docs/ModuleAlgorithm.html · Michael Wang/cpp-taskflow

代码拉取完成,页面将自动刷新

扫描微信二维码支付

取消

支付完成

richgiteeai

Watch

不关注关注所有动态仅关注版本发行动态关注但不提醒动态

1 Star 0 Fork 37

Michael Wang/cpp-taskflow

forked from Gitee 极速下载/cpp-taskflow

代码 Wiki 统计流水线

服务

加入 Gitee

与超过 1400万开发者一起发现、参与优秀开源项目,私有仓库也完全免费 :)

免费加入

已有帐号? 立即登录

文件

master

分支 (5)

标签 (19)

管理

master

dev

saksham

coroutine

semaphore_refactor

v3.9.0

v3.8.0

v3.7.0

v3.6.0

v3.5.0

v3.4.0

v3.3.0

v3.2.0

v3.1.0

v3.0.0

v2.7.0

v2.6.0

v2.5.0

v2.4.0

v2.3.1

v2.3.0

v2.2.0

v2.1.0

v2.0.0

克隆/下载

HTTPS SSH SVN SVN+SSH 下载ZIP

提示

下载代码请复制以下命令到终端执行

为确保你提交的代码身份被 Gitee 正确识别,请执行以下命令完成配置

git config --global user.name userName 
git config --global user.email userEmail

初次使用 SSH 协议进行代码克隆、推送等操作时,需按下述提示完成 SSH 配置

1 生成 RSA 密钥

2 获取 RSA 公钥内容,并配置到 SSH公钥中

在 Gitee 上使用 SVN,请访问使用指南

使用 HTTPS 协议时,命令行会出现如下账号密码验证步骤。基于安全考虑,Gitee 建议配置并使用私人令牌替代登录密码进行克隆、推送等操作

Username for 'https://gitee.com': userName

Password for 'https://userName@gitee.com': # 私人令牌

分支 5

标签 19

cpp-taskflow

docs

ModuleAlgorithm.html

ModuleAlgorithm.html 23.86 KB

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
 <meta charset="UTF-8" />
 <title>Taskflow Algorithms &raquo; Module Algorithm | Taskflow QuickStart</title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:400,400i,600,600i%7CSource+Code+Pro:400,400i,600" />
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="m-dark+documentation.compiled.css" />
 <link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
 <meta name="theme-color" content="#22272e" />
</head>
<body>
<header><nav id="navigation">
 <div class="m-container">
 <div class="m-row">
 
 <a href="https://taskflow.github.io"><img src="taskflow_logo.png" alt="" />Taskflow</a> | <a href="index.html" class="m-thin">QuickStart</a>
 
