <span>print_function</span><span>,</span> <span>unicode_literals</span>
-
-
-<span>op_set</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
- <span>&#39;(&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>None</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;)&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>None</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>+</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;-&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>-</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;*&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>x</span><span>*</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;/&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>lambda</span> <span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span> <span>float</span><span>(</span><span>x</span><span>)</span><span>/</span><span>y</span><span>,</span>
-<span>}</span>
-
-
-<span>op_priority</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
- <span>&#39;+&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>10</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;-&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>10</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;*&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>20</span><span>,</span>
- <span>&#39;/&#39;</span><span>:</span> <span>20</span><span>,</span>
-<span>}</span>
-
-
-<span>def</span> <span>parser_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
- <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;&#39;</span>
- <span>for</span> <span>c</span> <span>in</span> <span>exp</span><span>:</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>c</span> <span>in</span> <span>op_set</span><span>:</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>s</span><span>:</span>
- <span>yield</span> <span>s</span>
- <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>&#39;&#39;</span>
- <span>yield</span> <span>c</span>
- <span>else</span><span>:</span>
- <span>s</span> <span>+=</span> <span>c</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>s</span><span>:</span>
- <span>yield</span> <span>s</span>
-
-
-<span>def</span> <span>find_last_op</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>):</span>
- <span>for</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>reversed</span><span>(</span><span>l</span><span>):</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>op_set</span><span>:</span>
- <span>return</span> <span>e</span>
-
-
-<span>def</span> <span>force_stack</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>):</span>
- <span>r</span> <span>=</span> <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
- <span>op</span> <span>=</span> <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
- <span>l</span> <span>=</span> <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>pop</span><span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
- <span>result</span> <span>=</span> <span>op_set</span><span>[</span><span>op</span><span>](</span><span>l</span><span>,</span> <span>r</span><span>)</span>
- <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;{} {} {} =&gt; {}&#39;</span><span>.</span><span>format</span><span>(</span><span>op</span><span>,</span> <span>l</span><span>,</span> <span>r</span><span>,</span> <span>result</span><span>))</span>
- <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>result</span><span>)</span>
-
-
-<span>def</span> <span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
- <span>stack</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
- <span>for</span> <span>e</span> <span>in</span> <span>exp</span><span>:</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>e</span> <span>==</span> <span>&#39;)&#39;</span><span>:</span>
- <span>break</span>
