diff --git a/DIRECTORY.md b/DIRECTORY.md
index 6ea83fc6a60a..f981b9f6059b 100644
--- a/DIRECTORY.md
+++ b/DIRECTORY.md
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@
 - 📄 [ECC](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/ECC.java)
 - 📄 [HillCipher](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/HillCipher.java)
 - 📄 [MonoAlphabetic](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/MonoAlphabetic.java)
+ - 📄 [OneTimePadCipher](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/OneTimePadCipher.java)
 - 📄 [PermutationCipher](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/PermutationCipher.java)
 - 📄 [PlayfairCipher](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/PlayfairCipher.java)
 - 📄 [Polybius](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/Polybius.java)
@@ -266,8 +267,10 @@
 - 📄 [BSTRecursiveGeneric](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BSTRecursiveGeneric.java)
 - 📄 [BTree](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BTree.java)
 - 📄 [BinaryTree](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BinaryTree.java)
+ - 📄 [BinaryTreeToString](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BinaryTreeToString.java)
 - 📄 [BoundaryTraversal](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BoundaryTraversal.java)
 - 📄 [CeilInBinarySearchTree](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CeilInBinarySearchTree.java)
+ - 📄 [CentroidDecomposition](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CentroidDecomposition.java)
 - 📄 [CheckBinaryTreeIsValidBST](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CheckBinaryTreeIsValidBST.java)
 - 📄 [CheckIfBinaryTreeBalanced](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CheckIfBinaryTreeBalanced.java)
 - 📄 [CheckTreeIsSymmetric](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CheckTreeIsSymmetric.java)
@@ -287,6 +290,7 @@
 - 📄 [SameTreesCheck](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/SameTreesCheck.java)
 - 📄 [SegmentTree](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/SegmentTree.java)
 - 📄 [SplayTree](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/SplayTree.java)
+ - 📄 [ThreadedBinaryTree](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/ThreadedBinaryTree.java)
 - 📄 [Treap](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/Treap.java)
 - 📄 [TreeRandomNode](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/TreeRandomNode.java)
 - 📄 [Trie](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/Trie.java)
@@ -426,6 +430,7 @@
 - 📄 [AbsoluteMax](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AbsoluteMax.java)
 - 📄 [AbsoluteMin](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AbsoluteMin.java)
 - 📄 [AbsoluteValue](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AbsoluteValue.java)
+ - 📄 [AbundantNumber](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AbundantNumber.java)
 - 📄 [AliquotSum](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AliquotSum.java)
 - 📄 [AmicableNumber](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AmicableNumber.java)
 - 📄 [Area](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/Area.java)
@@ -452,6 +457,8 @@
 - 📄 [EulerMethod](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/EulerMethod.java)
 - 📄 [EulerPseudoprime](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/EulerPseudoprime.java)
 - 📄 [EulersFunction](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/EulersFunction.java)
+ - 📄 [EvilNumber](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/EvilNumber.java)
+ - 📄 [ExtendedEuclideanAlgorithm](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/ExtendedEuclideanAlgorithm.java)
 - 📄 [FFT](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/FFT.java)
 - 📄 [FFTBluestein](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/FFTBluestein.java)
 - 📄 [Factorial](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/Factorial.java)
@@ -489,6 +496,7 @@
 - 📄 [LinearDiophantineEquationsSolver](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/LinearDiophantineEquationsSolver.java)
 - 📄 [LongDivision](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/LongDivision.java)
 - 📄 [LucasSeries](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/LucasSeries.java)
+ - 📄 [LuckyNumber](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/LuckyNumber.java)
 - 📄 [MagicSquare](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/MagicSquare.java)
 - 📄 [MathBuilder](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/MathBuilder.java)
 - 📄 [MaxValue](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/MaxValue.java)
@@ -628,6 +636,8 @@
 - 📄 [Kinematics](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/Kinematics.java)
 - 📄 [ProjectileMotion](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/ProjectileMotion.java)
 - 📄 [SimplePendulumRK4](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/SimplePendulumRK4.java)
+ - 📄 [SnellLaw](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/SnellLaw.java)
+ - 📄 [ThinLens](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/ThinLens.java)