 <div class="m-col-t-4 m-hide-m m-text-right m-nopadr">
 <a href="#search" class="m-doc-search-icon" title="Search" onclick="return showSearch()"><svg style="height: 0.9rem;" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
 <path id="m-doc-search-icon-path" d="m6 0c-3.31 0-6 2.69-6 6 0 3.31 2.69 6 6 6 1.49 0 2.85-0.541 3.89-1.44-0.0164 0.338 0.147 0.759 0.5 1.15l3.22 3.79c0.552 0.614 1.45 0.665 2 0.115 0.55-0.55 0.499-1.45-0.115-2l-3.79-3.22c-0.392-0.353-0.812-0.515-1.15-0.5 0.895-1.05 1.44-2.41 1.44-3.89 0-3.31-2.69-6-6-6zm0 1.56a4.44 4.44 0 0 1 4.44 4.44 4.44 4.44 0 0 1-4.44 4.44 4.44 4.44 0 0 1-4.44-4.44 4.44 4.44 0 0 1 4.44-4.44z"/>
 </svg></a>
 <a id="m-navbar-show" href="#navigation" title="Show navigation"></a>
 <a id="m-navbar-hide" href="#" title="Hide navigation"></a>
 </div>
 <div id="m-navbar-collapse" class="m-col-t-12 m-show-m m-col-m-none m-right-m">
 <div class="m-row">
 <ol class="m-col-t-6 m-col-m-none">
 <li><a href="pages.html">Handbook</a></li>
 <li><a href="namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></li>
 </ol>
 <ol class="m-col-t-6 m-col-m-none" start="3">
 <li><a href="annotated.html">Classes</a></li>
 <li><a href="files.html">Files</a></li>
 <li class="m-show-m"><a href="#search" class="m-doc-search-icon" title="Search" onclick="return showSearch()"><svg style="height: 0.9rem;" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
 <use href="#m-doc-search-icon-path" />
 </svg></a></li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
</nav></header>
<main><article>
 <div class="m-container m-container-inflatable">
 <div class="m-row">
 <div class="m-col-l-10 m-push-l-1">
 <h1>
 <a href="Algorithms.html">Taskflow Algorithms</a> &raquo;
 Module Algorithm
 </h1>
 <nav class="m-block m-default">
 <h3>Contents</h3>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="#ModuleAlgorithmInclude">Include the Header</a></li>
 <li><a href="#WhatIsAModuleTask">What is a Module Task</a></li>
 <li><a href="#CreateAModuleTaskOverACustomGraph">Create a Module Task over a Custom Graph</a></li>
 </ul>
 </nav>
Taskflow provides template methods that let users create reusable building blocks called modules. Users can connect modules together to build more complex parallel algorithms.<section id="ModuleAlgorithmInclude"><h2><a href="#ModuleAlgorithmInclude">Include the Header</a></h2>You need to include the header file, <code><a href="module_8hpp_source.html" class="m-doc">taskflow/algorithm/module.hpp</a></code>, for creating a module task over a schedulable graph target.<pre class="m-code">#include &lt;taskflow/algorithm/module.hpp&gt;</pre></section><section id="WhatIsAModuleTask"><h2><a href="#WhatIsAModuleTask">What is a Module Task</a></h2>Similar to <a href="ComposableTasking.html" class="m-doc">Composable Tasking</a>, but in a more generic setting, the template function, <a href="namespacetf.html#aae281ad3b89a5c421a1f4058f425e54c" class="m-doc">tf::make_module_task</a>, allows you to create a task over a taskflow graph that can be executed by an executor. This provides a flexible way to encapsulate and reuse complex task logic within your Taskflow applications. The example below demonstrates how to create and launch multiple taskflows in parallel using asynchronous tasking:<pre class="m-code">tf::Executor executor;

tf::Taskflow A;
tf::Taskflow B;
tf::Taskflow C;
tf::Taskflow D;

A.emplace([](){ printf(&quot;Taskflow A\n&quot;); }); 
B.emplace([](){ printf(&quot;Taskflow B\n&quot;); }); 
C.emplace([](){ printf(&quot;Taskflow C\n&quot;); }); 
D.emplace([](){ printf(&quot;Taskflow D\n&quot;); });

// launch the four taskflows using asynchronous tasking
executor.async(tf::make_module_task(A));
executor.async(tf::make_module_task(B));
executor.async(tf::make_module_task(C));
executor.async(tf::make_module_task(D));
executor.wait_for_all(); </pre><div class="m-graph"><svg style="width: 27.800rem; height: 4.400rem;" viewBox="0.00 0.00 278.00 44.00">
<g transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 40)">
<title>Taskflow</title>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>A</title>
<ellipse cx="27" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="27" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">A</text>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>B</title>
<ellipse cx="99" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="99" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">B</text>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>C</title>
<ellipse cx="171" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="171" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">C</text>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>D</title>
<ellipse cx="243" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="243" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">D</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</div>Since the four taskflows are launched asynchronously without any dependencies between them, we can observe any order of the output message:<pre class="m-console"># one possible output
Taskflow B
Taskflow C
Taskflow A
Taskflow D