- <span>elif</span> <span>e</span> <span>==</span> <span>&#39;(&#39;</span><span>:</span>
- <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>))</span>
- <span>continue</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>e</span> <span>not</span> <span>in</span> <span>op_set</span><span>:</span>
- <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>float</span><span>(</span><span>e</span><span>))</span>
- <span>continue</span>
- <span>while</span> <span>True</span><span>:</span>
- <span>last</span> <span>=</span> <span>find_last_op</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span>
- <span>if</span> <span>last</span> <span>is</span> <span>None</span> <span>or</span> <span>op_priority</span><span>[</span><span>last</span><span>]</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>op_priority</span><span>[</span><span>e</span><span>]:</span>
- <span>break</span>
- <span>force_stack</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span>
- <span>stack</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>e</span><span>)</span>
- <span>while</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>1</span><span>:</span>
- <span>force_stack</span><span>(</span><span>stack</span><span>)</span>
- <span>return</span> <span>stack</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]</span>
+<div><pre><span>%%</span><span>writefile</span> calc.py
+#!/usr/bin/python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+&#39;&#39;&#39;
+@date: 2016年09月02日
+@author: Shell.Xu
+@copyright: 2016, Shell.Xu &lt;shell909090@gmail.com&gt;
+@license: BSD-3-clause
+&#39;&#39;&#39;
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division,\
+ print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
+op_set = {
+ &#39;(&#39;: None,
+ &#39;)&#39;: None,
+ &#39;+&#39;: lambda x, y: x+y,
+ &#39;-&#39;: lambda x, y: x-y,
+ &#39;*&#39;: lambda x, y: x*y,
+ &#39;/&#39;: lambda x, y: float(x)/y,
+}
 
 
-<span>def</span> <span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>):</span>
- <span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>parser_exp</span><span>(</span><span>exp</span><span>)</span>
- <span>result</span> <span>=</span> <span>eval_exp</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>)</span>
- <span>assert</span> <span>not</span> <span>list</span><span>(</span><span>s</span><span>)</span>
- <span>return</span> <span>result</span>
+op_priority = {
+ &#39;+&#39;: 10,
+ &#39;-&#39;: 10,
+ &#39;*&#39;: 20,
+ &#39;/&#39;: 20,
+}
 
 
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;2*3+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;1+2*3&#39;</span><span>))</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>calc</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;(1.1+2.5/10)*3/4+1&#39;</span><span>))</span>
+def parser_exp(exp):
+ s = &#39;&#39;
+ for c in exp:
+ if c in op_set:
+ if s:
+ yield s
+ s = &#39;&#39;
+ yield c
+ else:
+ s += c
+ if s:
+ yield s
+
+
+def find_last_op(l):
+ for e in reversed(l):
+ if e in op_set:
+ return e
+
+
+def force_stack(stack):
+ r = stack.pop(-1)
+ op = stack.pop(-1)
+ l = stack.pop(-1)
+ result = op_set[op](l, r)
+ print(&#39;{} {} {} =&gt; {}&#39;.format(op, l, r, result))
+ stack.append(result)
+
+
+def eval_exp(exp):
+ stack = []
+ for e in exp:
+ if e == &#39;)&#39;:
+ break
+ elif e == &#39;(&#39;:
+ stack.append(eval_exp(exp))
+ continue
+ if e not in op_set:
+ stack.append(float(e))
+ continue
+ while True:
+ last = find_last_op(stack)
+ if last is None or op_priority[last] &lt; op_priority[e]:
+ break
+ force_stack(stack)
+ stack.append(e)
+ while len(stack) &gt; 1:
+ force_stack(stack)
+ return stack[0]
+
+
+def calc(exp):
+ s = parser_exp(exp)
+ result = eval_exp(s)
+ assert not list(s)
+ return result
+
+
+print(calc(&#39;2*3+1&#39;))
+print(calc(&#39;1+2*3&#39;))
+print(calc(&#39;(1.1+2.5/10)*3/4+1&#39;))
