From e3019ad4047ef693321c3a3ae35558086aa19ae5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: TANG ZhiXiong Date: Sat, 5 Nov 2016 15:05:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 1/2] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8E=92=E7=89=88=E4=B9=9F=E6=98=AF?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=AF=E4=BB=A5?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- README.md | 316 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------ contents/java-operator.md | 30 ++-- md2html-v0.5.jar | Bin 0 -> 58143 bytes 3 files changed, 182 insertions(+), 164 deletions(-) create mode 100644 md2html-v0.5.jar diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 624fcdb..5706de7 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,173 +1,187 @@ - stackoverflow-Java-top-qa -======================= - 对stackoverflow上Java相关、投票数TOP100的问答进行翻译,欢迎点star,我们会持续更新!!! +========================= - 为了让"翻译"更有意义,给阅读者带来更多、更有效的收获,我们会有一些加工: - 例如,对问题进行分类,整合多个答案、删除冗余内容、加上自己的验证结果、心得等等 - - 对于参与翻译的人,这也是很好的一个学习、理解过程,欢迎大家一起来翻译 +对 stackoverflow 上 Java 相关、投票数 TOP100 的问答进行翻译,欢迎点 star,我们 +会持续更新!!! -------------- -### 如何参与翻译(欢迎加入翻译组QQ群485011036) -####如何参与: -- 请从下文"待翻译问题链接"中寻找你感兴趣的问答进行翻译。翻译好的问答,放到contents目录下,无需更新readme.md文档。之后提一个PR,我负责合并PR并更新到readme中。 -- 另外,为了避免多人重复新翻译一个问题,你可以提issue,说明你计划翻译的问题及时间点,我可以先更新到下面的"未翻译问题"中,说明已有人领了这个问题。当然,也不一定要提issue,一般情况下,只要及时提pr,我及时审核,出现"撞车"的概率并不高。 +为了让"翻译"更有意义,给阅读者带来更多、更有效的收获,我们会有一些加工: +例如,对问题进行分类,整合多个答案、删除冗余内容、加上自己的验证结果、心得等等。 -####一些基本的约定: -- 文档的文件名,和stackoverflowhich-notnull-java-annotation-should-i-usew上的url保持一致。例如,http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8710619/java-operator 的文件名, 就是java-operator.md -- 在每篇翻译文档内容的最后,要附上stackoverflow的原文链接 +对于参与翻译的人,这也是很好的一个学习、理解过程,欢迎大家一起来翻译。 -####每个人可以做(但不限于): -- 找未翻译的问题进行翻译 -- 优化已翻译的问题 -- 输出问答精简汇总版(把所有的问答集中到一个md文件,然后尽量精简,让别人可以在一天内把这100个问题的精髓都看完) -- 输出gitbook版本(现在直接在github上查看,体验不好) +### 如何参与翻译 -####文档优化反馈: -请大家多多反馈,优化已翻译好的文章:可以到[吐槽区](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/issues/66)吐槽,也可以在已翻译文章基础上进行优化,提新的PR。文章质量的提升,需要大家一起努力! +#### 如何参与 +- 请从下文"待翻译问题链接"中寻找你感兴趣的问答进行翻译。翻译好的问答,放到 + contents 目录下,无需更新 readme.md 文档。之后提一个 PR,我负责合并 PR 并更 + 新到 readme 中。 +- 另外,为了避免多人重复新翻译一个问题,你可以提 issue,说明你计划翻译的问题 + 及时间点,我可以先更新到下面的"未翻译问题"中,说明已有人领了这个问题。当然, + 也不一定要提 issue,一般情况下,只要及时提 pr,我及时审核,出现"撞车"的概率 + 并不高。 -### 目录 -> 基础语法 - -* [Java += 操作符实质](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/java-operator.md) -* [将InputStream转换为String](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/read-convert-an-inputstream-to-a-string.md) -* [将数组转换为List](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/create-arraylist-from-array.md) -* [如何遍历map对象](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/iterate-through-a-hashmap.md) -* [public,protected,private,不加修饰符。有什么区别呢?](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/in-java-whats-the-difference-between-public-default-protected-and-private.md) -* [如何测试一个数组是否包含指定的值?](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-can-i-test-if-an-array-contains-a-certain-value.md) -* [重写(Override)equlas和hashCode方法时应考虑的问题](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/what-issues-should-be-considered-when-overriding-equals-and-hashcode-in-java.md) -* [从一个多层嵌套循环中直接跳出](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/breaking-out-of-nested-loops-in-java.md) -* [如何将String转换为Int](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/converting-string-to-int-in-java.md) -* [如何分割(split)string字符串](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-to-split-a-string-in-java.md) -* [在java中如何对比(compare)string](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-do-i-compare-strings-in-java.md) -* [`Map`基于Value值排序](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-to-sort-a-mapkey-value-on-the-values-in-java.md) -* [`HashMap和Hashtable的区别](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/differences-between-hashmap-and-hashtable.md) -* [如何便捷地将两个数组合到一起](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-to-concatenate-two-arrays-in-java.md) -* [Java 是否支持默认的参数值](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/does-java-support-default-parameter-values.md) -* [Java 产生指定范围的随机数](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/generating-random-integers-in-a-range-with-Java.md) -* [JavaBean 到底是什么](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/what-is-a-javabean-exactly.md) -* [wait()和sleep()的区别](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/difference-between-wait-and-sleep.md) -* [能否在一个构造器( `constructor` )中调用另一个构造器](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-do-i-call-one-constructor-from-another-in-java.md) -* [ `finally` 代码块总会被执行么](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/does-finally-always-execute-in-java.md) -* [如何将String转换为enum](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/convert-a-string-to-an-enum-in-java.md) -* [在Java中声明数组](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/declare-array-in-java.md) -* [反射是什么及其用途](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/what-is-reflection-and-why-is-it-useful.md) -* [为什么不能用string类型进行switch判断](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/why-cant-i-switch-on-a-string.md) -* [比较java枚举成员使用equal还是==](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/comparing-java-enum-members-or-equals.md) -* [用java怎么创建一个文件并向该文件写文本内容](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-to-create-a-file-and-write-to-a-file-in-java.md) -* [serialVersionUID 有什么作用?该如何使用?](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/what-is-a-serialversionuid-and-why-should-i-use-it.md) -* [为什么Java的```Vector```类被认为是过时的或者废弃的](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/why-is-java-vector-class-considered-obsolete-or-deprecated.md) -* [Java的foreach循环是如何工作的](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-does-the-java-for-each-loop-work.md) -* [为什么相减这两个时间(1927年)会得到奇怪的结果](/contents/why-is-subtracting-these-two-times-in-1927-giving-a-strange-result.md) -* [Java 中如何将 String 转换为 enum](/contents/lookup-enum-by-string-value.md) -* [该什么时候使用 ThreadLocal变量,它是如何工作的](/contents/when-and-how-should-i-use-a-threadlocal-variable.md) -* [servlets的运行原理](/contents/how-do-servlets-work-instantiation-shared-variables-and-multithreading.md) -* [如何计算MD5值](/contents/how-can-i-generate-an-md5-hash.md) -* [Java中软引用和弱引用的区别](/contents/what-is-the-difference-between-a-soft-reference-and-a-weak-reference-in-java.md) -* [JSF, Servlet 和 JSP (三种技术)有什么区别](/contents/what-is-the-difference-between-jsf-servlet-and-jsp.md) -* [Java内部类和嵌套静态类](/contents/java-inner-class-and-static-nested-class.md) -* [@Component, @Repository, @Service的区别](/contents/whats-the-difference-between-component-repository-service-annotations-in.md) -* [如何创建泛型java数组](/contents/how-to-create-a-generic-array-in-java.md) - -> 编程技巧 - -* [去掉烦人的"!=null"(判空语句](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/avoiding-null-statements-in-java.md) -* [获取完整的堆栈信息](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/get-current-stack-trace-in-java.md) -* [如何用一行代码初始化一个ArrayList](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/initialization-of-an-arraylist-in-one-line.md) -* [初始化静态map](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-can-i-initialize-a-static-map.md) -* [给3个布尔变量,当其中有2个或者2个以上为true才返回true](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/check-if-at-least-two-out-of-three-booleans-are-true.md) -* [输出 Java 数组最简单的方式](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/whats-the-simplest-way-to-print-a-java-array.md) -* [为什么以下用随机生成的文字会得出 "hello world"?](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/why-does-this-code-using-random-strings-print-hello-world.md) -* [什么在java中存放密码更倾向于char[]而不是String](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/why-is-char-preferred-over-string-for-passwords-in-java.md) -* [如何避免在JSP文件中使用Java代码](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-to-avoid-java-code-in-jsp-files.md) -* [Java 源码里的设计模式](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/examples-of-gof-design-patterns-in-javas-core-libraries.md) -* [如何产生一个随机的字母数字串作为 session 的唯一标识符](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-to-generate-a-random-alpha-numeric-string.md) -* [如何创建单例](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/what-is-an-efficient-way-to-implement-a-singleton-in-java.md) -* [实现Runnable接口 VS. 继承Thread类](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/implements-runnable-vs-extends-thread.md) -* [我应该用哪一个@NotNull注解](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/which-notnull-java-annotation-should-i-use.md) -* [怎样将堆栈追踪信息转换为字符串](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-can-i-convert-a-stack-trace-to-a-string.md) -* [如何处理 java.lang.outOfMemoryError PermGen space error](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/dealing-with-java-lang-outofmemoryerror-permgen-space-error.md) -* [如何在整数左填充0](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-can-i-pad-an-integers-with-zeros-on-the-left.md) -* [在调用 instanceof 前需要进行null检查吗](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/is-null-check-needed-before-calling-instanceof.md) -* [如何从文件里读取字符串](/contents/how-do-i-create-a-java-string-from-the-contents-of-a-file.md) -* [遍历集合时移除元素,怎样避免ConcurrentModificationException异常抛出](/contents/iterating-through-a-collection-avoiding-concurrentmodificationexception-when-reiterating-through-a-collection-avoiding-concurrentmodificationexception-when-re.md) -* [如何让IntelliJ编辑器永久性显示代码行数](/contents/how-can-i-permanently-have-line-numbers-in-intellij.md) -* [如何使用maven把项目及其依赖打包为可运行jar包](/contents/how-can-i-create-an-executable-jar-with-dependencies-using-maven.md) - -> 网络 - -* [如何使用java.net.URLConnection接收及发送HTTP请求](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/using-java-net-urlconnection-to-fire-and-handle-http-requests.md) - -> 性能 - -* [LinkedList、ArrayList各自的使用场景,如何确认应该用哪一个呢?](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/when-to-use-linkedlist-over-arraylist.md) -* [StringBuilder和StringBuffer有哪些区别呢](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/stringbuilder-and-stringbuffer.md) -* [为什么处理排序的数组要比非排序的快](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/why-is-processing-a-sorted-array-faster-than-an-unsorted-array.md) -* [如何使用Java创建一个内存泄漏的程序](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/creating-a-memory-leak-with-java.md) -* [为什么打印"B"会明显的比打印"#"慢](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/why-is-printing-b-dramatically-slower-than-printing.md) - -> 测试 - -* [如何测试 private 方法,变量或者内部类](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/how-to-test-a-class-that-has-private-methods-fields-or-inner-classes.md) -* [JUnit4如何断言确定异常的抛出](/contents/how-do-you-assert-that-a-certain-exception-is-thrown-in-junit-4-tests.md) - -> Android - -* [在Android里面下载文件,并在ProgressDialog显示进度](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/download-a-file-with-android-and-showing-the-progress-in-a-progressdialog.md) -* [如何获取Android设备唯一ID](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/blob/master/contents/is-there-a-unique-android-device-id.md) -* [安装Android SDK的时候找不到JDK](contents/android-sdk-installation-doesnt-find-jdk.md) - -### 待翻译问题链接(还剩x问题) -- [Proper use cases for Android UserManager.isUserAGoat()?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13375357/proper-use-cases-for-android-usermanager-isuseragoat) -- [Why is executing Java code in comments with certain Unicode characters allowed?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30727515/why-is-executing-java-code-in-comments-with-certain-unicode-characters-allowed) -- [Convert a String to an enum in Java](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/604424/convert-a-string-to-an-enum-in-java) -- ['Must Override a Superclass Method' Errors after importing a project into Eclipse](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1678122/must-override-a-superclass-method-errors-after-importing-a-project-into-eclips) -- [Fastest way to determine if an integer's square root is an integer](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/295579/fastest-way-to-determine-if-an-integers-square-root-is-an-integer) -- [How to fix: Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 error?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10382929/how-to-fix-unsupported-major-minor-version-51-0-error) -- [How to generate a random alpha-numeric string?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/41107/how-to-generate-a-random-alpha-numeric-string) -- [Failed to load the JNI shared Library (JDK)](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7352493/failed-to-load-the-jni-shared-library-jdk) -- [What exactly is Apache Camel?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8845186/what-exactly-is-apache-camel) -- [Access restriction on class due to restriction on required library rt.jar?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/860187/access-restriction-on-class-due-to-restriction-on-required-library-rt-jar) -- [How do I discover memory usage of my application in Android?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2298208/how-do-i-discover-memory-usage-of-my-application-in-android) -- [Uncatchable ChuckNorrisException](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13883166/uncatchable-chucknorrisexception) -- [Can I add jars to maven 2 build classpath without installing them?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/364114/can-i-add-jars-to-maven-2-build-classpath-without-installing-them) -- [Update Eclipse with Android development tools v. 23](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24437564/update-eclipse-with-android-development-tools-v-23) -- [Setting multiple jars in java classpath](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/219585/setting-multiple-jars-in-java-classpath) -- [What is the Java equivalent for LINQ?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1217228/what-is-the-java-equivalent-for-linq) -- [Hibernate hbm2ddl.auto possible values and what they do?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/438146/hibernate-hbm2ddl-auto-possible-values-and-what-they-do) -- [How can I pad an integers with zeros on the left?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/473282/how-can-i-pad-an-integers-with-zeros-on-the-left) -- [Sort ArrayList of custom Objects by property](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2784514/sort-arraylist-of-custom-objects-by-property) -- [Efficiency of Java "Double Brace Initialization"?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/924285/efficiency-of-java-double-brace-initialization) -- [Why does this go into an infinite loop?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3831341/why-does-this-go-into-an-infinite-loop) -- [decompiling DEX into Java sourcecode](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1249973/decompiling-dex-into-java-sourcecode) -- [Why does Math.round(0.49999999999999994) return 1](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9902968/why-does-math-round0-49999999999999994-return-1) -- [Eclipse: Set maximum line length for auto formatting?