# another possible output
Taskflow D
Taskflow A
Taskflow B
Taskflow C</pre>If you need to enforce dependencies among these four taskflows, you can use dependent-async tasks. The example below launches the four taskflows one by one in sequential:<pre class="m-code">tf::Executor executor;

auto TA = executor.silent_dependent_async(tf::make_module_task(A));
auto TB = executor.silent_dependent_async(tf::make_module_task(B), TA);
auto TC = executor.silent_dependent_async(tf::make_module_task(C), TB);
auto [TD, FD] = executor.dependent_async(tf::make_module_task(D), TC);
FD.get();</pre><div class="m-graph"><svg style="width: 33.200rem; height: 4.400rem;" viewBox="0.00 0.00 332.00 44.00">
<g transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 40)">
<title>Taskflow</title>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>A</title>
<ellipse cx="27" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="27" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">A</text>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>B</title>
<ellipse cx="117" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="117" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">B</text>
</g>
<g class="m-edge">
<title>A&#45;&gt;B</title>
<path d="M54.4,-18C61.89,-18 70.18,-18 78.2,-18"/>
<polygon points="78.1,-21.5 88.1,-18 78.1,-14.5 78.1,-21.5"/>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>C</title>
<ellipse cx="207" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="207" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">C</text>
</g>
<g class="m-edge">
<title>B&#45;&gt;C</title>
<path d="M144.4,-18C151.89,-18 160.18,-18 168.2,-18"/>
<polygon points="168.1,-21.5 178.1,-18 168.1,-14.5 168.1,-21.5"/>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>D</title>
<ellipse cx="297" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="297" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">D</text>
</g>
<g class="m-edge">
<title>C&#45;&gt;D</title>
<path d="M234.4,-18C241.89,-18 250.18,-18 258.2,-18"/>
<polygon points="258.1,-21.5 268.1,-18 258.1,-14.5 258.1,-21.5"/>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</div><pre class="m-console"># dependent-async tasks enforce a sequential execution of the four taskflows
Taskflow A
Taskflow B
Taskflow C
Taskflow D</pre>The module task maker, <a href="namespacetf.html#aae281ad3b89a5c421a1f4058f425e54c" class="m-doc">tf::make_module_task</a>, functions basically similar to <a href="classtf_1_1FlowBuilder.html#ac6f22228d4c2ea2e643c4b0d42c0e92a" class="m-doc">tf::Taskflow::composed_of</a> but provides a more generic interface that can be used beyond Taskflow. Specifically, the following two approaches achieve the same functionality.<pre class="m-code">// approach 1: composition using composed_of
tf::Task m1 = taskflow1.composed_of(taskflow2);

// approach 2: composition using make_module_task
tf::Task m1 = taskflow1.emplace(tf::make_module_task(taskflow2));</pre><aside class="m-note m-warning"><h4>Attention</h4>Similar to <a href="classtf_1_1FlowBuilder.html#ac6f22228d4c2ea2e643c4b0d42c0e92a" class="m-doc">tf::Taskflow::composed_of</a>, <a href="namespacetf.html#aae281ad3b89a5c421a1f4058f425e54c" class="m-doc">tf::make_module_task</a> does not assume ownership of the provided taskflow but a soft reference. You are responsible for ensuring that the encapsulated taskflow remains valid throughout its execution.</aside></section><section id="CreateAModuleTaskOverACustomGraph"><h2><a href="#CreateAModuleTaskOverACustomGraph">Create a Module Task over a Custom Graph</a></h2>In addition to encapsulate taskflow graphs, you can create a module task to schedule a custom graph target. A schedulable target (of type <code>T</code>) must define the method <code>T::graph()</code> that returns a reference to the <a href="classtf_1_1Graph.html" class="m-doc">tf::Graph</a> object managed by <code>T</code>. The following example defines a custom graph that can be scheduled through making module tasks:<pre class="m-code">struct CustomGraph {
 tf::Graph graph;
 CustomGraph() {
 // use flow builder to inherit all task creation methods in tf::Taskflow
 tf::FlowBuilder builder(graph);
 tf::Task task = builder.emplace([](){
 std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;a task\n&quot;; // static task
 });
 }
 // returns a reference to the graph for taskflow composition
 Graph&amp; graph() { return graph; }
};