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -5076,9 +16304,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-Overwriting calc.py
-
+<pre>Overwriting calc.py
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5087,13 +16313,12 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [86]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>pylint calc.py <span>&#124;</span> head -n <span>10</span>
+<div><pre><span>!</span>pylint calc.py <span>&#124;</span> head -n <span>10</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -5106,18 +16331,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-************* Module calc
-C: 91, 0: Final newline missing (missing-final-newline)
-C: 13, 0: Invalid constant name &quot;op_set&quot; (invalid-name)
-C: 23, 0: Invalid constant name &quot;op_priority&quot; (invalid-name)
-C: 32, 4: Invalid variable name &quot;s&quot; (invalid-name)
-C: 33, 8: Invalid variable name &quot;c&quot; (invalid-name)
-C: 37,12: Invalid variable name &quot;s&quot; (invalid-name)
-C: 40,12: Invalid variable name &quot;s&quot; (invalid-name)
-C: 45, 0: Invalid argument name &quot;l&quot; (invalid-name)
-C: 46, 8: Invalid variable name &quot;e&quot; (invalid-name)
-
+<pre>/bin/sh: pylint: 未找到命令
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5131,7 +16345,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 <div>In [87]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>pylint calc.py <span>&#124;</span> tail -n <span>5</span>
+<div><pre><span>!</span>pylint calc.py <span>&#124;</span> tail -n <span>5</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -5144,13 +16358,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-
-Global evaluation
------------------
-Your code has been rated at 7.36/10 (previous run: 7.36/10, +0.00)
-
-
+<pre>/bin/sh: pylint: 未找到命令
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5159,13 +16367,12 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [88]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>flake8 calc.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>flake8 calc.py
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -5178,9 +16385,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-calc.py:91:34: W292 no newline at end of file
-
+<pre>/bin/sh: flake8: 未找到命令
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5194,7 +16399,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 <div>In [89]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>flake8 --max-complexity <span>10</span> calc.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>flake8 --max-complexity <span>10</span> calc.py
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -5207,9 +16412,7 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-calc.py:91:34: W292 no newline at end of file
-
+<pre>/bin/sh: flake8: 未找到命令
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5218,24 +16421,22 @@ <h2 id="-">代码检查工具</h2>
 </div>
 
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">覆盖率分析工具</h2>
-<p>coverage</p>
+<h2 id="&#35206;&#30422;&#29575;&#20998;&#26512;&#24037;&#20855;">&#35206;&#30422;&#29575;&#20998;&#26512;&#24037;&#20855;<a href="#&#35206;&#30422;&#29575;&#20998;&#26512;&#24037;&#20855;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>coverage</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 <div>
 <div>In [90]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>python-coverage run calc.py
+<div><pre><span>!</span>python-coverage run calc.py
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -5248,20 +16449,7 @@ <h2 id="-">覆盖率分析工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-* 2.0 3.0 =&gt; 6.0
-+ 6.0 1.0 =&gt; 7.0
-7.0
-* 2.0 3.0 =&gt; 6.0
-+ 1.0 6.0 =&gt; 7.0
-7.0
-/ 2.5 10.0 =&gt; 0.25
-+ 1.1 0.25 =&gt; 1.35
-* 1.35 3.0 =&gt; 4.05
-/ 4.05 4.0 =&gt; 1.0125
-+ 1.0125 1.0 =&gt; 2.0125
-2.0125
-
+<pre>/bin/sh: python-coverage: 未找到命令