 - 📁 **puzzlesandgames**
 - 📄 [TowerOfHanoi](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/puzzlesandgames/TowerOfHanoi.java)
 - 📄 [WordBoggle](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/puzzlesandgames/WordBoggle.java)
@@ -786,6 +796,7 @@
 - 📄 [StackPostfixNotation](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/StackPostfixNotation.java)
 - 📄 [StackUsingTwoQueues](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/StackUsingTwoQueues.java)
 - 📄 [TrappingRainwater](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/TrappingRainwater.java)
+ - 📄 [ValidParentheses](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/ValidParentheses.java)
 - 📁 **strings**
 - 📄 [AhoCorasick](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/AhoCorasick.java)
 - 📄 [Alphabetical](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/Alphabetical.java)
@@ -800,6 +811,7 @@
 - 📄 [Isogram](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/Isogram.java)
 - 📄 [Isomorphic](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/Isomorphic.java)
 - 📄 [KMP](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/KMP.java)
+ - 📄 [LengthOfLastWord](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/LengthOfLastWord.java)
 - 📄 [LetterCombinationsOfPhoneNumber](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/LetterCombinationsOfPhoneNumber.java)
 - 📄 [LongestCommonPrefix](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/LongestCommonPrefix.java)
 - 📄 [LongestNonRepetitiveSubstring](src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/LongestNonRepetitiveSubstring.java)
@@ -904,6 +916,7 @@
 - 📄 [ECCTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/ECCTest.java)
 - 📄 [HillCipherTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/HillCipherTest.java)
 - 📄 [MonoAlphabeticTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/MonoAlphabeticTest.java)
+ - 📄 [OneTimePadCipherTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/OneTimePadCipherTest.java)
 - 📄 [PermutationCipherTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/PermutationCipherTest.java)
 - 📄 [PlayfairTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/PlayfairTest.java)
 - 📄 [PolybiusTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/PolybiusTest.java)
@@ -987,8 +1000,10 @@
 - 📄 [DynamicArrayTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/dynamicarray/DynamicArrayTest.java)
 - 📁 **graphs**
 - 📄 [AStarTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/graphs/AStarTest.java)
+ - 📄 [BellmanFordTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/graphs/BellmanFordTest.java)
 - 📄 [BipartiteGraphDFSTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/graphs/BipartiteGraphDFSTest.java)
 - 📄 [BoruvkaAlgorithmTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/graphs/BoruvkaAlgorithmTest.java)
+ - 📄 [ConnectedComponentTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/graphs/ConnectedComponentTest.java)
 - 📄 [DialsAlgorithmTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/graphs/DialsAlgorithmTest.java)
 - 📄 [DijkstraAlgorithmTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/graphs/DijkstraAlgorithmTest.java)
 - 📄 [DijkstraOptimizedAlgorithmTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/graphs/DijkstraOptimizedAlgorithmTest.java)
@@ -1069,8 +1084,10 @@
 - 📄 [BSTRecursiveTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BSTRecursiveTest.java)
 - 📄 [BTreeTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BTreeTest.java)
 - 📄 [BinaryTreeTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BinaryTreeTest.java)
+ - 📄 [BinaryTreeToStringTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BinaryTreeToStringTest.java)
 - 📄 [BoundaryTraversalTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BoundaryTraversalTest.java)
 - 📄 [CeilInBinarySearchTreeTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CeilInBinarySearchTreeTest.java)
+ - 📄 [CentroidDecompositionTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CentroidDecompositionTest.java)
 - 📄 [CheckBinaryTreeIsValidBSTTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CheckBinaryTreeIsValidBSTTest.java)
 - 📄 [CheckIfBinaryTreeBalancedTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CheckIfBinaryTreeBalancedTest.java)
 - 📄 [CheckTreeIsSymmetricTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/CheckTreeIsSymmetricTest.java)
@@ -1084,6 +1101,7 @@
 - 📄 [QuadTreeTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/QuadTreeTest.java)
 - 📄 [SameTreesCheckTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/SameTreesCheckTest.java)
 - 📄 [SplayTreeTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/SplayTreeTest.java)
+ - 📄 [ThreadedBinaryTreeTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/ThreadedBinaryTreeTest.java)
 - 📄 [TreapTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/TreapTest.java)
 - 📄 [TreeTestUtils](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/TreeTestUtils.java)
 - 📄 [TrieTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/TrieTest.java)
@@ -1171,6 +1189,7 @@