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3697287/eclipse-set-maximum-line-length-for-auto-formatting) -- [What is the equivalent of the C++ Pair in Java?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/156275/what-is-the-equivalent-of-the-c-pairl-r-in-java) -- [How do I "decompile" Java class files?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/272535/how-do-i-decompile-java-class-files) -- [Useful Eclipse Java Code Templates [closed]](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1028858/useful-eclipse-java-code-templates) -- [How to call SOAP web service in Android](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/297586/how-to-call-soap-web-service-in-android) +#### 一些基本的约定 -### contributors +- 文档的文件名,和 `stackoverflowhich-notnull-java-annotation-should-i-usew` 上 + 的 url 保持一致。例如, + `http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8710619/java-operator` 的文件名, 就是 + `java-operator.md` +- 在每篇翻译文档内容的最后,要附上 stackoverflow 的原文链接 + +#### 每个人可以做(但不限于) + +- 找未翻译的问题进行翻译 +- 优化已翻译的问题 +- 输出问答精简汇总版(把所有的问答集中到一个 md 文件,然后尽量精简,让别人可 + 以在一天内把这 100 个问题的精髓都看完) +- 输出 gitbook 版本(现在直接在 github 上查看,体验不好) -thx a lot:) +#### 文档优化反馈 -- [giantray](https://github.com/giantray) +请大家多多反馈,优化已翻译好的文章:可以到 [吐槽区](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/issues/66) 吐槽, +也可以在已翻译文章基础上进行优化,提新的 PR。文章质量的提升,需要大家一起努力! + +### 目录 + +> 基础语法 + +- [Java += 操作符实质](contents/java-operator.md) +- [将 InputStream 转换为 String](contents/read-convert-an-inputstream-to-a-string.md) +- [将数组转换为 List](contents/create-arraylist-from-array.md) +- [如何遍历 map 对象](contents/iterate-through-a-hashmap.md) +- [public,protected,private,不加修饰符。有什么区别呢?](contents/in-java-whats-the-difference-between-public-default-protected-and-private.md) +- [如何测试一个数组是否包含指定的值?](contents/how-can-i-test-if-an-array-contains-a-certain-value.md) +- [重写(Override)equlas 和 hashCode 方法时应考虑的问题](contents/what-issues-should-be-considered-when-overriding-equals-and-hashcode-in-java.md) +- [从一个多层嵌套循环中直接跳出](contents/breaking-out-of-nested-loops-in-java.md) +- [如何将 String 转换为 Int](contents/converting-string-to-int-in-java.md) +- [如何分割(split)string 字符串](contents/how-to-split-a-string-in-java.md) +- [在 java 中如何对比(compare)string](contents/how-do-i-compare-strings-in-java.md) +- [`Map`基于 Value 值排序](contents/how-to-sort-a-mapkey-value-on-the-values-in-java.md) +- [HashMap 和 Hashtable 的区别](contents/differences-between-hashmap-and-hashtable.md) +- [如何便捷地将两个数组合到一起](contents/how-to-concatenate-two-arrays-in-java.md) +- [Java 是否支持默认的参数值](contents/does-java-support-default-parameter-values.md) +- [Java 产生指定范围的随机数](contents/generating-random-integers-in-a-range-with-Java.md) +- [JavaBean 到底是什么](contents/what-is-a-javabean-exactly.md) +- [wait() 和 sleep() 的区别](contents/difference-between-wait-and-sleep.md) +- [能否在一个构造器中调用另一个构造器](contents/how-do-i-call-one-constructor-from-another-in-java.md) +- [`finally` 代码块总会被执行么](contents/does-finally-always-execute-in-java.md) +- [如何将 String 转换为 enum](contents/convert-a-string-to-an-enum-in-java.md) +- [在 Java 中声明数组](contents/declare-array-in-java.md) +- [反射是什么及其用途](contents/what-is-reflection-and-why-is-it-useful.md) +- [为什么不能用 string 类型进行 switch 判断](contents/why-cant-i-switch-on-a-string.md) +- [比较 java 枚举成员使用 equal 还是 ==](contents/comparing-java-enum-members-or-equals.md) +- [用 java 怎么创建一个文件并向该文件写文本内容](contents/how-to-create-a-file-and-write-to-a-file-in-java.md) +- [serialVersionUID 有什么作用?该如何使用?](contents/what-is-a-serialversionuid-and-why-should-i-use-it.md) +- [为什么 Java 的 `Vector` 类被认为是过时的或者废弃的](contents/why-is-java-vector-class-considered-obsolete-or-deprecated.md) +- [Java 的 foreach 循环是如何工作的](contents/how-does-the-java-for-each-loop-work.md) +- [为什么相减这两个时间(1927 年)会得到奇怪的结果](/why-is-subtracting-these-two-times-in-1927-giving-a-strange-result.md) +- [Java 中如何将 String 转换为 enum](contents/lookup-enum-by-string-value.md) +- [该什么时候使用 ThreadLocal 变量,它是如何工作的](contents/when-and-how-should-i-use-a-threadlocal-variable.md) +- [servlets 的运行原理](contents/how-do-servlets-work-instantiation-shared-variables-and-multithreading.md) +- [如何计算 MD5 值](contents/how-can-i-generate-an-md5-hash.md) +- [Java 中软引用和弱引用的区别](contents/what-is-the-difference-between-a-soft-reference-and-a-weak-reference-in-java.md) +- [JSF, Servlet 和 JSP](contents/what-is-the-difference-between-jsf-servlet-and-jsp.md) +- [Java 内部类和嵌套静态类](contents/java-inner-class-and-static-nested-class.md) +- [`@Component`, `@Repository`, `@Service` 的区别](contents/whats-the-difference-between-component-repository-service-annotations-in.md) +- [如何创建泛型 java 数组](contents/how-to-create-a-generic-array-in-java.md) + +> 编程技巧 + +- [去掉烦人的 `!=null`(判空语句)](contents/avoiding-null-statements-in-java.md) +- [获取完整的堆栈信息](contents/get-current-stack-trace-in-java.md) +- [如何用一行代码初始化一个 ArrayList](contents/initialization-of-an-arraylist-in-one-line.md) +- [初始化静态 map](contents/how-can-i-initialize-a-static-map.md) +- [给 3 个布尔变量,当其中有 2 个或者 2 个以上为 true 才返回 true](contents/check-if-at-least-two-out-of-three-booleans-are-true.md) +- [输出 Java 数组最简单的方式](contents/whats-the-simplest-way-to-print-a-java-array.md) +- [为什么以下用随机生成的文字会得出 "hello world"?](contents/why-does-this-code-using-random-strings-print-hello-world.md) +- [什么在 java 中存放密码更倾向于 char[] 而不是 String](contents/why-is-char-preferred-over-string-for-passwords-in-java.md) +- [如何避免在 JSP 文件中使用 Java 代码](contents/how-to-avoid-java-code-in-jsp-files.md) +- [Java 源码里的设计模式](contents/examples-of-gof-design-patterns-in-javas-core-libraries.md) +- [如何产生一个随机的字母数字串作为 session 的唯一标识符](contents/how-to-generate-a-random-alpha-numeric-string.md) +- [如何创建单例](contents/what-is-an-efficient-way-to-implement-a-singleton-in-java.md) +- [实现 Runnable 接口 VS. 继承 Thread 类](contents/implements-runnable-vs-extends-thread.md) +- [我应该用哪一个 `@NotNull` 注解](contents/which-notnull-java-annotation-should-i-use.md) +- [怎样将堆栈追踪信息转换为字符串](contents/how-can-i-convert-a-stack-trace-to-a-string.md) +- [如何处理 java.lang.outOfMemoryError PermGen space error](contents/dealing-with-java-lang-outofmemoryerror-permgen-space-error.md) +- [如何在整数左填充 0](contents/how-can-i-pad-an-integers-with-zeros-on-the-left.md) +- [在调用 instanceof 前需要进行 null 检查吗](contents/is-null-check-needed-before-calling-instanceof.md) +- [如何从文件里读取字符串](contents/how-do-i-create-a-java-string-from-the-contents-of-a-file.md) +- [遍历集合时移除元素,怎样避免 ConcurrentModificationException 异常抛出](contents/iterating-through-a-collection-avoiding-concurrentmodificationexception-when-reiterating-through-a-collection-avoiding-concurrentmodificationexception-when-re.md) +- [如何让 IntelliJ 编辑器永久性显示代码行数](contents/how-can-i-permanently-have-line-numbers-in-intellij.md) +- [如何使用 maven 把项目及其依赖打包为可运行 jar 包](contents/how-can-i-create-an-executable-jar-with-dependencies-using-maven.md) + +> 网络 + +- [如何使用 java.net.URLConnection 接收及发送 HTTP 请求](contents/using-java-net-urlconnection-to-fire-and-handle-http-requests.md) + +> 性能 + +- [LinkedList、ArrayList 各自的使用场景,如何确认应该用哪一个呢?](contents/when-to-use-linkedlist-over-arraylist.md) +- [StringBuilder 和 StringBuffer 有哪些区别呢](contents/stringbuilder-and-stringbuffer.md) +- [为什么处理排序的数组要比非排序的快](contents/why-is-processing-a-sorted-array-faster-than-an-unsorted-array.md) +- [如何使用 Java 创建一个内存泄漏的程序](contents/creating-a-memory-leak-with-java.md) +- [为什么打印"B"会明显的比打印"#"慢](contents/why-is-printing-b-dramatically-slower-than-printing.md) + +> 测试 + +- [如何测试 private 方法,变量或者内部类](contents/how-to-test-a-class-that-has-private-methods-fields-or-inner-classes.md) +- [JUnit4 如何断言确定异常的抛出](contents/how-do-you-assert-that-a-certain-exception-is-thrown-in-junit-4-tests.md) + +> Android + +- [在 Android 里面下载文件,并在 ProgressDialog 显示进度](contents/download-a-file-with-android-and-showing-the-progress-in-a-progressdialog.md) +- [如何获取 Android 设备唯一 ID](contents/is-there-a-unique-android-device-id.md) +- [安装 Android SDK 的时候找不到 JDK](contents/android-sdk-installation-doesnt-find-jdk.md) + +### 待翻译问题链接 (还剩 x 问题) + +- [Proper use cases for Android UserManager.isUserAGoat()?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13375357/proper-use-cases-for-android-usermanager-isuseragoat) +- [Why is executing Java code in comments with certain Unicode characters allowed?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30727515/why-is-executing-java-code-in-comments-with-certain-unicode-characters-allowed) +- [Convert a String to an enum in Java](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/604424/convert-a-string-to-an-enum-in-java) +- ['Must Override a Superclass Method' Errors after importing a project into Eclipse](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1678122/must-override-a-superclass-method-errors-after-importing-a-project-into-eclips) +- [Fastest way to determine if an integer's square root is an integer](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/295579/fastest-way-to-determine-if-an-integers-square-root-is-an-integer) +- [How to fix: Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 error?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10382929/how-to-fix-unsupported-major-minor-version-51-0-error) +- [How to generate a random alpha-numeric string?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/41107/how-to-generate-a-random-alpha-numeric-string) +- [Failed to load the JNI shared Library (JDK)](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7352493/failed-to-load-the-jni-shared-library-jdk) +- [What exactly is Apache Camel?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8845186/what-exactly-is-apache-camel) +- [Access restriction on class due to restriction on required library rt.jar?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/860187/access-restriction-on-class-due-to-restriction-on-required-library-rt-jar) +- [How do I discover memory usage of my application in Android?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2298208/how-do-i-discover-memory-usage-of-my-application-in-android) +- [Uncatchable ChuckNorrisException](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13883166/uncatchable-chucknorrisexception) +- [Can I add jars to maven 2 build classpath without installing them?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/364114/can-i-add-jars-to-maven-2-build-classpath-without-installing-them) +- [Update Eclipse with Android development tools v. 23](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24437564/update-eclipse-with-android-development-tools-v-23) +- [Setting multiple jars in java classpath](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/219585/setting-multiple-jars-in-java-classpath) +- [What is the Java equivalent for LINQ?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1217228/what-is-the-java-equivalent-for-linq) +- [Hibernate hbm2ddl.auto possible values and what they do?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/438146/hibernate-hbm2ddl-auto-possible-values-and-what-they-do) +- [How can I pad an integers with zeros on the left?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/473282/how-can-i-pad-an-integers-with-zeros-on-the-left) +- [Sort ArrayList of custom Objects by property](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2784514/sort-arraylist-of-custom-objects-by-property) +- [Efficiency of Java "Double Brace Initialization"?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/924285/efficiency-of-java-double-brace-initialization) +- [Why does this go into an infinite loop?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3831341/why-does-this-go-into-an-infinite-loop) +- [decompiling DEX into Java sourcecode](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1249973/decompiling-dex-into-java-sourcecode) +- [Why does Math.round(0.49999999999999994) return 1](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9902968/why-does-math-round0-49999999999999994-return-1) +- [Eclipse: Set maximum line length for auto formatting?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3697287/eclipse-set-maximum-line-length-for-auto-formatting) +- [What is the equivalent of the C++ Pair in Java?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/156275/what-is-the-equivalent-of-the-c-pairl-r-in-java) +- [How do I "decompile" Java class files?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/272535/how-do-i-decompile-java-class-files) +- [Useful Eclipse Java Code Templates [closed]](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1028858/useful-eclipse-java-code-templates) +- [How to call SOAP web service in Android](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/297586/how-to-call-soap-web-service-in-android) + +### contributors -- [wklken](https://github.com/wklken) +Thanks a lot :) +- [giantray](https://github.com/giantray) +- [wklken](https://github.com/wklken) -more [link](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/graphs/contributors) +see [full list of contrbutors](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/graphs/contributors). ------- +--- -To Be Continue ... +To Be Continue... giantray -Email: lizeyang@foxmail.com +Email: -Blog: http://blog.csdn.net/lizeyang +Blog: 2015年08月18日 于珠海 diff --git a/contents/java-operator.md b/contents/java-operator.md index cee3e03..230100e 100644 --- a/contents/java-operator.md +++ b/contents/java-operator.md @@ -1,36 +1,40 @@ -##Java += 操作符实质 +## Java `+=` 操作符实质 + +### 问题 + +我之前以为:`i += j` 等同于 `i = i + j`; -###问题 -我之前以为: -i += j 等同于 i = i + j; 但假设有: + ```java int i = 5; long j = 8; ``` -这时 i = i + j 不能编译,但 i += j 却可以编译。这说明两者还是有差别的 -这是否意味着,i += j,实际是等同于 i= (type of i) (i + j)呢? -###回答 -这个问题,其实官方文档中已经解答了。 请看这里 [§15.26.2 Compound Assignment Operators](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-15.html#jls-15.26.2) +这时 `i = i + j` 不能编译,但 `i += j` 却可以编译。这说明两者还是有差别的。 +这是否意味着,`i += j`,实际是等同于 `i= (type of i) (i + j)` 呢? -再照搬下官方文档的说明 +### 回答 + +这个问题,其实官方文档中已经解答了。 请看这里 [§15.26.2 Compound Assignment Operators](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-15.html#jls-15.26.2) +再照搬下官方文档的说明 -对复合赋值表达式来说,E1 op= E2 (诸如 i += j; i -= j 等等),其实是等同于 E1 = (T)((E1) op (E2)),其中,T是E1这个元素的类型。 +对复合赋值表达式来说,`E1 op= E2`(诸如 `i += j`,`i -= j` 等等),其实是等同于 `E1 = (T)((E1) op (E2))`,其中,`T` 是 `E1` 这个元素的类型。 举例来说,如下的代码 + ```java short x = 3; x += 4.6; ``` + 等同于 + ```java short x = 3; x = (short)(x + 4.6); ``` - -stackoverflow链接 -http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8710619/java-operator +stackoverflow 链接: diff --git a/md2html-v0.5.jar b/md2html-v0.5.jar new file mode 100644 index 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HcmV?d00001 From 0bf93dba330c614fa0d3f774ab58f811d9ef60c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: TANG ZhiXiong Date: 2017年12月27日 00:32:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 2/2] upload --- README.html | 1098 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ README.md | 187 --------- README.org | 607 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ theme.setup | 1 + 4 files changed, 1706 insertions(+), 187 deletions(-) create mode 100644 README.html delete mode 100644 README.md create mode 100644 README.org create mode 100644 theme.setup diff --git a/README.html b/README.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16432a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.html @@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@ + + + + +README + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+