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5275,7 +16463,7 @@ <h2 id="-">覆盖率分析工具</h2>
 <div>In [91]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>python-coverage report -m
+<div><pre><span>!</span>python-coverage report -m
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -5288,11 +16476,7 @@ <h2 id="-">覆盖率分析工具</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
-Name Stmts Miss Cover Missing
----------------------------------------
-calc.py 54 0 100%
-
+<pre>/bin/sh: python-coverage: 未找到命令
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5300,58 +16484,37 @@ <h2 id="-">覆盖率分析工具</h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-</div><div style=display:none>
- 
-<div>
-<div>
-<div>In [92]:</div>
-<div>
- <div>
-<div><pre><span>!</span>rm -f calc.py
-</pre></div>
-
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
- </div></section><section>
- 
+</div></section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">文档工具</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#25991;&#26723;&#24037;&#20855;">&#25991;&#26723;&#24037;&#20855;<a href="#&#25991;&#26723;&#24037;&#20855;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>pydoc</li>
 <li>doxygen</li>
 <li>sphinx</li>
 <li>pandoc</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">编辑器设定</h1>
+<h1 id="&#32534;&#36753;&#22120;&#35774;&#23450;">&#32534;&#36753;&#22120;&#35774;&#23450;<a href="#&#32534;&#36753;&#22120;&#35774;&#23450;">&#182;</a> </h1>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">编辑器辅助功能</h2>
-<p>在开发python的时候,有一款好的编辑器往往能很大的提升工作效率。针对python来说,编辑器可能提供的特性有:</p>
+<h2 id="&#32534;&#36753;&#22120;&#36741;&#21161;&#21151;&#33021;">&#32534;&#36753;&#22120;&#36741;&#21161;&#21151;&#33021;<a href="#&#32534;&#36753;&#22120;&#36741;&#21161;&#21151;&#33021;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在开发python的时候,有一款好的编辑器往往能很大的提升工作效率。针对python来说,编辑器可能提供的特性有:</p>
 <ul>
 <li>语法高亮</li>
 <li>自动缩进</li>
@@ -5361,17 +16524,16 @@ <h2 id="-">编辑器辅助功能</h2>
 <li>自动错误检查</li>
 <li>REPL辅助</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="emacs-">Emacs配置</h2>
-<p>Emacs的授权是GPLv3。更多细节,可以参考<a href="https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/PythonProgrammingInEmacs">这里</a> </p>
+<h2 id="Emacs&#37197;&#32622;">Emacs&#37197;&#32622;<a href="#Emacs&#37197;&#32622;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Emacs的授权是GPLv3。更多细节,可以参考<a href="https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/PythonProgrammingInEmacs">这里</a> </p>
 <p>假定你已经选择了使用emacs作为日常编辑器,懂得如何设定配置文件和安装插件。知道如何切换到python-mode。</p>
 <p>Emacs默认内置了python.el,自动开启了以下功能:</p>
 <ul>
@@ -5382,17 +16544,16 @@ <h2 id="emacs-">Emacs配置</h2>
 <li>符号定位和查找:用etags对所有文件生成一份TAGS文件,在emacs中可以借助TAGS文件做文件符号定位巡航。</li>
 <li>REPL:emacs内置了REPL支持。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="vim-">Vim配置</h2>
-<p>Vim是和Emacs并称的强大编辑器。Vim的授权是独特的Vim授权,但是是GPL兼容的。</p>
+<h2 id="Vim&#37197;&#32622;">Vim&#37197;&#32622;<a href="#Vim&#37197;&#32622;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Vim是和Emacs并称的强大编辑器。Vim的授权是独特的Vim授权,但是是GPL兼容的。</p>
 <ul>
 <li>语法高亮:下载<a href="/index.cgi/contrast/http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1599">这个插件</a>,放在~/.vim/plugin/。</li>
 <li>自动缩进:自动。</li>
@@ -5405,36 +16566,34 @@ <h2 id="vim-">Vim配置</h2>
 <li>REPL:需设定插件,请自行研究。</li>
 </ul>
 <p>更多资料,参考<a href="/index.cgi/contrast/http://www.cnblogs.com/ifantastic/p/3185665.html">这里</a>。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="pydiction-">pydiction的安装</h2>
-<ol>
+<h2 id="pydiction&#30340;&#23433;&#35013;">pydiction&#30340;&#23433;&#35013;<a href="#pydiction&#30340;&#23433;&#35013;">&#182;</a> </h2><ol>
 <li>在<a href="/index.cgi/contrast/http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=850">这里</a>下载组件。</li>
 <li>然后将pydiction/after/ftplugin/python_pydiction.vim移动到~/.vim/after/ftplugin/。</li>
