# 将字符串"abc"编码为字节序列(bytes),编码方式为 utf-8
a = "abc".encode("utf-8")
print(a) # b'abc'


# 将一个字节序列解码为字符串,以 utf-8 编码方式进行解码
b = a.decode()
print(b) # abc


# 将字符串"你好"编码为字节序列(bytes),编码方式为 gb2312
a = bytes("你好", encoding="gb2312")
print(a) # b'\xc4\xe3\xba\xc3'


# 将一个字节序列解码为字符串,以 gb2312 编码方式进行解码
b = str(a, encoding="gb2312")
print(b) # 你好


# 这是 bytes 类型的字面量,由于包含了非ascii字符,所以其中使用了转义字符
c = b'\xc4\xe3\xba\xc3'
b = str(c, encoding="gb2312") # 将 bytes 转换为字符串
print(b) # 你好


# 将字符串转换为 bytes
"abc".encode("utf-8")
bytes("abc", encoding="utf-8")


# 将 bytes 转换为字符串
b'\xc4\xe3\xba\xc3'.decode('gb2312')
str(b'\xc4\xe3\xba\xc3', encoding='gb2312')


# 编码可能会失败
try:
 print('你好'.encode('utf-8')) # b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd'
 print('你好'.encode('gb2312')) # b'\xc4\xe3\xba\xc3'
 print('你好'.encode('utf-32')) # b'\xff\xfe\x00\x00`O\x00\x00}Y\x00\x00'

 # 'ascii' codec can't encode characters in position 0-1:
 # ordinal not in range(128)
 print('你好'.encode('ascii'))
except Exception as e:
 print(e)