README

+ + +
+

1 stackoverflow-Java-top-qa

+
+
+

1.1 一些基本的约定

+
+
    +
  • 文档的文件名,和 stackoverflowhich-notnull-java-annotation-should-i-usew 上 的 url 保持一致。 +例如, http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8710619/java-operator 的文件名, 就是 java-operator.md +
    • +
  • 在每篇翻译文档内容的最后,要附上 stackoverflow 的原文链接 +
    • +
+
+
+
+

1.2 每个人可以做(但不限于)

+
+
    +
  • 找未翻译的问题进行翻译 +
    • +
  • 优化已翻译的问题 +
    • +
  • 输出问答精简汇总版(把所有的问答集中到一个 md +文件,然后尽量精简,让别人可 以在一天内把这 100 个问题的精髓都看完) +
    • +
  • 输出 gitbook 版本(现在直接在 github 上查看,体验不好) +
    • +
+
+
+ +
+

1.3 文档优化反馈

+
+

+请大家多多反馈,优化已翻译好的文章:可以到 吐槽区 吐槽, 也可以在已翻 +译文章基础上进行优化,提新的 PR。文章质量的提升,需要大家一起努力! +

+
+
+
+

1.4 目录

+
+
+

1.4.1 [32/38] 基础语法

+
+
    +
  • [X] Java += 操作符实质 +
    • +
  • [X] 将 Inputstream 转换为 String + Apache commons IOUtils + +
    + +
    // method 1
+StringWriter writer = new StringWriter();
+IOUtils.copy(inputStream, writer, encoding);
+String theString = writer.toString();
+
+// method 2
+String theString = IOUtils.toString(inputStream, encoding);
+
+// method 3
+static String convertStreamToString(java.io.InputStream is) {
+ java.util.Scanner s = new java.util.Scanner(is).useDelimiter("\\A");
+ return s.hasNext() ? s.next() : "";
+}
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 将数组转换为 List +
    + +
    // method 1
+new ArrayList<Element>(Arrays.asList(array));
+
+// 定长, 不能 add, remove (搞得跟 array 就一样了)
+// method 2
+Arrays.asList(array);
+// method 3
+Arrays.asList(new Element(1),new Element(2),new Element(3));
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 如何遍历 map 对象 +
    + +
    // method 1: entrySet
+Map<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
+for(Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> entry : map.entrySet()){
+ System.out.println("key = " + entry.getKey() + ", value = " + entry.getValue())
+}
+
+// method 2: keySet(), values()
+
+// method 3: iterator
+Map<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
+Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, Integer>> entries = map.entrySet().iterator();
+while (entries.hasNext()) {
+ Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> entry = entries.next();
+ System.out.println("Key = " + entry.getKey() + ", Value = " + entry.getValue());
+}
+
+// method 4: 迭代 keys 并搜索 values(低效的)
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [ ] public,protected,private,不加修饰符。有什么区别呢? +
    • +
  • [X] 如何测试一个数组是否包含指定的值? +
    + +
    // method 1
+Arrays.asList(...).contains(...)
+
+// method 2
+String[] fieldsToInclude = { "id", "name", "location" };
+if ( ArrayUtils.contains( fieldsToInclude, "id" ) ) {
+ // Do some stuff.
+}
+
+// method 3, for ordered list
+Arrays.binarySearch(arr, targetValue);
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 重写(Override)equlas 和 hashCode 方法时应考虑的问题 +
      +
    • equals() 定义了对象的相等关系(自反性、对称性、传递性) +
      • +
    • hashCode 只是尽量要求不重合 +
      • +
    • equals 的对象, hashCode 也要一样, hashCode 一样, 不一定 equal +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 从一个多层嵌套循环中直接跳出 + break+label, 我觉得这个和 goto 就很类似了. 应当避免这样写. +
    • +
  • [X] 如何将 String 转换为 Int +
      +
    • Integer.valueOf(str); ==> Integer +
      • +
    • Integer.parseInt(str); ==> int (possible NumberFormatException) +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 如何分割(split)string 字符串 +
      +
    • String[] parts = string.split("-"); +
      • +
    • 需要注意的是,该方法的参数是个正则表达式, 要注意对某些字符做转码。 +例如,.在正则表达式中表示任意字符,因此,如果你要通过.号做分割,需要这样写,split("\\.")或者split(Pattern.quote(".")) +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 在 java 中如何对比(compare)string +
    • +
  • [X] =Map<Key,Value>=基于 Value 值排序 +
      +
    • 1: 使用 TreeMap,可以参考下面的代码 + +

      +The TreeMap class implements the Map interface by using a tree. A +TreeMap provides an efficient means of storing key/value pairs in +sorted order, and allows rapid retrieval. +

      +
      • +
    • 2: 先通过 linkedlist 排好序,再放到 LinkedHashMap 中 +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] HashMap 和 Hashtable 的区别 +
      +
    • Hashtable是同步的,加了synchronized锁,而HashMap不是 +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 如何便捷地将两个数组合到一起 +
    + +
    // method 1
+ArrayUtils.addAll(T[], T...)
+
+// method 2
+public Foo[] concat(Foo[] a, Foo[] b) {
+ int aLen = a.length;
+ int bLen = b.length;
+ Foo[] c= new Foo[aLen+bLen];
+ System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, aLen);
+ System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, aLen, bLen);
+ return c;
+}
+
+// method 3
+public <T> T[] concatenate (T[] a, T[] b) {
+ int aLen = a.length;
+ int bLen = b.length;
+
+ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+ T[] c = (T[]) Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), aLen+bLen);
+ System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, aLen);
+ System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, aLen, bLen);
+
+ return c;
+}
+// !!!! 注意,泛型的方案不适用于基本数据类型(int,boolean......)
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] Java 是否支持默认的参数值 +
      +
    • builders: 使用创建者模式,你可以设定部分参数是有默认值,部分参数是可选的。如: +
      • +
    • 方法(构造函数)重载 +
      • +
    • null 的传递 +
      • +
    • 多参数方式 +
      + +
      void foo(String a, Integer... b) {
+ Integer b1 = b.length > 0 ? b[0] : 0;
+ Integer b2 = b.length > 1 ? b[1] : 0;
+ //...
+}
+
+foo("a");
+foo("a", 1, 2);
+
      +
      +