 - 📄 [DinicTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/graph/DinicTest.java)
 - 📄 [EdmondsKarpTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/graph/EdmondsKarpTest.java)
 - 📄 [EdmondsTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/graph/EdmondsTest.java)
+ - 📄 [GomoryHuTreeTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/graph/GomoryHuTreeTest.java)
 - 📄 [HierholzerAlgorithmTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/graph/HierholzerAlgorithmTest.java)
 - 📄 [HierholzerEulerianPathTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/graph/HierholzerEulerianPathTest.java)
 - 📄 [HopcroftKarpTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/graph/HopcroftKarpTest.java)
@@ -1208,6 +1227,7 @@
 - 📄 [AbsoluteMaxTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AbsoluteMaxTest.java)
 - 📄 [AbsoluteMinTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AbsoluteMinTest.java)
 - 📄 [AbsoluteValueTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AbsoluteValueTest.java)
+ - 📄 [AbundantNumberTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AbundantNumberTest.java)
 - 📄 [AliquotSumTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AliquotSumTest.java)
 - 📄 [AmicableNumberTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AmicableNumberTest.java)
 - 📄 [AreaTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/AreaTest.java)
@@ -1233,6 +1253,8 @@
 - 📄 [EulerMethodTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/EulerMethodTest.java)
 - 📄 [EulerPseudoprimeTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/EulerPseudoprimeTest.java)
 - 📄 [EulersFunctionTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/EulersFunctionTest.java)
+ - 📄 [EvilNumberTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/EvilNumberTest.java)
+ - 📄 [ExtendedEuclideanAlgorithmTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/ExtendedEuclideanAlgorithmTest.java)
 - 📄 [FFTTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/FFTTest.java)
 - 📄 [FactorialRecursionTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/FactorialRecursionTest.java)
 - 📄 [FactorialTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/FactorialTest.java)
@@ -1269,6 +1291,7 @@
 - 📄 [LinearDiophantineEquationsSolverTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/LinearDiophantineEquationsSolverTest.java)
 - 📄 [LongDivisionTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/LongDivisionTest.java)
 - 📄 [LucasSeriesTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/LucasSeriesTest.java)
+ - 📄 [LuckyNumberTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/LuckyNumberTest.java)
 - 📄 [MathBuilderTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/MathBuilderTest.java)
 - 📄 [MaxValueTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/MaxValueTest.java)
 - 📄 [MeansTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/MeansTest.java)
@@ -1389,6 +1412,8 @@
 - 📄 [KinematicsTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/KinematicsTest.java)
 - 📄 [ProjectileMotionTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/ProjectileMotionTest.java)
 - 📄 [SimplePendulumRK4Test](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/SimplePendulumRK4Test.java)
+ - 📄 [SnellLawTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/SnellLawTest.java)
+ - 📄 [ThinLensTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/physics/ThinLensTest.java)
 - 📁 **puzzlesandgames**
 - 📄 [TowerOfHanoiTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/puzzlesandgames/TowerOfHanoiTest.java)
 - 📄 [WordBoggleTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/puzzlesandgames/WordBoggleTest.java)
@@ -1546,6 +1571,7 @@
 - 📄 [StackPostfixNotationTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/StackPostfixNotationTest.java)
 - 📄 [StackUsingTwoQueuesTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/StackUsingTwoQueuesTest.java)
 - 📄 [TrappingRainwaterTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/TrappingRainwaterTest.java)
+ - 📄 [ValidParenthesesTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/ValidParenthesesTest.java)
 - 📁 **strings**
 - 📄 [AhoCorasickTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/AhoCorasickTest.java)
 - 📄 [AlphabeticalTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/AlphabeticalTest.java)
@@ -1559,6 +1585,7 @@
 - 📄 [HorspoolSearchTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/HorspoolSearchTest.java)
 - 📄 [IsogramTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/IsogramTest.java)
 - 📄 [IsomorphicTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/IsomorphicTest.java)
+ - 📄 [LengthOfLastWordTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/LengthOfLastWordTest.java)
 - 📄 [LetterCombinationsOfPhoneNumberTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/LetterCombinationsOfPhoneNumberTest.java)
 - 📄 [LongestCommonPrefixTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/LongestCommonPrefixTest.java)
 - 📄 [LongestNonRepetitiveSubstringTest](src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/strings/LongestNonRepetitiveSubstringTest.java)
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