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@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Let's see what's so special about JavaScript, what we can achieve with it and wh
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The programs in this language are called *scripts*. They can be written right in the HTML and execute automatically as the page loads.
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Scripts are provided and executed a plain text. They don't need a special preparation or a compilation to run.
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Scripts are provided and executed as a plain text. They don't need a special preparation or a compilation to run.
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In this aspect, JavaScript is very different from another language called [Java](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java).
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-[V8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)) -- in Chrome and Opera.
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-[Gecko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_(software)) -- in Firefox.
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- ...There are other codenames like "Trident", "Chakra" for different versions of IE, "Nitro" and "SquirrelFish" for Safari etc.
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- ...There are other codenames like "Trident", "Chakra" for different versions of IE, "ChakraCore" for Microsoft Edge, "Nitro" and "SquirrelFish" for Safari etc.
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These terms above are good to remember, because they are used in developer articles in the internet. We'll use them too. For instance, if "a feature X is supported by V8", then it probably works in Chrome and Opera.
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That is called a "Same Origin Policy". To workaround that, *both pages* must contain a special JavaScript code that handles data exchange.
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The limitation is again for a user's safety. A page from `http://anysite.com` which a user has opened occasionaly must not be able to open or access another browser tab with the URL `http://gmail.com` and steal information from there.
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The limitation is again for user's safety. A page from `http://anysite.com` which a user has opened occasionaly must not be able to open or access another browser tab with the URL `http://gmail.com` and steal information from there.
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- JavaScript can easily communicate over the net to the server where the current page came from. But it's ability to receive data from other sites/domains is crippled. Though possible, it requires the explicit agreement (expressed in HTTP headers) from the remote side. Once again, that's safety limitations.
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Examples of such languages:
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-[CoffeeScript](http://coffeescript.org/) is a "syntax sugar" for JavaScript, it introduces shorter syntax, allowing to write more precise and clear code. Usually Ruby guys like it.
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-[TypeScript](http://www.typescriptlang.org/) is concentrated on adding "strict data typing", to simplify development and support of complex systems. Developed by Microsoft.
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-[Dart](https://www.dartlang.org/) is a standalone language that has it's own engine that runs in non-browser environments (like mobile apps). It was initially offered by Google as a replacement for JavaScript, but as of browsers require it to be transpiled to JavaScript just like the ones above.
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-[TypeScript](http://www.typescriptlang.org/) is concentrated on adding "strict data typing", to simplify development and support of complex systems. It is developed by Microsoft.
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-[Dart](https://www.dartlang.org/) is a standalone language that has it's own engine that runs in non-browser environments (like mobile apps). It was initially offered by Google as a replacement for JavaScript, but as of now, browsers require it to be transpiled to JavaScript just like the ones above.
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There are more. Of course even if we use one of those languages, we should also know JavaScript, to really understand what we're doing.
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## Summary
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- JavaScript was initially created as a browser-only language, but now used in many other environments as well.
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- At this moment, JavaScript as a unique position as a most widely adopted browser language with full integration with HTML/CSS.
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- There are over languages that get "transpiled" to JavaScript and provide certain features. It is recommended to take a look at them, at least briefly, after mastering JavaScript.
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- JavaScript was initially created as a browser-only language, but now it is used in many other environments as well.
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- At this moment, JavaScript has a unique position as a most widely adopted browser language with full integration with HTML/CSS.
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- There are many languages that get "transpiled" to JavaScript and provide certain features. It is recommended to take a look at them, at least briefly, after mastering JavaScript.
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