CustomGraph target;
executor.async(tf::make_module_task(target));</pre><aside class="m-note m-warning"><h4>Attention</h4>Users are responsible for ensuring the given custom graph remains valid throughout its execution. The executor does not assume ownership of the custom graph.</aside></section>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
</article></main>
<div class="m-doc-search" id="search">
 <a href="#!" onclick="return hideSearch()"></a>
 <div class="m-container">
 <div class="m-row">
 <div class="m-col-m-8 m-push-m-2">
 <div class="m-doc-search-header m-text m-small">
 <div>Tab / T to search, Esc to close</div>
 <div id="search-symbolcount">&hellip;</div>
 </div>
 <div class="m-doc-search-content">
 <form>
 <input type="search" name="q" id="search-input" placeholder="Loading &hellip;" disabled="disabled" autofocus="autofocus" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" />
 </form>
 <noscript class="m-text m-danger m-text-center">Unlike everything else in the docs, the search functionality requires JavaScript.</noscript>
 <div id="search-help" class="m-text m-dim m-text-center">
 Search for symbols, directories, files, pages or
 modules. You can omit any prefix from the symbol or file path; adding a
 <code>:</code> or <code>/</code> suffix lists all members of given symbol or
 directory.
 Use &darr;
 / &uarr; to navigate through the list,
 Enter to go.
 Tab autocompletes common prefix, you can
 copy a link to the result using ⌘
 L while ⌘
 M produces a Markdown link.
 </div>
 <div id="search-notfound" class="m-text m-warning m-text-center">Sorry, nothing was found.</div>
 <ul id="search-results"></ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
</div>
<script src="search-v2.js"></script>
<script src="searchdata-v2.js" async="async"></script>
<footer><nav>
 <div class="m-container">
 <div class="m-row">
 <div class="m-col-l-10 m-push-l-1">
 Taskflow handbook is part of the <a href="https://taskflow.github.io">Taskflow project</a>, copyright © <a href="https://tsung-wei-huang.github.io/">Dr. Tsung-Wei Huang</a>, 2018&ndash;2025. Generated by <a href="https://doxygen.org/">Doxygen</a> 1.13.1 and <a href="https://mcss.mosra.cz/">m.css</a>.
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
</nav></footer>
</body>
</html>