      +如果不是同一类型, 就用 Object + cast . +

      +
      • +
    • 使用 Map 作为方法中的参数 +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] Java 产生指定范围的随机数 +
      +
    • Math.random(): [0, 1) +
      • +
    • java.util.Random +
      • +
    • org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomUtils +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] JavaBean 到底是什么 + JavaBean 只是一个标准 +
      +
    • 所有的属性是私有的(通过 getters/setters 处理属性) +
      • +
    • 一个公有的无参数的构造器 +
      • +
    • 实现了序列化(Serializable) +
      • +
    +

    +另外,一个 JavaBean 类和一个普通的类没有语法区别,如果遵循上面的标准 +的话,一个类可以认为成 JavaBean 类。 +

    + +

    +之所以需要 JavaBean,是因为这样预定义了一种类的格式,一些库能依据这 +个约定的格式,来做一些自动化处理。举个例子,如果一个类库需要通过流来 +处理你传递的任何对象,它知道它可以正常处理,因为这个对象是可序列化的。 +(假设这个类库要求你的对象是 JavaBeans) +

    +
    • +
  • [ ] wait() 和 sleep() 的区别 +
    • +
  • [X] 能否在一个构造器中调用另一个构造器 +
    + +
    public class Foo {
+ private int x;
+
+ public Foo() {
+ this(1);
+ }
+
+ public Foo(int x) {
+ this.x = x;
+ }
+}
+
    +
    + +

    +请注意,在构造器中,你只能调用一次其他的构造器。并且调用其他构造器的 +语句,必须是这个构造器的第一个语句。 +

    +
    • +
  • [X] finally 代码块总会被执行么 +
    + +
    try {
+ something();
+ return success;
+} catch (Exception e) {
+ return failure;
+} finally {
+ System.out.println("i don't know if this will get printed out.");
+}
+// 只有以下情况 finally 不会被调用:
+// + 当你使用 System.exit() 后
+// + 其他线程干扰了现在运行的线程(通过 interrupt 方法)
+// + JVM 崩溃 (crash) 了
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 如何将 String 转换为 enum +
      +
    • Blah.valueOf("A") 将会得到 Blah.A +
      • +
    • 静态方法 valueOf() 和 values() 不存在于源码中,而是在编译时创建 +
      • +
    • hack +
      + +
      public static <T extends Enum<T>> T getEnumFromString(Class<T> c, String string) {
+ if( c != null && string != null ) {
+ try {
+ return Enum.valueOf(c, string.trim().toUpperCase());
+ } catch(IllegalArgumentException ex) {}
+ }
+ return null;
+}
+
+public enum MyEnum {
+ ...
+ public static MyEnum fromString(String name) {
+ return getEnumFromString(MyEnum.class, name);
+ }
+ ...
+}
+
      +
      +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 在 Java 中声明数组 +
    + +
    // primtive type
+int[] myIntArray = new int[3];
+int[] myIntArray = {1, 2, 3};
+int[] myIntArray = new int[]{1, 2, 3};
+
+// string
+String[] myStringArray = new String[3];
+String[] myStringArray = {"a", "b","c"};
+String[] myStringArray = new String[]{"a", "b", "c"};
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 反射是什么及其用途 +
    + +
    Method method = foo.getClass().getMethod("dosomething",null);
+method.invoke(foo,null); //调用foo的dosomething方法
+
    +
    + +

    +可以看看我的这个笔记 https://github.com/4ker/JavaAOP +

    +
    • +
  • [X] 为什么不能用 string 类型进行 switch 判断 + 在 JDK7 中,这个特性已经实现了。在编译阶段,以 string 作为 case 值的代码,会按照特定的模式,被转换为更加复杂的代码。最终的执行代码将是一些使用了 JVM 指令的代码。 + +

    +这是在说, java 7 之前是不可以的. +

    +
    • +
  • [X] 比较 java 枚举成员使用 equal 还是 == +
      +
    • 如果你看过枚举的源码,你会发现在源码中,equals 也仅仅非常简单的 == +
      • +
    • 其实很简单, 因为 Enum 的 valueOf 方法是从自己的备选项里面枚举, 找到那个 enum 取出来的, 所以内存位置也是一样的. +
      • +
    • 还有一个区别是 null.equals 可能有风险, == 则没有 +
      • +
    • 总而言之,在枚举比较上使用 == , 因为: +
        +
      • 能正常工作 +
        • +
      • 更快 +
        • +
      • 运行时是安全的 +
        • +
      • 编译期也是安全的 +
        • +
      +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 用 java 怎么创建一个文件并向该文件写文本内容 +
    + +
    // TEXT FILE
+// method 1: print writer, text file
+PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter("the-file-name.txt", "UTF-8");
+writer.println("The first line");
+writer.println("The second line");
+writer.close();
+// method 2: array of lines to file
+List<String> lines = Arrays.asList("The first line", "The second line");
+Path file = Paths.get("the-file-name.txt");
+Files.write(file, lines, Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
+//Files.write(file, lines, Charset.forName("UTF-8"), StandardOpenOption.APPEND);
+
+// BINARY
+// method 3: FileOutputStream, binary
+byte data[] = ...
+FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("the-file-name");
+out.write(data);
+out.close();
+// method 4: FileOutputStream, binary
+Path file = Paths.get("the-file-name");
+Files.write(file, data);
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] serialVersionUID 有什么作用?该如何使用? +
      +
    • 对象的序列化主要有两种用途: +
        +
      • 把对象序列化成字节码,保存到指定介质上 (如磁盘等) +
        • +
      • 用于网络传输 +
        • +
      +
      • +
    • 可当我们增加 email 字段后,不作向后兼容。即放弃原来序列化到磁盘的 Person 类,这时我们可以将版本标识提高 +
      • +
    • serialVersionUID 就是控制版本是否兼容的,若我们认为修改的 Person 是向后兼容的, +则不修改 serialVersionUID;反之,则提高 serialVersionUID 的值。再回到一开始的问题 +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 为什么 Java 的 Vector 类被认为是过时的或者废弃的 +
      +
    • Vector 中对每一个独立操作都实现了同步,这通常不是我们想要的做法。 +
      • +
    • 总的来说,在大多数情况下,这种同步方法是存在很大缺陷的。正如 Mr Brain Henk 指出, +你可以通过调用Collections.synchronizedList来装饰一个集合 - 事实上 Vector 将 "可变数组" 的集合实现 +与 "同步每一个方法" 结合起来的做法是另一个糟糕的设计; +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] Java 的 foreach 循环是如何工作的 + 用了 iterator +
    + +
    // for (String item : someList) {System.out.println(item);}
+for(Iterator<String> i = someList.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
+ String item = i.next();
+ System.out.println(item);
+}
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 为什么相减这两个时间(1927 年)会得到奇怪的结果 +这是因为 1927 年 11 月 31 日上海的时区改变了。 观看此页获得更多关于 +上海 1927 年的细节。 这个问题主要是由于在 1927 年 12 月 31 日的午夜, +时钟回调了 5 分钟零 52 秒。 所以 "1927-12-31 23:54:08" 这个时间实际 +上发生了两次,看上去 java 将这个时间解析为之后的那个瞬间。 因此出现 +了这种差别。 + +

    +这只是美好但奇怪的世界时区中的一个插曲。 +

    + +

    +Shanghai Municipality (mjʊ'nɪsə'pæləti) 自治市 +

    + +

    +Daylight Saving Time (DST) Not Observed in Year 1927 +Shanghai observed China Standard Time (CST) all year. +

    + +

    +DST was not in use in 1927. +

    +
    • +
  • [ ] 该什么时候使用 ThreadLocal 变量,它是如何工作的 + 一种可能的(也是常见的)使用情形是你不想通过同步方式(synchronized)访问非线程安全的对象(说的就是 SimpleDateFormat), 而是想给每个线程一个对象实例的时候。 例如 +
    + +
    public class Foo
+{
+ // SimpleDateFormat is not thread-safe, so give one to each thread
+ private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> formatter = new ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat>(){
+ @Override
+ protected SimpleDateFormat initialValue() {
+ return new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd HHmm");
+ }
+ };
+
+ public String formatIt(Date date) {
+ return formatter.get().format(date);
+ }
+}
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [ ] servlets 的运行原理 +
    • +
  • [X] 如何计算 MD5 值 +使用 MessageDigest 和 String 时,一定要显式声明你的数据编码类型。如 +果你使用无参的 String.getBytes() , 它会以当前平台的默认编码来转换数 +据。不同平台的默认编码可能是不同的,这可能会导致你的数据不一致。 +
    + +
    import java.security.*;
+
+...
+byte[] bytesOfMessage = yourString.getBytes("UTF-8");
+MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+byte[] thedigest = md.digest(bytesOfMessage);
+
    +
    +

    +如果你的要计算的数据量很大,你可以循环使用 .update(byte[]) 方法来加载数据。加载完毕后用 .digest() 方法来得到计算出的 MD5 值。 +

    +
    • +
  • [ ] Java 中软引用和弱引用的区别 +
    • +
  • [ ] JSF, Servlet 和 JSP +
    • +
  • [X] Java 内部类和嵌套静态类 + 因此, 要实例化一个内部类对象, 必须先实例化外部类对象. 然后用这种语法来创建内部类对象: + +
    + +
    OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject = outerObject.new InnerClass();
+
    +
    + +

    +这是什么鬼… +

    + +
    + +
    class A {
+ int t() { return 1; }
+ static A a = new A() { int t() { return 2; } };
+}
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] @Component, @Repository, @Service 的区别 + 在 spring 集成的框架中,注解在类上的@Component,@Repository,@Service等注解能否被互换?或者说这些注解有什么区别? + +

    +在 Spring2.0 之前的版本中,@Repository注解可以标记在任何的类上,用来 +表明该类是用来执行与数据库相关的操作(即 dao 对象),并支持自动处理 +数据库操作产生的异常 +

    + +

    +在 Spring2.5 版本中,引入了更多的 Spring 类注解: +@Component,@Service,@Controller。Component是一个通用的 Spring 容器管 +理的单例 bean 组件。而@Repository, @Service, @Controller就是针对不同 +的使用场景所采取的特定功能化的注解组件。 +

    + +

    +因此,当你的一个类被@Component所注解,那么就意味着同样可以用 +@Repository, @Service, @Controller来替代它,同时这些注解会具备有更多 +的功能,而且功能各异。 +

    + +

    +最后,如果你不知道要在项目的业务层采用@Service还是@Component注解。那 +么,@Service是一个更好的选择。 +

    + +

    +— +

    + +

    +这几个注解几乎可以说是一样的:因为被这些注解修饰的类就会被 Spring 扫 +描到并注入到 Spring 的 bean 容器中。 +

    + +

    +这里,有两个注解是不能被其他注解所互换的: +

    +
      +
    • @Controller 注解的 bean 会被 spring-mvc 框架所使用。 +
      • +
    • @Repository 会被作为持久层操作(数据库)的 bean 来使用 +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 如何创建泛型 java 数组 +
    + +
    public class GenSet<E> {
+ private E[] a;
+
+ public GenSet(Class<E> c, int s) {
+ // 使用原生的反射方法,在运行时知道其数组对象类型
+ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+ final E[] a = (E[]) Array.newInstance(c, s);
+ this.a = a;
+ }
+
+ E get(int i) {
+ return a[i];
+ }
+
+ //...如果传入参数不为E类型,那么强制添加进数组将会抛出异常
+ void add(E e) {...}
+}
+
    +
    +
    • +
+
+
+
+