 <li>将pydiction/complete-dict移动到~/.vim/tools/pydiction/。</li>
 <li>在~/.vimrc里添加。</li>
 </ol>
+
 <pre><code>filetype plugin on
-let g:pydiction_location = &#39;~/.vim/tools/pydiction/complete-dict&#39;
-</code></pre>
+let g:pydiction_location = '~/.vim/tools/pydiction/complete-dict'</code></pre>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="eclipse-">Eclipse配置</h2>
-<p>Eclipse的授权为独特的EPL。Eclipse安装完成后,加装<a href="/index.cgi/contrast/http://www.pydev.org">pydev组件</a> </p>
+<h2 id="Eclipse&#37197;&#32622;">Eclipse&#37197;&#32622;<a href="#Eclipse&#37197;&#32622;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Eclipse的授权为独特的EPL。Eclipse安装完成后,加装<a href="/index.cgi/contrast/http://www.pydev.org">pydev组件</a> </p>
 <ul>
 <li>语法高亮:自动支持</li>
 <li>自动缩进:自动支持</li>
@@ -5444,17 +16603,16 @@ <h2 id="eclipse-">Eclipse配置</h2>
 <li>REPL辅助:不支持。</li>
 <li>内置语法检查。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="pycharm-">PyCharm配置</h2>
-<p>PyCharm是一款商业的Python IDE,专业版以上为商业授权。同时有社区版,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyCharm#Licensing">社区版授权</a>为Apache License。</p>
+<h2 id="PyCharm&#37197;&#32622;">PyCharm&#37197;&#32622;<a href="#PyCharm&#37197;&#32622;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>PyCharm是一款商业的Python IDE,专业版以上为商业授权。同时有社区版,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyCharm#Licensing">社区版授权</a>为Apache License。</p>
 <ul>
 <li>语法高亮:自动支持</li>
 <li>自动缩进:自动支持</li>
@@ -5463,17 +16621,16 @@ <h2 id="pycharm-">PyCharm配置</h2>
 <li>符号查找和定位</li>
 <li>REPL辅助</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">其他编辑器</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#20854;&#20182;&#32534;&#36753;&#22120;">&#20854;&#20182;&#32534;&#36753;&#22120;<a href="#&#20854;&#20182;&#32534;&#36753;&#22120;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>VS code</li>
 <li>Atom</li>
 <li>Sublime</li>
@@ -5481,39 +16638,36 @@ <h2 id="-">其他编辑器</h2>
 <li>Kate</li>
 <li>Gedit</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="2-3-">2/3兼容技巧</h1>
-<p>3基本下行兼容2,2不兼容3。所以2/3兼容的基本思想就是遵循3的编写规范,同时兼顾2。</p>
+<h1 id="2/3&#20860;&#23481;&#25216;&#24039;">2/3&#20860;&#23481;&#25216;&#24039;<a href="#2/3&#20860;&#23481;&#25216;&#24039;">&#182;</a> </h1><p>3基本下行兼容2,2不兼容3。所以2/3兼容的基本思想就是遵循3的编写规范,同时兼顾2。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">基本兼容性技巧</h2>
-<p>在Python文件的开始,增加以下内容(注意按照pep-8,应该放在什么位置):</p>
+<h2 id="&#22522;&#26412;&#20860;&#23481;&#24615;&#25216;&#24039;">&#22522;&#26412;&#20860;&#23481;&#24615;&#25216;&#24039;<a href="#&#22522;&#26412;&#20860;&#23481;&#24615;&#25216;&#24039;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>在Python文件的开始,增加以下内容(注意按照pep-8,应该放在什么位置):</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [1]:</div>
+<div>In [93]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>absolute_import</span><span>,</span> <span>division</span><span>,</span> <span>print_function</span><span>,</span> <span>unicode_literals</span>
+<div><pre><span>from</span> <span>__future__</span> <span>import</span> <span>absolute_import</span><span>,</span> <span>division</span><span>,</span> <span>print_function</span><span>,</span> <span>unicode_literals</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -5527,27 +16681,27 @@ <h2 id="-">基本兼容性技巧</h2>
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>这会改变几个关键性的兼容性标志。主要是print变为函数,string变为unicode。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">编码</h2>
-<p>虽然future技巧修正了内嵌字符串,但是对于str和unicode对象而言,并没有什么变化。因此建议在需要的头部如此定义:</p>
+<h2 id="&#32534;&#30721;">&#32534;&#30721;<a href="#&#32534;&#30721;">&#182;</a> </h2><p>虽然future技巧修正了内嵌字符串,但是对于str和unicode对象而言,并没有什么变化。因此建议在需要的头部如此定义:</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [2]:</div>
+<div>In [94]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>if</span> <span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>version_info</span><span>.</span><span>major</span> <span>==</span> <span>3</span><span>:</span>