一键复制编辑原始数据按行查看历史

Tsung-Wei Huang 提交于 2025年01月07日 07:47 +08:00 . updated reduce_by_index

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
 <meta charset="UTF-8" />
 <title>Taskflow Algorithms &raquo; Module Algorithm | Taskflow QuickStart</title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:400,400i,600,600i%7CSource+Code+Pro:400,400i,600" />
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="m-dark+documentation.compiled.css" />
 <link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
 <meta name="theme-color" content="#22272e" />
</head>
<body>
<header><nav id="navigation">
 <div class="m-container">
 <div class="m-row">
 <span id="m-navbar-brand" class="m-col-t-8 m-col-m-none m-left-m">
 <a href="https://taskflow.github.io"><img src="taskflow_logo.png" alt="" />Taskflow</a> <span class="m-breadcrumb">|</span> <a href="index.html" class="m-thin">QuickStart</a>
 </span>
 <div class="m-col-t-4 m-hide-m m-text-right m-nopadr">
 <a href="#search" class="m-doc-search-icon" title="Search" onclick="return showSearch()"><svg style="height: 0.9rem;" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
 <path id="m-doc-search-icon-path" d="m6 0c-3.31 0-6 2.69-6 6 0 3.31 2.69 6 6 6 1.49 0 2.85-0.541 3.89-1.44-0.0164 0.338 0.147 0.759 0.5 1.15l3.22 3.79c0.552 0.614 1.45 0.665 2 0.115 0.55-0.55 0.499-1.45-0.115-2l-3.79-3.22c-0.392-0.353-0.812-0.515-1.15-0.5 0.895-1.05 1.44-2.41 1.44-3.89 0-3.31-2.69-6-6-6zm0 1.56a4.44 4.44 0 0 1 4.44 4.44 4.44 4.44 0 0 1-4.44 4.44 4.44 4.44 0 0 1-4.44-4.44 4.44 4.44 0 0 1 4.44-4.44z"/>
 </svg></a>
 <a id="m-navbar-show" href="#navigation" title="Show navigation"></a>
 <a id="m-navbar-hide" href="#" title="Hide navigation"></a>
 </div>
 <div id="m-navbar-collapse" class="m-col-t-12 m-show-m m-col-m-none m-right-m">
 <div class="m-row">
 <ol class="m-col-t-6 m-col-m-none">
 <li><a href="pages.html">Handbook</a></li>
 <li><a href="namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></li>
 </ol>
 <ol class="m-col-t-6 m-col-m-none" start="3">
 <li><a href="annotated.html">Classes</a></li>
 <li><a href="files.html">Files</a></li>
 <li class="m-show-m"><a href="#search" class="m-doc-search-icon" title="Search" onclick="return showSearch()"><svg style="height: 0.9rem;" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
 <use href="#m-doc-search-icon-path" />
 </svg></a></li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
</nav></header>
<main><article>
 <div class="m-container m-container-inflatable">
 <div class="m-row">
 <div class="m-col-l-10 m-push-l-1">
 <h1>
 <span class="m-breadcrumb"><a href="Algorithms.html">Taskflow Algorithms</a> &raquo;</span>
 Module Algorithm
 </h1>
 <nav class="m-block m-default">
 <h3>Contents</h3>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="#ModuleAlgorithmInclude">Include the Header</a></li>
 <li><a href="#WhatIsAModuleTask">What is a Module Task</a></li>
 <li><a href="#CreateAModuleTaskOverACustomGraph">Create a Module Task over a Custom Graph</a></li>
 </ul>
 </nav>
<p>Taskflow provides template methods that let users create reusable building blocks called <em>modules</em>. Users can connect modules together to build more complex parallel algorithms.</p><section id="ModuleAlgorithmInclude"><h2><a href="#ModuleAlgorithmInclude">Include the Header</a></h2><p>You need to include the header file, <code><a href="module_8hpp_source.html" class="m-doc">taskflow/<wbr />algorithm/<wbr />module.hpp</a></code>, for creating a module task over a schedulable graph target.</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;taskflow/algorithm/module.hpp&gt;</span></pre></section><section id="WhatIsAModuleTask"><h2><a href="#WhatIsAModuleTask">What is a Module Task</a></h2><p>Similar to <a href="ComposableTasking.html" class="m-doc">Composable Tasking</a>, but in a more generic setting, the template function, <a href="namespacetf.html#aae281ad3b89a5c421a1f4058f425e54c" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />make_module_task</a>, allows you to create a task over a taskflow graph that can be executed by an executor. This provides a flexible way to encapsulate and reuse complex task logic within your Taskflow applications. The example below demonstrates how to create and launch multiple taskflows in parallel using asynchronous tasking:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Executor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">B</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">C</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">D</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">A</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Taskflow A</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="n">B</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Taskflow B</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="n">C</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Taskflow C</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="n">D</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Taskflow D</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w"> </span>

<span class="c1">// launch the four taskflows using asynchronous tasking</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">B</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">C</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">D</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">wait_for_all</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span></pre><div class="m-graph"><svg style="width: 27.800rem; height: 4.400rem;" viewBox="0.00 0.00 278.00 44.00">
<g transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 40)">
<title>Taskflow</title>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>A</title>
<ellipse cx="27" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="27" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">A</text>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>B</title>
<ellipse cx="99" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="99" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">B</text>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>C</title>
<ellipse cx="171" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="171" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">C</text>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>D</title>
<ellipse cx="243" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="243" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">D</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</div><p>Since the four taskflows are launched asynchronously without any dependencies between them, we can observe any order of the output message:</p><pre class="m-console"><span class="gp"># </span>one<span class="w"> </span>possible<span class="w"> </span>output
<span class="go">Taskflow B</span>
<span class="go">Taskflow C</span>
<span class="go">Taskflow A</span>
<span class="go">Taskflow D</span>