1.4.2 [8/21] 编程技巧

+
+
    +
  • [X] 去掉烦人的 =!=null=(判空语句) + +

    +用 Java 8 的 Optional 啊! 懒得看了. +

    +
    • +
  • [X] 获取完整的堆栈信息 + +

    +捕获了异常后,如何获取完整的堆栈轨迹(stack trace) +

    +
    + +
    // method 1
+String fullStackTrace = org.apache.commons.lang.exception.ExceptionUtils.getFullStackTrace(e);
+
+// method 2
+Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 如何用一行代码初始化一个 ArrayList +
    + +
    // good
+ArrayList<String> places = new ArrayList<String>(
+ Arrays.asList("Buenos Aires", "Córdoba", "La Plata"));
+
+// works too. 匿名内部类
+ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>() {{
+ add("A");
+ add("B");
+ add("C");
+}};
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 初始化静态 map + +
    + +
    // 我使用static初始化器来创建一个固定长度的静态map
+public class Test{
+ private static final Map<Integer, String> myMap;
+ static {
+ Map<Integer, String> aMap = ...;
+ aMap.put(1,"one");
+ aMap.put(2,"two");
+ myMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(aMap);
+ }
+}
+
+// 我喜欢用Guava(是 Collection 框架的增强)的方法初始化一个静态的,不可改变的map
+static fianl Map<Integer, String> myMap = ImmutablMap.of(
+ 1,"one",
+ 2, "two"
+)
+
+// build
+static fianl Map<Integer, String> myMap =
+ new ImmutableMap.Builder<String, Integer>()
+ .put("one", 1)
+ .put("two", 2)
+ .put("three", 3)
+ .build();
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 给 3 个布尔变量,当其中有 2 个或者 2 个以上为 true 才返回 true + +

    +这个智障答案… +

    + +

    +我觉得 return ((a && b) || (b && c) || (a && c)) 是最好的. +

    +
    • +
  • [X] 输出 Java 数组最简单的方式 +
    + +
    int[] intArray = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+System.out.println(Arrays.toString(intArray));
+//输出: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+String[] strArray = new String[] {"John", "Mary", "Bob"};
+System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(strArray));
+//输出: [John, Mary, Bob]
+
+// Arrays.deepToString与Arrays.toString不同之处在于,Arrays.deepToString更适合打印多维数组
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 什么在 java 中存放密码更倾向于 char 而不是 String + +

    +String是不可变的。虽然String加载密码之后可以把这个变量扔掉,但是字符 +串并不会马上被GC回收,一但进程在GC执行到这个字符串之前被dump,dump出 +的的转储中就会含有这个明文的字符串。那如果我去"修改"这个字符串,比如 +把它赋一个新值,那么是不是就没有这个问题了?答案是否定的,因为String +本身是不可修改的,任何基于String的修改函数都是返回一个新的字符串,原 +有的还会在内存里。 +

    + +

    +然而对于数组,你可以在抛弃它之前直接修改掉它里面的内容或者置为乱码, +密码就不会存在了。但是如果你什么也不做直接交给gc的话,也会存在上面一 +样的问题。 +

    + +

    +所以,这是一个安全性的问题–但是,即使使用char[]也仅仅是降低了攻击者 +攻击的机会,而且仅仅对这种特定的攻击有效。 +

    +
    • +
  • [ ] 如何避免在 JSP 文件中使用 Java 代码 +
    • +
  • [ ] Java 源码里的设计模式 +
    • +
  • [ ] 如何产生一个随机的字母数字串作为 session 的唯一标识符 + +

    +如果允许产生的随机字符串是可猜测的(随机字符串比较都短,或者使用有缺陷 +的随机数生成器),进而导致攻击者可能会劫持到会话的,可以使用一个相对简 +单随机数生成代码,如下所示: +

    +
    • +
  • [ ] 如何创建单例 +
    + +
    // 预加载
+public class Foo {
+
+ private static final Foo INSTANCE = new Foo();
+
+ private Foo() {
+ if (INSTANCE != null) {
+ throw new IllegalStateException("Already instantiated");
+ }
+ }
+
+ public static Foo getInstance() {
+ return INSTANCE;
+ }
+}
+
+// 懒加载
+class Foo {
+
+ private static Foo INSTANCE = null;
+
+ private Foo() {
+ if (INSTANCE != null) {
+ throw new IllegalStateException("Already instantiated");
+ }
+ }
+
+ public static Foo getInstance() {
+ if (INSTANCE == null) {
+ INSTANCE = new Foo();
+ }
+ return INSTANCE;
+ }
+}
+
    +
    +
    • +
  • [X] 实现 Runnable 接口 VS. 继承 Thread 类 + +

    +在Java中,并发执行任务一般有两种方式: +

    +
      +
    • 实现Runnable接口 +
      • +
    • 继承Thread类 +
      • +
    +

    +一般而言,推荐使用方式(1),主要是由于大多数情况下,人们并不会特别去 +关注线程的行为,也不会去改写Thread已有的行为或方法,仅仅是期望执行任 +务而已。 因此,使用接口的方式能避免引入一些并不需要的东西,同时也不 +会影响继承其他类,并使程序更加灵活。 +

    + +

    +额外的tips: +

    +
      +
    • Runnable与Thread不是对等的概念 + +

      +在Thinking in Java中,作者吐槽过Runnable的命名,称其叫做Task更为合理。 +在Java中,Runnable只是一段用于描述任务的代码段而已,是静态的概念,需要通过线程来执行。而Thread更像是一个活体,自身就具有很多行为,能够用来执行任务。 +

      +
      • +
    • 仅仅当你确实想要重写(override)一些已有行为时,才使用继承,否则请使用接口。 +
      • +
    • 在Java 5之前,创建了Thread却没调用其start()方法,可能导致内存泄露。 +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • [ ] 我应该用哪一个 @NotNull 注解 +
    • +
  • [ ] 怎样将堆栈追踪信息转换为字符串 +
    • +
  • [ ] 如何处理 java.lang.outOfMemoryError PermGen space error +
    • +
  • [ ] 如何在整数左填充 0 +
    • +
  • [ ] 在调用 instanceof 前需要进行 null 检查吗 +
    • +
  • [ ] 如何从文件里读取字符串 +
    • +
  • [ ] 遍历集合时移除元素,怎样避免 ConcurrentModificationException 异常抛出 +
    • +
  • [ ] 如何让 IntelliJ 编辑器永久性显示代码行数 +
    • +
  • [ ] 如何使用 maven 把项目及其依赖打包为可运行 jar 包 +
    • +
+
+
+ + + + +
+
+
+
+

Author: TANG ZhiXiong

+

Created: 2017年10月03日 Tue 14:12

+

Emacs 25.3.1 (Org mode 8.2.10)