- <span>unicode</span> <span>=</span> <span>str</span>
+<div><pre><span>if</span> <span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>version_info</span><span>.</span><span>major</span> <span>==</span> <span>3</span><span>:</span>
+ <span>unicode</span> <span>=</span> <span>str</span>
 <span>else</span><span>:</span>
 <span>bytes</span> <span>=</span> <span>str</span>
 </pre></div>
@@ -5563,26 +16717,27 @@ <h2 id="-">编码</h2>
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>Python2中定义str为裸数据,unicode为字符串,bytes没有定义。Python3中定义bytes为裸数据,str为unicode字符串,unicode没有定义。在如此定义后,可以在2/3中,统一使用bytes表示裸数据,用unicode表示字符串。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
 <p>同时,在代码中,应该对所有试图表现裸数据语义的代码内嵌字符串对象,加b前缀。对所有试图表达字符串语义的代码内嵌字符串对象,加u前缀。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div>In [3]:</div>
+<div>In [95]:</div>
 <div>
 <div>
-<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;hello, world&#39;</span><span>)</span>
-<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>u&#39;hello, world&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<div><pre><span>print</span><span>(</span><span>&#39;hello, world&#39;</span><span>)</span>
+<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>u</span><span>&#39;hello, world&#39;</span><span>)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -5595,10 +16750,8 @@ <h2 id="-">编码</h2>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<pre>
+<pre>hello, world
 hello, world
-hello, world
-
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -5614,47 +16767,42 @@ <h2 id="-">编码</h2>
 <div>
 <p>原则上,应对所有内嵌字符串对象都添加b或u前缀,以明确代码中的每一处内嵌字符串的语义。但是实际上这会大大增加工作量,而且工程实践上并没有特别大的优势。因此往往有所折衷,只在需要澄清的地方增加前缀。其他地方可以含混带过,等需要时再修改。</p>
 <p>但是要注意到,项目越大,往往越难于根据后果追查出是哪个含混带过造成的问题。这里需要小心取舍。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="io">IO</h2>
-<p>Python3下文件打开时要注意是打开为二进制,还是打开为文本。即打开时的b标志位,决定了读写时应使用裸数据还是字符串。如果使用文本方式打开,还需注意编码。</p>
+<h2 id="IO">IO<a href="#IO">&#182;</a> </h2><p>Python3下文件打开时要注意是打开为二进制,还是打开为文本。即打开时的b标志位,决定了读写时应使用裸数据还是字符串。如果使用文本方式打开,还需注意编码。</p>
 <p>Python2下没有encoding参数,因此出于兼容考虑,建议使用codecs.open。这个调用在Python2/3下的语义是一致的。</p>
+
 </div>
 </div>
 </div></section><section>
- 
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 id="-">其余细节</h2>
-<ul>
+<h2 id="&#20854;&#20313;&#32454;&#33410;">&#20854;&#20313;&#32454;&#33410;<a href="#&#20854;&#20313;&#32454;&#33410;">&#182;</a> </h2><ul>
 <li>将xrange改为range。当然,作为代价,在python2下,range的效率很有问题。</li>
 <li>urllib.quote和unquote改为了urllib.parse.quote和unquote。</li>
 <li>某些库,在python2和python3下行为不一致,例如csv。对于这些库,尽量不要折腾兼容性。直接针对Python2/3做两种不同代码更方便。</li>
 <li>使用next(it)而不是it.next()。</li>
 </ul>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section><section>
- <section>
- 
+</div></section></section><section><section>
 <div>
 
 <div>
 <div>
-<h1 id="-">最后作业</h1>
-<p>根据当前用户目录下的~/.backup_setting.ini文件,从中读取所有需要备份的目录列表。</p>
+<h1 id="&#26368;&#21518;&#20316;&#19994;">&#26368;&#21518;&#20316;&#19994;<a href="#&#26368;&#21518;&#20316;&#19994;">&#182;</a> </h1><p>根据当前用户目录下的~/.backup_setting.ini文件,从中读取所有需要备份的目录列表。</p>
 <p>找出所有文件,过滤~和.bak结尾的文件,过滤特定时间之前的,过滤特定正则表达式,然后使用tar.gz打包。</p>
 <p>再将打包结果命名为&quot;年月日/时分秒.tar.gz&quot;,放在指定目录下。</p>
 <p>上述内容需要用python完成,不得使用子进程调用其他程序。</p>
@@ -5664,67 +16812,66 @@ <h1 id="-">最后作业</h1>
 <li>可以对结果做切片。</li>
 <li>打包完成后上传到S3,然后从本地删除。</li>
 </ol>
+
 </div>
 </div>
-</div></section>
- </section>
+</div></section></section>
 </div>
 </div>
 
-
-
-
-
 
-
-
-
- 
- 
- 
- 
-
-
 
 </body>
 
+
 </html>
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index d8d6ace..56f67ab 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 all: build
 
 %.slides.html: %.ipynb
-	ipython nbconvert --to slides --reveal-prefix "http://cdn.jsdelivr.net/reveal.js/2.6.2" $<
+	jupyter-nbconvert --to slides $<
 
 build: 101-Python入门.slides.html 102-Python进阶.slides.html