<span class="gp"># </span>another<span class="w"> </span>possible<span class="w"> </span>output
<span class="go">Taskflow D</span>
<span class="go">Taskflow A</span>
<span class="go">Taskflow B</span>
<span class="go">Taskflow C</span></pre><p>If you need to enforce dependencies among these four taskflows, you can use dependent-async tasks. The example below launches the four taskflows one by one in sequential:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Executor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">B</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">C</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">D</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">A</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Taskflow A</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="n">B</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Taskflow B</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="n">C</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Taskflow C</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="n">D</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Taskflow D</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w"> </span>

<span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TA</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">silent_dependent_async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TB</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">silent_dependent_async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">B</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TA</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">silent_dependent_async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">C</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TB</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">TD</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FD</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">dependent_async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">D</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TC</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">FD</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">();</span></pre><div class="m-graph"><svg style="width: 33.200rem; height: 4.400rem;" viewBox="0.00 0.00 332.00 44.00">
<g transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 40)">
<title>Taskflow</title>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>A</title>
<ellipse cx="27" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="27" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">A</text>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>B</title>
<ellipse cx="117" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="117" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">B</text>
</g>
<g class="m-edge">
<title>A&#45;&gt;B</title>
<path d="M54.4,-18C61.89,-18 70.18,-18 78.2,-18"/>
<polygon points="78.1,-21.5 88.1,-18 78.1,-14.5 78.1,-21.5"/>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>C</title>
<ellipse cx="207" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="207" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">C</text>
</g>
<g class="m-edge">
<title>B&#45;&gt;C</title>
<path d="M144.4,-18C151.89,-18 160.18,-18 168.2,-18"/>
<polygon points="168.1,-21.5 178.1,-18 168.1,-14.5 168.1,-21.5"/>
</g>
<g class="m-node m-flat">
<title>D</title>
<ellipse cx="297" cy="-18" rx="27" ry="18"/>
<text text-anchor="middle" x="297" y="-14.12" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="10.00">D</text>
</g>
<g class="m-edge">
<title>C&#45;&gt;D</title>
<path d="M234.4,-18C241.89,-18 250.18,-18 258.2,-18"/>
<polygon points="258.1,-21.5 268.1,-18 258.1,-14.5 258.1,-21.5"/>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</div><pre class="m-console"><span class="gp"># </span>dependent-async<span class="w"> </span>tasks<span class="w"> </span>enforce<span class="w"> </span>a<span class="w"> </span>sequential<span class="w"> </span>execution<span class="w"> </span>of<span class="w"> </span>the<span class="w"> </span>four<span class="w"> </span>taskflows
<span class="go">Taskflow A</span>
<span class="go">Taskflow B</span>
<span class="go">Taskflow C</span>
<span class="go">Taskflow D</span></pre><p>The module task maker, <a href="namespacetf.html#aae281ad3b89a5c421a1f4058f425e54c" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />make_module_task</a>, functions basically similar to <a href="classtf_1_1FlowBuilder.html#ac6f22228d4c2ea2e643c4b0d42c0e92a" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />Taskflow::<wbr />composed_of</a> but provides a more generic interface that can be used beyond Taskflow. Specifically, the following two approaches achieve the same functionality.