+

Validate

+
+

AltStyle によって変換されたページ (->オリジナル) /

+ diff --git a/README.md b/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5706de7..0000000 --- a/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,187 +0,0 @@ -stackoverflow-Java-top-qa -========================= - -对 stackoverflow 上 Java 相关、投票数 TOP100 的问答进行翻译,欢迎点 star,我们 -会持续更新!!! - -为了让"翻译"更有意义,给阅读者带来更多、更有效的收获,我们会有一些加工: -例如,对问题进行分类,整合多个答案、删除冗余内容、加上自己的验证结果、心得等等。 - -对于参与翻译的人,这也是很好的一个学习、理解过程,欢迎大家一起来翻译。 - -### 如何参与翻译 - -#### 如何参与 - -- 请从下文"待翻译问题链接"中寻找你感兴趣的问答进行翻译。翻译好的问答,放到 - contents 目录下,无需更新 readme.md 文档。之后提一个 PR,我负责合并 PR 并更 - 新到 readme 中。 -- 另外,为了避免多人重复新翻译一个问题,你可以提 issue,说明你计划翻译的问题 - 及时间点,我可以先更新到下面的"未翻译问题"中,说明已有人领了这个问题。当然, - 也不一定要提 issue,一般情况下,只要及时提 pr,我及时审核,出现"撞车"的概率 - 并不高。 - -#### 一些基本的约定 - -- 文档的文件名,和 `stackoverflowhich-notnull-java-annotation-should-i-usew` 上 - 的 url 保持一致。例如, - `http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8710619/java-operator` 的文件名, 就是 - `java-operator.md` -- 在每篇翻译文档内容的最后,要附上 stackoverflow 的原文链接 - -#### 每个人可以做(但不限于) - -- 找未翻译的问题进行翻译 -- 优化已翻译的问题 -- 输出问答精简汇总版(把所有的问答集中到一个 md 文件,然后尽量精简,让别人可 - 以在一天内把这 100 个问题的精髓都看完) -- 输出 gitbook 版本(现在直接在 github 上查看,体验不好) - -#### 文档优化反馈 - -请大家多多反馈,优化已翻译好的文章:可以到 [吐槽区](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/issues/66) 吐槽, -也可以在已翻译文章基础上进行优化,提新的 PR。文章质量的提升,需要大家一起努力! - -### 目录 - -> 基础语法 - -- [Java += 操作符实质](contents/java-operator.md) -- [将 InputStream 转换为 String](contents/read-convert-an-inputstream-to-a-string.md) -- [将数组转换为 List](contents/create-arraylist-from-array.md) -- [如何遍历 map 对象](contents/iterate-through-a-hashmap.md) -- [public,protected,private,不加修饰符。有什么区别呢?](contents/in-java-whats-the-difference-between-public-default-protected-and-private.md) -- [如何测试一个数组是否包含指定的值?](contents/how-can-i-test-if-an-array-contains-a-certain-value.md) -- [重写(Override)equlas 和 hashCode 方法时应考虑的问题](contents/what-issues-should-be-considered-when-overriding-equals-and-hashcode-in-java.md) -- [从一个多层嵌套循环中直接跳出](contents/breaking-out-of-nested-loops-in-java.md) -- [如何将 String 转换为 Int](contents/converting-string-to-int-in-java.md) -- [如何分割(split)string 字符串](contents/how-to-split-a-string-in-java.md) -- [在 java 中如何对比(compare)string](contents/how-do-i-compare-strings-in-java.md) -- [`Map`基于 Value 值排序](contents/how-to-sort-a-mapkey-value-on-the-values-in-java.md) -- [HashMap 和 Hashtable 的区别](contents/differences-between-hashmap-and-hashtable.md) -- [如何便捷地将两个数组合到一起](contents/how-to-concatenate-two-arrays-in-java.md) -- [Java 是否支持默认的参数值](contents/does-java-support-default-parameter-values.md) -- [Java 产生指定范围的随机数](contents/generating-random-integers-in-a-range-with-Java.md) -- [JavaBean 到底是什么](contents/what-is-a-javabean-exactly.md) -- [wait() 和 sleep() 的区别](contents/difference-between-wait-and-sleep.md) -- [能否在一个构造器中调用另一个构造器](contents/how-do-i-call-one-constructor-from-another-in-java.md) -- [`finally` 代码块总会被执行么](contents/does-finally-always-execute-in-java.md) -- [如何将 String 转换为 enum](contents/convert-a-string-to-an-enum-in-java.md) -- [在 Java 中声明数组](contents/declare-array-in-java.md) -- [反射是什么及其用途](contents/what-is-reflection-and-why-is-it-useful.md) -- [为什么不能用 string 类型进行 switch 判断](contents/why-cant-i-switch-on-a-string.md) -- [比较 java 枚举成员使用 equal 还是 ==](contents/comparing-java-enum-members-or-equals.md) -- [用 java 怎么创建一个文件并向该文件写文本内容](contents/how-to-create-a-file-and-write-to-a-file-in-java.md) -- [serialVersionUID 有什么作用?该如何使用?](contents/what-is-a-serialversionuid-and-why-should-i-use-it.md) -- [为什么 Java 的 `Vector` 类被认为是过时的或者废弃的](contents/why-is-java-vector-class-considered-obsolete-or-deprecated.md) -- [Java 的 foreach 循环是如何工作的](contents/how-does-the-java-for-each-loop-work.md) -- [为什么相减这两个时间(1927 年)会得到奇怪的结果](/why-is-subtracting-these-two-times-in-1927-giving-a-strange-result.md) -- [Java 中如何将 String 转换为 enum](contents/lookup-enum-by-string-value.md) -- [该什么时候使用 ThreadLocal 变量,它是如何工作的](contents/when-and-how-should-i-use-a-threadlocal-variable.md) -- [servlets 的运行原理](contents/how-do-servlets-work-instantiation-shared-variables-and-multithreading.md) -- [如何计算 MD5 值](contents/how-can-i-generate-an-md5-hash.md) -- [Java 中软引用和弱引用的区别](contents/what-is-the-difference-between-a-soft-reference-and-a-weak-reference-in-java.md) -- [JSF, Servlet 和 JSP](contents/what-is-the-difference-between-jsf-servlet-and-jsp.md) -- [Java 内部类和嵌套静态类](contents/java-inner-class-and-static-nested-class.md) -- [`@Component`, `@Repository`, `@Service` 的区别](contents/whats-the-difference-between-component-repository-service-annotations-in.md) -- [如何创建泛型 java 数组](contents/how-to-create-a-generic-array-in-java.md) - -> 编程技巧 - -- [去掉烦人的 `!=null`(判空语句)](contents/avoiding-null-statements-in-java.md) -- [获取完整的堆栈信息](contents/get-current-stack-trace-in-java.md) -- [如何用一行代码初始化一个 ArrayList](contents/initialization-of-an-arraylist-in-one-line.md) -- [初始化静态 map](contents/how-can-i-initialize-a-static-map.md) -- [给 3 个布尔变量,当其中有 2 个或者 2 个以上为 true 才返回 true](contents/check-if-at-least-two-out-of-three-booleans-are-true.md) -- [输出 Java 数组最简单的方式](contents/whats-the-simplest-way-to-print-a-java-array.md) -- [为什么以下用随机生成的文字会得出 "hello world"?](contents/why-does-this-code-using-random-strings-print-hello-world.md) -- [什么在 java 中存放密码更倾向于 char[] 而不是 String](contents/why-is-char-preferred-over-string-for-passwords-in-java.md) -- [如何避免在 JSP 文件中使用 Java 代码](contents/how-to-avoid-java-code-in-jsp-files.md) -- [Java 源码里的设计模式](contents/examples-of-gof-design-patterns-in-javas-core-libraries.md) -- [如何产生一个随机的字母数字串作为 session 的唯一标识符](contents/how-to-generate-a-random-alpha-numeric-string.md) -- [如何创建单例](contents/what-is-an-efficient-way-to-implement-a-singleton-in-java.md) -- [实现 Runnable 接口 VS. 继承 Thread 类](contents/implements-runnable-vs-extends-thread.md) -- [我应该用哪一个 `@NotNull` 注解](contents/which-notnull-java-annotation-should-i-use.md) -- [怎样将堆栈追踪信息转换为字符串](contents/how-can-i-convert-a-stack-trace-to-a-string.md) -- [如何处理 java.lang.outOfMemoryError PermGen space error](contents/dealing-with-java-lang-outofmemoryerror-permgen-space-error.md) -- [如何在整数左填充 0](contents/how-can-i-pad-an-integers-with-zeros-on-the-left.md) -- [在调用 instanceof 前需要进行 null 检查吗](contents/is-null-check-needed-before-calling-instanceof.md) -- [如何从文件里读取字符串](contents/how-do-i-create-a-java-string-from-the-contents-of-a-file.md) -- [遍历集合时移除元素,怎样避免 ConcurrentModificationException 异常抛出](contents/iterating-through-a-collection-avoiding-concurrentmodificationexception-when-reiterating-through-a-collection-avoiding-concurrentmodificationexception-when-re.md) -- [如何让 IntelliJ 编辑器永久性显示代码行数](contents/how-can-i-permanently-have-line-numbers-in-intellij.md) -- [如何使用 maven 把项目及其依赖打包为可运行 jar 包](contents/how-can-i-create-an-executable-jar-with-dependencies-using-maven.md) - -> 网络 - -- [如何使用 java.net.URLConnection 接收及发送 HTTP 请求](contents/using-java-net-urlconnection-to-fire-and-handle-http-requests.md) - -> 性能 - -- [LinkedList、ArrayList 各自的使用场景,如何确认应该用哪一个呢?](contents/when-to-use-linkedlist-over-arraylist.md) -- [StringBuilder 和 StringBuffer 有哪些区别呢](contents/stringbuilder-and-stringbuffer.md) -- [为什么处理排序的数组要比非排序的快](contents/why-is-processing-a-sorted-array-faster-than-an-unsorted-array.md) -- [如何使用 Java 创建一个内存泄漏的程序](contents/creating-a-memory-leak-with-java.md) -- [为什么打印"B"会明显的比打印"#"慢](contents/why-is-printing-b-dramatically-slower-than-printing.md) - -> 测试 - -- [如何测试 private 方法,变量或者内部类](contents/how-to-test-a-class-that-has-private-methods-fields-or-inner-classes.md) -- [JUnit4 如何断言确定异常的抛出](contents/how-do-you-assert-that-a-certain-exception-is-thrown-in-junit-4-tests.md) - -> Android - -- [在 Android 里面下载文件,并在 ProgressDialog 显示进度](contents/download-a-file-with-android-and-showing-the-progress-in-a-progressdialog.md) -- [如何获取 Android 设备唯一 ID](contents/is-there-a-unique-android-device-id.md) -- [安装 Android SDK 的时候找不到 JDK](contents/android-sdk-installation-doesnt-find-jdk.md) - -### 待翻译问题链接 (还剩 x 问题) - -- [Proper use cases for Android UserManager.isUserAGoat()?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13375357/proper-use-cases-for-android-usermanager-isuseragoat) -- [Why is executing Java code in comments with certain Unicode characters allowed?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30727515/why-is-executing-java-code-in-comments-with-certain-unicode-characters-allowed) -- [Convert a String to an enum in Java](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/604424/convert-a-string-to-an-enum-in-java) -- ['Must Override a Superclass Method' Errors after importing a project into Eclipse](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1678122/must-override-a-superclass-method-errors-after-importing-a-project-into-eclips) -- [Fastest way to determine if an integer's square root is an integer](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/295579/fastest-way-to-determine-if-an-integers-square-root-is-an-integer) -- [How to fix: Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 error?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10382929/how-to-fix-unsupported-major-minor-version-51-0-error) -- [How to generate a random alpha-numeric string?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/41107/how-to-generate-a-random-alpha-numeric-string) -- [Failed to load the JNI shared Library (JDK)](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7352493/failed-to-load-the-jni-shared-library-jdk) -- [What exactly is Apache Camel?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8845186/what-exactly-is-apache-camel) -- [Access restriction on class due to restriction on required library rt.jar?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/860187/access-restriction-on-class-due-to-restriction-on-required-library-rt-jar) -- [How do I discover memory usage of my application in Android?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2298208/how-do-i-discover-memory-usage-of-my-application-in-android) -- [Uncatchable ChuckNorrisException](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13883166/uncatchable-chucknorrisexception) -- [Can I add jars to maven 2 build classpath without installing them?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/364114/can-i-add-jars-to-maven-2-build-classpath-without-installing-them) -- [Update Eclipse with Android development tools v. 23](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24437564/update-eclipse-with-android-development-tools-v-23) -- [Setting multiple jars in java classpath](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/219585/setting-multiple-jars-in-java-classpath) -- [What is the Java equivalent for LINQ?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1217228/what-is-the-java-equivalent-for-linq) -- [Hibernate hbm2ddl.auto possible values and what they do?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/438146/hibernate-hbm2ddl-auto-possible-values-and-what-they-do) -- [How can I pad an integers with zeros on the left?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/473282/how-can-i-pad-an-integers-with-zeros-on-the-left) -- [Sort ArrayList of custom Objects by property](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2784514/sort-arraylist-of-custom-objects-by-property) -- [Efficiency of Java "Double Brace Initialization"?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/924285/efficiency-of-java-double-brace-initialization) -- [Why does this go into an infinite loop?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3831341/why-does-this-go-into-an-infinite-loop) -- [decompiling DEX into Java sourcecode](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1249973/decompiling-dex-into-java-sourcecode) -- [Why does Math.round(0.49999999999999994) return 1](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9902968/why-does-math-round0-49999999999999994-return-1) -- [Eclipse: Set maximum line length for auto formatting?