</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="c1">// approach 1: composition using composed_of</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">taskflow1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">composed_of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflow2</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// approach 2: composition using make_module_task</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">taskflow1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflow2</span><span class="p">));</span></pre><aside class="m-note m-warning"><h4>Attention</h4><p>Similar to <a href="classtf_1_1FlowBuilder.html#ac6f22228d4c2ea2e643c4b0d42c0e92a" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />Taskflow::<wbr />composed_of</a>, <a href="namespacetf.html#aae281ad3b89a5c421a1f4058f425e54c" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />make_module_task</a> does not assume ownership of the provided taskflow but a soft reference. You are responsible for ensuring that the encapsulated taskflow remains valid throughout its execution.</p></aside></section><section id="CreateAModuleTaskOverACustomGraph"><h2><a href="#CreateAModuleTaskOverACustomGraph">Create a Module Task over a Custom Graph</a></h2><p>In addition to encapsulate taskflow graphs, you can create a module task to schedule a custom graph target. A schedulable target (of type <code>T</code>) must define the method <code>T::graph()</code> that returns a reference to the <a href="classtf_1_1Graph.html" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />Graph</a> object managed by <code>T</code>. The following example defines a custom graph that can be scheduled through making module tasks:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomGraph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Graph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomGraph</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// use flow builder to inherit all task creation methods in tf::Taskflow</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">FlowBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">builder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;a task</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// static task</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// returns a reference to the graph for taskflow composition</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Graph</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="n">CustomGraph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_module_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">));</span></pre><aside class="m-note m-warning"><h4>Attention</h4><p>Users are responsible for ensuring the given custom graph remains valid throughout its execution. The executor does not assume ownership of the custom graph.</p></aside></section>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
</article></main>
<div class="m-doc-search" id="search">
 <a href="#!" onclick="return hideSearch()"></a>
 <div class="m-container">
 <div class="m-row">
 <div class="m-col-m-8 m-push-m-2">
 <div class="m-doc-search-header m-text m-small">
 <div><span class="m-label m-default">Tab</span> / <span class="m-label m-default">T</span> to search, <span class="m-label m-default">Esc</span> to close</div>
 <div id="search-symbolcount">&hellip;</div>
 </div>
 <div class="m-doc-search-content">
 <form>
 <input type="search" name="q" id="search-input" placeholder="Loading &hellip;" disabled="disabled" autofocus="autofocus" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" />
 </form>
 <noscript class="m-text m-danger m-text-center">Unlike everything else in the docs, the search functionality <em>requires</em> JavaScript.</noscript>
 <div id="search-help" class="m-text m-dim m-text-center">
 <p class="m-noindent">Search for symbols, directories, files, pages or
 modules. You can omit any prefix from the symbol or file path; adding a
 <code>:</code> or <code>/</code> suffix lists all members of given symbol or
 directory.</p>
 <p class="m-noindent">Use <span class="m-label m-dim">&darr;</span>
 / <span class="m-label m-dim">&uarr;</span> to navigate through the list,
 <span class="m-label m-dim">Enter</span> to go.
 <span class="m-label m-dim">Tab</span> autocompletes common prefix, you can
 copy a link to the result using <span class="m-label m-dim">⌘</span>
 <span class="m-label m-dim">L</span> while <span class="m-label m-dim">⌘</span>
 <span class="m-label m-dim">M</span> produces a Markdown link.</p>
 </div>
 <div id="search-notfound" class="m-text m-warning m-text-center">Sorry, nothing was found.</div>
 <ul id="search-results"></ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
</div>
<script src="search-v2.js"></script>
<script src="searchdata-v2.js" async="async"></script>
<footer><nav>
 <div class="m-container">
 <div class="m-row">
 <div class="m-col-l-10 m-push-l-1">
 <p>Taskflow handbook is part of the <a href="https://taskflow.github.io">Taskflow project</a>, copyright © <a href="https://tsung-wei-huang.github.io/">Dr. Tsung-Wei Huang</a>, 2018&ndash;2025.<br />Generated by <a href="https://doxygen.org/">Doxygen</a> 1.13.1 and <a href="https://mcss.mosra.cz/">m.css</a>.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
</nav></footer>
</body>
</html>