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3697287/eclipse-set-maximum-line-length-for-auto-formatting) -- [What is the equivalent of the C++ Pair in Java?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/156275/what-is-the-equivalent-of-the-c-pairl-r-in-java) -- [How do I "decompile" Java class files?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/272535/how-do-i-decompile-java-class-files) -- [Useful Eclipse Java Code Templates [closed]](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1028858/useful-eclipse-java-code-templates) -- [How to call SOAP web service in Android](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/297586/how-to-call-soap-web-service-in-android) - -### contributors - -Thanks a lot :) - -- [giantray](https://github.com/giantray) -- [wklken](https://github.com/wklken) - -see [full list of contrbutors](https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/graphs/contributors). - ---- - -To Be Continue... - -giantray - -Email: - -Blog: - -2015年08月18日 于珠海 diff --git a/README.org b/README.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4e98d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.org @@ -0,0 +1,607 @@ +#+AUTHOR: TANG ZhiXiong + +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: + +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: + +#+HTML_HEAD: +#+HTML_HEAD: + +#+HTML_HEAD: + +* stackoverflow-Java-top-qa +** 一些基本的约定 +- 文档的文件名,和 =stackoverflowhich-notnull-java-annotation-should-i-usew= 上 的 url 保持一致。 + 例如, =http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8710619/java-operator= 的文件名, 就是 =java-operator.md= +- 在每篇翻译文档内容的最后,要附上 stackoverflow 的原文链接 +** 每个人可以做(但不限于) + +- 找未翻译的问题进行翻译 +- 优化已翻译的问题 +- 输出问答精简汇总版(把所有的问答集中到一个 md + 文件,然后尽量精简,让别人可 以在一天内把这 100 个问题的精髓都看完) +- 输出 gitbook 版本(现在直接在 github 上查看,体验不好) + +** 文档优化反馈 +请大家多多反馈,优化已翻译好的文章:可以到 [[https://github.com/giantray/stackoverflow-java-top-qa/issues/66][吐槽区]] 吐槽, 也可以在已翻 +译文章基础上进行优化,提新的 PR。文章质量的提升,需要大家一起努力! +** 目录 +*** [32/38] 基础语法 +- [X] [[file:contents/java-operator.md][Java += 操作符实质]] +- [X] [[file:contents/read-convert-an-inputstream-to-a-string.md][将 Inputstream 转换为 String]] + Apache commons IOUtils + + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // method 1 + StringWriter writer = new StringWriter(); + IOUtils.copy(inputStream, writer, encoding); + String theString = writer.toString(); + + // method 2 + String theString = IOUtils.toString(inputStream, encoding); + + // method 3 + static String convertStreamToString(java.io.InputStream is) { + java.util.Scanner s = new java.util.Scanner(is).useDelimiter("\\A"); + return s.hasNext() ? s.next() : ""; + } + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/create-arraylist-from-array.md][将数组转换为 List]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // method 1 + new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(array)); + + // 定长, 不能 add, remove (搞得跟 array 就一样了) + // method 2 + Arrays.asList(array); + // method 3 + Arrays.asList(new Element(1),new Element(2),new Element(3)); + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/iterate-through-a-hashmap.md][如何遍历 map 对象]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // method 1: entrySet + Map map = new HashMap(); + for(Map.Entry entry : map.entrySet()){ + System.out.println("key = " + entry.getKey() + ", value = " + entry.getValue()) + } + + // method 2: keySet(), values() + + // method 3: iterator + Map map = new HashMap(); + Iterator
    > entries = map.entrySet().iterator(); + while (entries.hasNext()) { + Map.Entry entry = entries.next(); + System.out.println("Key = " + entry.getKey() + ", Value = " + entry.getValue()); + } + + // method 4: 迭代 keys 并搜索 values(低效的) + #+END_SRC +- [ ] [[file:contents/in-java-whats-the-difference-between-public-default-protected-and-private.md][public,protected,private,不加修饰符。有什么区别呢?]] +- [X] [[file:contents/how-can-i-test-if-an-array-contains-a-certain-value.md][如何测试一个数组是否包含指定的值?]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // method 1 + Arrays.asList(...).contains(...) + + // method 2 + String[] fieldsToInclude = { "id", "name", "location" }; + if ( ArrayUtils.contains( fieldsToInclude, "id" ) ) { + // Do some stuff. + } + + // method 3, for ordered list + Arrays.binarySearch(arr, targetValue); + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/what-issues-should-be-considered-when-overriding-equals-and-hashcode-in-java.md][重写(Override)equlas 和 hashCode 方法时应考虑的问题]] + + equals() 定义了对象的相等关系(自反性、对称性、传递性) + + hashCode 只是尽量要求不重合 + + equals 的对象, hashCode 也要一样, hashCode 一样, 不一定 equal +- [X] [[file:contents/breaking-out-of-nested-loops-in-java.md][从一个多层嵌套循环中直接跳出]] + break+label, 我觉得这个和 goto 就很类似了. 应当避免这样写. +- [X] [[file:contents/converting-string-to-int-in-java.md][如何将 String 转换为 Int]] + + Integer.valueOf(str); ==> Integer + + Integer.parseInt(str); ==> int (possible NumberFormatException) +- [X] [[file:contents/how-to-split-a-string-in-java.md][如何分割(split)string 字符串]] + + ~String[] parts = string.split("-");~ + + 需要注意的是,该方法的参数是个正则表达式, 要注意对某些字符做转码。 + 例如,.在正则表达式中表示任意字符,因此,如果你要通过.号做分割,需要这样写,split("\\.")或者split(Pattern.quote(".")) +- [X] [[file:contents/how-do-i-compare-strings-in-java.md][在 java 中如何对比(compare)string]] +- [X] [[file:contents/how-to-sort-a-mapkey-value-on-the-values-in-java.md][=Map=基于 Value 值排序]] + + 1: 使用 TreeMap,可以参考下面的代码 + + The TreeMap class implements the Map interface by using a tree. A + TreeMap provides an efficient means of storing key/value pairs in + sorted order, and allows rapid retrieval. + + 2: 先通过 linkedlist 排好序,再放到 LinkedHashMap 中 +- [X] [[file:contents/differences-between-hashmap-and-hashtable.md][HashMap 和 Hashtable 的区别]] + + Hashtable是同步的,加了synchronized锁,而HashMap不是 +- [X] [[file:contents/how-to-concatenate-two-arrays-in-java.md][如何便捷地将两个数组合到一起]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // method 1 + ArrayUtils.addAll(T[], T...) + + // method 2 + public Foo[] concat(Foo[] a, Foo[] b) { + int aLen = a.length; + int bLen = b.length; + Foo[] c= new Foo[aLen+bLen]; + System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, aLen); + System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, aLen, bLen); + return c; + } + + // method 3 + public T[] concatenate (T[] a, T[] b) { + int aLen = a.length; + int bLen = b.length; + + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + T[] c = (T[]) Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), aLen+bLen); + System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, aLen); + System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, aLen, bLen); + + return c; + } + // !!!! 注意,泛型的方案不适用于基本数据类型(int,boolean......) + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/does-java-support-default-parameter-values.md][Java 是否支持默认的参数值]] + + builders: 使用创建者模式,你可以设定部分参数是有默认值,部分参数是可选的。如: + + 方法(构造函数)重载 + + null 的传递 + + 多参数方式 + #+BEGIN_SRC java + void foo(String a, Integer... b) { + Integer b1 = b.length> 0 ? b[0] : 0; + Integer b2 = b.length> 1 ? b[1] : 0; + //... + } + + foo("a"); + foo("a", 1, 2); + #+END_SRC + 如果不是同一类型, 就用 Object + cast . + + 使用 Map 作为方法中的参数 +- [X] [[file:contents/generating-random-integers-in-a-range-with-Java.md][Java 产生指定范围的随机数]] + + Math.random(): [0, 1) + + java.util.Random + + org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomUtils +- [X] [[file:contents/what-is-a-javabean-exactly.md][JavaBean 到底是什么]] + JavaBean 只是一个标准 + + 所有的属性是私有的(通过 getters/setters 处理属性) + + 一个公有的无参数的构造器 + + 实现了序列化(Serializable) + + 另外,一个 JavaBean 类和一个普通的类没有语法区别,如果遵循上面的标准 + 的话,一个类可以认为成 JavaBean 类。 + + 之所以需要 JavaBean,是因为这样预定义了一种类的格式,一些库能依据这 + 个约定的格式,来做一些自动化处理。举个例子,如果一个类库需要通过流来 + 处理你传递的任何对象,它知道它可以正常处理,因为这个对象是可序列化的。 + (假设这个类库要求你的对象是 JavaBeans) +- [ ] [[file:contents/difference-between-wait-and-sleep.md][wait() 和 sleep() 的区别]] +- [X] [[file:contents/how-do-i-call-one-constructor-from-another-in-java.md][能否在一个构造器中调用另一个构造器]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + public class Foo { + private int x; + + public Foo() { + this(1); + } + + public Foo(int x) { + this.x = x; + } + } + #+END_SRC + + 请注意,在构造器中,你只能调用一次其他的构造器。并且调用其他构造器的 + 语句,必须是这个构造器的第一个语句。 +- [X] [[file:contents/does-finally-always-execute-in-java.md][=finally= 代码块总会被执行么]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + try { + something(); + return success; + } catch (Exception e) { + return failure; + } finally { + System.out.println("i don't know if this will get printed out."); + } + // 只有以下情况 finally 不会被调用: + // + 当你使用 System.exit() 后 + // + 其他线程干扰了现在运行的线程(通过 interrupt 方法) + // + JVM 崩溃 (crash) 了 + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/convert-a-string-to-an-enum-in-java.md][如何将 String 转换为 enum]] + + Blah.valueOf("A") 将会得到 Blah.A + + 静态方法 valueOf() 和 values() 不存在于源码中,而是在编译时创建 + + hack + #+BEGIN_SRC java + public static > T getEnumFromString(Class c, String string) { + if( c != null && string != null ) { + try { + return Enum.valueOf(c, string.trim().toUpperCase()); + } catch(IllegalArgumentException ex) {} + } + return null; + } + + public enum MyEnum { + ... + public static MyEnum fromString(String name) { + return getEnumFromString(MyEnum.class, name); + } + ... + } + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/declare-array-in-java.md][在 Java 中声明数组]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // primtive type + int[] myIntArray = new int[3]; + int[] myIntArray = {1, 2, 3}; + int[] myIntArray = new int[]{1, 2, 3}; + + // string + String[] myStringArray = new String[3]; + String[] myStringArray = {"a", "b","c"}; + String[] myStringArray = new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}; + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/what-is-reflection-and-why-is-it-useful.md][反射是什么及其用途]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + Method method = foo.getClass().getMethod("dosomething",null); + method.invoke(foo,null); //调用foo的dosomething方法 + #+END_SRC + + 可以看看我的这个笔记 https://github.com/4ker/JavaAOP +- [X] [[file:contents/why-cant-i-switch-on-a-string.md][为什么不能用 string 类型进行 switch 判断]] + 在 JDK7 中,这个特性已经实现了。在编译阶段,以 string 作为 case 值的代码,会按照特定的模式,被转换为更加复杂的代码。最终的执行代码将是一些使用了 JVM 指令的代码。 + + 这是在说, java 7 之前是不可以的. +- [X] [[file:contents/comparing-java-enum-members-or-equals.md][比较 java 枚举成员使用 equal 还是 ==]] + + 如果你看过枚举的源码,你会发现在源码中,equals 也仅仅非常简单的 == + + 其实很简单, 因为 Enum 的 valueOf 方法是从自己的备选项里面枚举, 找到那个 enum 取出来的, 所以内存位置也是一样的. + + 还有一个区别是 null.equals 可能有风险, == 则没有 + + 总而言之,在枚举比较上使用 == , 因为: + - 能正常工作 + - 更快 + - 运行时是安全的 + - 编译期也是安全的 +- [X] [[file:contents/how-to-create-a-file-and-write-to-a-file-in-java.md][用 java 怎么创建一个文件并向该文件写文本内容]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // TEXT FILE + // method 1: print writer, text file + PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter("the-file-name.txt", "UTF-8"); + writer.println("The first line"); + writer.println("The second line"); + writer.close(); + // method 2: array of lines to file + List lines = Arrays.asList("The first line", "The second line"); + Path file = Paths.get("the-file-name.txt"); + Files.write(file, lines, Charset.forName("UTF-8")); + //Files.write(file, lines, Charset.forName("UTF-8"), StandardOpenOption.APPEND); + + // BINARY + // method 3: FileOutputStream, binary + byte data[] = ... + FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("the-file-name"); + out.write(data); + out.close(); + // method 4: FileOutputStream, binary + Path file = Paths.get("the-file-name"); + Files.write(file, data); + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/what-is-a-serialversionuid-and-why-should-i-use-it.md][serialVersionUID 有什么作用?该如何使用?]] + + 对象的序列化主要有两种用途: + - 把对象序列化成字节码,保存到指定介质上 (如磁盘等) + - 用于网络传输 + + 可当我们增加 email 字段后,不作向后兼容。即放弃原来序列化到磁盘的 Person 类,这时我们可以将版本标识提高 + + serialVersionUID 就是控制版本是否兼容的,若我们认为修改的 Person 是向后兼容的, + 则不修改 serialVersionUID;反之,则提高 serialVersionUID 的值。再回到一开始的问题 +- [X] [[file:contents/why-is-java-vector-class-considered-obsolete-or-deprecated.md][为什么 Java 的 =Vector= 类被认为是过时的或者废弃的]] + + Vector 中对每一个独立操作都实现了同步,这通常不是我们想要的做法。 + + 总的来说,在大多数情况下,这种同步方法是存在很大缺陷的。正如 Mr Brain Henk 指出, + 你可以通过调用Collections.synchronizedList来装饰一个集合 - 事实上 Vector 将 "可变数组" 的集合实现 + 与 "同步每一个方法" 结合起来的做法是另一个糟糕的设计; +- [X] [[file:contents/how-does-the-java-for-each-loop-work.md][Java 的 foreach 循环是如何工作的]] + 用了 iterator + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // for (String item : someList) {System.out.println(item);} + for(Iterator i = someList.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) { + String item = i.next(); + System.out.println(item); + } + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[/why-is-subtracting-these-two-times-in-1927-giving-a-strange-result.md][为什么相减这两个时间(1927 年)会得到奇怪的结果]] + 这是因为 1927 年 11 月 31 日上海的时区改变了。 观看此页获得更多关于 + 上海 1927 年的细节。 这个问题主要是由于在 1927 年 12 月 31 日的午夜, + 时钟回调了 5 分钟零 52 秒。 所以 "1927-12-31 23:54:08" 这个时间实际 + 上发生了两次,看上去 java 将这个时间解析为之后的那个瞬间。 因此出现 + 了这种差别。 + + 这只是美好但奇怪的世界时区中的一个插曲。 + + Shanghai Municipality (/mjʊ'nɪsə'pæləti/) 自治市 + + Daylight Saving Time (DST) Not Observed in Year 1927 + Shanghai observed China Standard Time (CST) all year. + + DST was not in use in 1927. +- [ ] [[file:contents/when-and-how-should-i-use-a-threadlocal-variable.md][该什么时候使用 ThreadLocal 变量,它是如何工作的]] + 一种可能的(也是常见的)使用情形是你不想通过同步方式(synchronized)访问非线程安全的对象(说的就是 SimpleDateFormat), 而是想给每个线程一个对象实例的时候。 例如 + #+BEGIN_SRC java + public class Foo + { + // SimpleDateFormat is not thread-safe, so give one to each thread + private static final ThreadLocal formatter = new ThreadLocal(){ + @Override + protected SimpleDateFormat initialValue() { + return new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd HHmm"); + } + }; + + public String formatIt(Date date) { + return formatter.get().format(date); + } + } + #+END_SRC +- [ ] [[file:contents/how-do-servlets-work-instantiation-shared-variables-and-multithreading.md][servlets 的运行原理]] +- [X] [[file:contents/how-can-i-generate-an-md5-hash.md][如何计算 MD5 值]] + 使用 MessageDigest 和 String 时,一定要显式声明你的数据编码类型。如 + 果你使用无参的 String.getBytes() , 它会以当前平台的默认编码来转换数 + 据。不同平台的默认编码可能是不同的,这可能会导致你的数据不一致。 + #+BEGIN_SRC java + import java.security.*; + + ... + byte[] bytesOfMessage = yourString.getBytes("UTF-8"); + MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5"); + byte[] thedigest = md.digest(bytesOfMessage); + #+END_SRC + 如果你的要计算的数据量很大,你可以循环使用 .update(byte[]) 方法来加载数据。加载完毕后用 .digest() 方法来得到计算出的 MD5 值。 +- [ ] [[file:contents/what-is-the-difference-between-a-soft-reference-and-a-weak-reference-in-java.md][Java 中软引用和弱引用的区别]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/what-is-the-difference-between-jsf-servlet-and-jsp.md][JSF, Servlet 和 JSP]] +- [X] [[file:contents/java-inner-class-and-static-nested-class.md][Java 内部类和嵌套静态类]] + 因此, 要实例化一个内部类对象, 必须先实例化外部类对象. 然后用这种语法来创建内部类对象: + + #+BEGIN_SRC java + OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject = outerObject.new InnerClass(); + #+END_SRC + + 这是什么鬼... + + #+BEGIN_SRC java + class A { + int t() { return 1; } + static A a = new A() { int t() { return 2; } }; + } + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/whats-the-difference-between-component-repository-service-annotations-in.md][=@Component=, =@Repository=, =@Service= 的区别]] + 在 spring 集成的框架中,注解在类上的@Component,@Repository,@Service等注解能否被互换?或者说这些注解有什么区别? + + 在 Spring2.0 之前的版本中,@Repository注解可以标记在任何的类上,用来 + 表明该类是用来执行与数据库相关的操作(即 dao 对象),并支持自动处理 + 数据库操作产生的异常 + + 在 Spring2.5 版本中,引入了更多的 Spring 类注解: + @Component,@Service,@Controller。Component是一个通用的 Spring 容器管 + 理的单例 bean 组件。而@Repository, @Service, @Controller就是针对不同 + 的使用场景所采取的特定功能化的注解组件。 + + 因此,当你的一个类被@Component所注解,那么就意味着同样可以用 + @Repository, @Service, @Controller来替代它,同时这些注解会具备有更多 + 的功能,而且功能各异。 + + 最后,如果你不知道要在项目的业务层采用@Service还是@Component注解。那 + 么,@Service是一个更好的选择。 + + --- + + 这几个注解几乎可以说是一样的:因为被这些注解修饰的类就会被 Spring 扫 + 描到并注入到 Spring 的 bean 容器中。 + + 这里,有两个注解是不能被其他注解所互换的: + + @Controller 注解的 bean 会被 spring-mvc 框架所使用。 + + @Repository 会被作为持久层操作(数据库)的 bean 来使用 +- [X] [[file:contents/how-to-create-a-generic-array-in-java.md][如何创建泛型 java 数组]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + public class GenSet { + private E[] a; + + public GenSet(Class c, int s) { + // 使用原生的反射方法,在运行时知道其数组对象类型 + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + final E[] a = (E[]) Array.newInstance(c, s); + this.a = a; + } + + E get(int i) { + return a[i]; + } + + //...如果传入参数不为E类型,那么强制添加进数组将会抛出异常 + void add(E e) {...} + } + #+END_SRC +*** [8/21] 编程技巧 +- [X] [[file:contents/avoiding-null-statements-in-java.md][去掉烦人的 =!=null=(判空语句)]] + + 用 Java 8 的 Optional 啊! 懒得看了. +- [X] [[file:contents/get-current-stack-trace-in-java.md][获取完整的堆栈信息]] + + 捕获了异常后,如何获取完整的堆栈轨迹(stack trace) + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // method 1 + String fullStackTrace = org.apache.commons.lang.exception.ExceptionUtils.getFullStackTrace(e); + + // method 2 + Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace(); + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/initialization-of-an-arraylist-in-one-line.md][如何用一行代码初始化一个 ArrayList]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // good + ArrayList places = new ArrayList( + Arrays.asList("Buenos Aires", "Córdoba", "La Plata")); + + // works too. 匿名内部类 + ArrayList list = new ArrayList() {{ + add("A"); + add("B"); + add("C"); + }}; + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/how-can-i-initialize-a-static-map.md][初始化静态 map]] + + #+BEGIN_SRC java -r + // 我使用static初始化器来创建一个固定长度的静态map + public class Test{ + private static final Map myMap; + static { + Map aMap = ...; + aMap.put(1,"one"); + aMap.put(2,"two"); + myMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(aMap); (ref:h1507011118) + } + } + + // 我喜欢用Guava(是 Collection 框架的增强)的方法初始化一个静态的,不可改变的map + static fianl Map myMap = ImmutablMap.of( + 1,"one", + 2, "two" + ) + + // build + static fianl Map myMap = + new ImmutableMap.Builder() + .put("one", 1) + .put("two", 2) + .put("three", 3) + .build(); + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/check-if-at-least-two-out-of-three-booleans-are-true.md][给 3 个布尔变量,当其中有 2 个或者 2 个以上为 true 才返回 true]] + + 这个智障答案... + + 我觉得 ~return ((a && b) || (b && c) || (a && c))~ 是最好的. +- [X] [[file:contents/whats-the-simplest-way-to-print-a-java-array.md][输出 Java 数组最简单的方式]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + int[] intArray = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; + System.out.println(Arrays.toString(intArray)); + //输出: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] + + String[] strArray = new String[] {"John", "Mary", "Bob"}; + System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(strArray)); + //输出: [John, Mary, Bob] + + // Arrays.deepToString与Arrays.toString不同之处在于,Arrays.deepToString更适合打印多维数组 + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/why-is-char-preferred-over-string-for-passwords-in-java.md][什么在 java 中存放密码更倾向于 =char= 而不是 String]] + + String是不可变的。虽然String加载密码之后可以把这个变量扔掉,但是字符 + 串并不会马上被GC回收,一但进程在GC执行到这个字符串之前被dump,dump出 + 的的转储中就会含有这个明文的字符串。那如果我去"修改"这个字符串,比如 + 把它赋一个新值,那么是不是就没有这个问题了?答案是否定的,因为String + 本身是不可修改的,任何基于String的修改函数都是返回一个新的字符串,原 + 有的还会在内存里。 + + 然而对于数组,你可以在抛弃它之前直接修改掉它里面的内容或者置为乱码, + 密码就不会存在了。但是如果你什么也不做直接交给gc的话,也会存在上面一 + 样的问题。 + + 所以,这是一个安全性的问题--但是,即使使用char[]也仅仅是降低了攻击者 + 攻击的机会,而且仅仅对这种特定的攻击有效。 +- [ ] [[file:contents/how-to-avoid-java-code-in-jsp-files.md][如何避免在 JSP 文件中使用 Java 代码]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/examples-of-gof-design-patterns-in-javas-core-libraries.md][Java 源码里的设计模式]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/how-to-generate-a-random-alpha-numeric-string.md][如何产生一个随机的字母数字串作为 session 的唯一标识符]] + + 如果允许产生的随机字符串是可猜测的(随机字符串比较都短,或者使用有缺陷 + 的随机数生成器),进而导致攻击者可能会劫持到会话的,可以使用一个相对简 + 单随机数生成代码,如下所示: +- [ ] [[file:contents/what-is-an-efficient-way-to-implement-a-singleton-in-java.md][如何创建单例]] + #+BEGIN_SRC java + // 预加载 + public class Foo { + + private static final Foo INSTANCE = new Foo(); + + private Foo() { + if (INSTANCE != null) { + throw new IllegalStateException("Already instantiated"); + } + } + + public static Foo getInstance() { + return INSTANCE; + } + } + + // 懒加载 + class Foo { + + private static Foo INSTANCE = null; + + private Foo() { + if (INSTANCE != null) { + throw new IllegalStateException("Already instantiated"); + } + } + + public static Foo getInstance() { + if (INSTANCE == null) { + INSTANCE = new Foo(); + } + return INSTANCE; + } + } + #+END_SRC +- [X] [[file:contents/implements-runnable-vs-extends-thread.md][实现 Runnable 接口 VS. 继承 Thread 类]] + + 在Java中,并发执行任务一般有两种方式: + + 实现Runnable接口 + + 继承Thread类 + + 一般而言,推荐使用方式(1),主要是由于大多数情况下,人们并不会特别去 + 关注线程的行为,也不会去改写Thread已有的行为或方法,仅仅是期望执行任 + 务而已。 因此,使用接口的方式能避免引入一些并不需要的东西,同时也不 + 会影响继承其他类,并使程序更加灵活。 + + 额外的tips: + + Runnable与Thread不是对等的概念 + + 在Thinking in Java中,作者吐槽过Runnable的命名,称其叫做Task更为合理。 + 在Java中,Runnable只是一段用于描述任务的代码段而已,是静态的概念,需要通过线程来执行。而Thread更像是一个活体,自身就具有很多行为,能够用来执行任务。 + + 仅仅当你确实想要重写(override)一些已有行为时,才使用继承,否则请使用接口。 + + 在Java 5之前,创建了Thread却没调用其start()方法,可能导致内存泄露。 +- [ ] [[file:contents/which-notnull-java-annotation-should-i-use.md][我应该用哪一个 =@NotNull= 注解]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/how-can-i-convert-a-stack-trace-to-a-string.md][怎样将堆栈追踪信息转换为字符串]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/dealing-with-java-lang-outofmemoryerror-permgen-space-error.md][如何处理 java.lang.outOfMemoryError PermGen space error]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/how-can-i-pad-an-integers-with-zeros-on-the-left.md][如何在整数左填充 0]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/is-null-check-needed-before-calling-instanceof.md][在调用 instanceof 前需要进行 null 检查吗]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/how-do-i-create-a-java-string-from-the-contents-of-a-file.md][如何从文件里读取字符串]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/iterating-through-a-collection-avoiding-concurrentmodificationexception-when-reiterating-through-a-collection-avoiding-concurrentmodificationexception-when-re.md][遍历集合时移除元素,怎样避免 ConcurrentModificationException 异常抛出]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/how-can-i-permanently-have-line-numbers-in-intellij.md][如何让 IntelliJ 编辑器永久性显示代码行数]] +- [ ] [[file:contents/how-can-i-create-an-executable-jar-with-dependencies-using-maven.md][如何使用 maven 把项目及其依赖打包为可运行 jar 包]] +*** 网络 +- [[file:contents/using-java-net-urlconnection-to-fire-and-handle-http-requests.md][如何使用 java.net.URLConnection 接收及发送 HTTP 请求]] +*** 性能 +- [[file:contents/when-to-use-linkedlist-over-arraylist.md][LinkedList、ArrayList 各自的使用场景,如何确认应该用哪一个呢?]] +- [[file:contents/stringbuilder-and-stringbuffer.md][StringBuilder 和 StringBuffer 有哪些区别呢]] +- [[file:contents/why-is-processing-a-sorted-array-faster-than-an-unsorted-array.md][为什么处理排序的数组要比非排序的快]] +- [[file:contents/creating-a-memory-leak-with-java.md][如何使用 Java 创建一个内存泄漏的程序]] +- [[file:contents/why-is-printing-b-dramatically-slower-than-printing.md][为什么打印"B"会明显的比打印"#"慢]] +*** 测试 +- [[file:contents/how-to-test-a-class-that-has-private-methods-fields-or-inner-classes.md][如何测试 private 方法,变量或者内部类]] +- [[file:contents/how-do-you-assert-that-a-certain-exception-is-thrown-in-junit-4-tests.md][JUnit4 如何断言确定异常的抛出]] +*** Android +- [[file:contents/download-a-file-with-android-and-showing-the-progress-in-a-progressdialog.md][在 Android 里面下载文件,并在 ProgressDialog 显示进度]] +- [[file:contents/is-there-a-unique-android-device-id.md][如何获取 Android 设备唯一 ID]] +- [[file:contents/android-sdk-installation-doesnt-find-jdk.md][安装 Android SDK 的时候找不到 JDK]] diff --git a/theme.setup b/theme.setup new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6487120 --- /dev/null +++ b/theme.setup @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# -*- mode: org; -*-