/*
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
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/*
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 *
 * Written by Doug Lea and Josh Bloch with assistance from members of
 * JCP JSR-166 Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained
 * at http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 */

package java.util;

/**
 * A linear collection that supports element insertion and removal at
 * both ends. The name <i>deque</i> is short for "double ended queue"
 * and is usually pronounced "deck". Most {@code Deque}
 * implementations place no fixed limits on the number of elements
 * they may contain, but this interface supports capacity-restricted
 * deques as well as those with no fixed size limit.
 *
 * <p>This interface defines methods to access the elements at both
 * ends of the deque. Methods are provided to insert, remove, and
 * examine the element. Each of these methods exists in two forms:
 * one throws an exception if the operation fails, the other returns a
 * special value (either {@code null} or {@code false}, depending on
 * the operation). The latter form of the insert operation is
 * designed specifically for use with capacity-restricted
 * {@code Deque} implementations; in most implementations, insert
 * operations cannot fail.
 *
 * <p>The twelve methods described above are summarized in the
 * following table:
 *
 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
 * <caption>Summary of Deque methods</caption>
 * <tr>
 * <td></td>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN = 2> <b>First Element (Head)</b></td>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN = 2> <b>Last Element (Tail)</b></td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td></td>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Throws exception</em></td>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Special value</em></td>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Throws exception</em></td>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Special value</em></td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td><b>Insert</b></td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#addFirst addFirst(e)}</td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#offerFirst offerFirst(e)}</td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#addLast addLast(e)}</td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#offerLast offerLast(e)}</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td><b>Remove</b></td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#removeFirst removeFirst()}</td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#pollFirst pollFirst()}</td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#removeLast removeLast()}</td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#pollLast pollLast()}</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td><b>Examine</b></td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#getFirst getFirst()}</td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#peekFirst peekFirst()}</td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#getLast getLast()}</td>
 * <td>{@link Deque#peekLast peekLast()}</td>
 * </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <p>This interface extends the {@link Queue} interface. When a deque is
 * used as a queue, FIFO (First-In-First-Out) behavior results. Elements are
 * added at the end of the deque and removed from the beginning. The methods
 * inherited from the {@code Queue} interface are precisely equivalent to
 * {@code Deque} methods as indicated in the following table:
 *
 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
 * <caption>Comparison of Queue and Deque methods</caption>
 * <tr>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>{@code Queue} Method</b></td>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Equivalent {@code Deque} Method</b></td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#add add(e)}</td>
 * <td>{@link #addLast addLast(e)}</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#offer offer(e)}</td>
 * <td>{@link #offerLast offerLast(e)}</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#remove remove()}</td>
 * <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#poll poll()}</td>
 * <td>{@link #pollFirst pollFirst()}</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#element element()}</td>
 * <td>{@link #getFirst getFirst()}</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#peek peek()}</td>
 * <td>{@link #peek peekFirst()}</td>
 * </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <p>Deques can also be used as LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) stacks. This
 * interface should be used in preference to the legacy {@link Stack} class.
 * When a deque is used as a stack, elements are pushed and popped from the
 * beginning of the deque. Stack methods are precisely equivalent to
 * {@code Deque} methods as indicated in the table below:
 *
 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
 * <caption>Comparison of Stack and Deque methods</caption>
 * <tr>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Stack Method</b></td>
 * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Equivalent {@code Deque} Method</b></td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>{@link #push push(e)}</td>
 * <td>{@link #addFirst addFirst(e)}</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>{@link #pop pop()}</td>
 * <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td>{@link #peek peek()}</td>
 * <td>{@link #peekFirst peekFirst()}</td>
 * </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <p>Note that the {@link #peek peek} method works equally well when
 * a deque is used as a queue or a stack; in either case, elements are
 * drawn from the beginning of the deque.
 *
 * <p>This interface provides two methods to remove interior
 * elements, {@link #removeFirstOccurrence removeFirstOccurrence} and
 * {@link #removeLastOccurrence removeLastOccurrence}.
 *
 * <p>Unlike the {@link List} interface, this interface does not
 * provide support for indexed access to elements.
 *
 * <p>While {@code Deque} implementations are not strictly required
 * to prohibit the insertion of null elements, they are strongly
 * encouraged to do so. Users of any {@code Deque} implementations
 * that do allow null elements are strongly encouraged <i>not</i> to
 * take advantage of the ability to insert nulls. This is so because
 * {@code null} is used as a special return value by various methods
 * to indicated that the deque is empty.
 *
 * <p>{@code Deque} implementations generally do not define
 * element-based versions of the {@code equals} and {@code hashCode}
 * methods, but instead inherit the identity-based versions from class
 * {@code Object}.
 *
 * <p>This interface is a member of the <a
 * href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html"> Java Collections
 * Framework</a>.
 *
 * @author Doug Lea
 * @author Josh Bloch
 * @since 1.6
 * @param <E> the type of elements held in this collection
 */
public interface Deque<E> extends Queue<E> {
 /**
 * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque if it is
 * possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions,
 * throwing an {@code IllegalStateException} if no space is currently
 * available. When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally
 * preferable to use method {@link #offerFirst}.
 *
 * @param e the element to add
 * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
 * time due to capacity restrictions
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * prevents it from being added to this deque
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
 * element prevents it from being added to this deque
 */
 void addFirst(E e);

 /**
 * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque if it is
 * possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions,
 * throwing an {@code IllegalStateException} if no space is currently
 * available. When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally
 * preferable to use method {@link #offerLast}.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #add}.
 *
 * @param e the element to add
 * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
 * time due to capacity restrictions
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * prevents it from being added to this deque
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
 * element prevents it from being added to this deque
 */
 void addLast(E e);

 /**
 * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque unless it would
 * violate capacity restrictions. When using a capacity-restricted deque,
 * this method is generally preferable to the {@link #addFirst} method,
 * which can fail to insert an element only by throwing an exception.
 *
 * @param e the element to add
 * @return {@code true} if the element was added to this deque, else
 * {@code false}
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * prevents it from being added to this deque
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
 * element prevents it from being added to this deque
 */
 boolean offerFirst(E e);

 /**
 * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque unless it would
 * violate capacity restrictions. When using a capacity-restricted deque,
 * this method is generally preferable to the {@link #addLast} method,
 * which can fail to insert an element only by throwing an exception.
 *
 * @param e the element to add
 * @return {@code true} if the element was added to this deque, else
 * {@code false}
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * prevents it from being added to this deque
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
 * element prevents it from being added to this deque
 */
 boolean offerLast(E e);

 /**
 * Retrieves and removes the first element of this deque. This method
 * differs from {@link #pollFirst pollFirst} only in that it throws an
 * exception if this deque is empty.
 *
 * @return the head of this deque
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
 */
 E removeFirst();

 /**
 * Retrieves and removes the last element of this deque. This method
 * differs from {@link #pollLast pollLast} only in that it throws an
 * exception if this deque is empty.
 *
 * @return the tail of this deque
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
 */
 E removeLast();

 /**
 * Retrieves and removes the first element of this deque,
 * or returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
 *
 * @return the head of this deque, or {@code null} if this deque is empty
 */
 E pollFirst();

 /**
 * Retrieves and removes the last element of this deque,
 * or returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
 *
 * @return the tail of this deque, or {@code null} if this deque is empty
 */
 E pollLast();

 /**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this deque.
 *
 * This method differs from {@link #peekFirst peekFirst} only in that it
 * throws an exception if this deque is empty.
 *
 * @return the head of this deque
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
 */
 E getFirst();

 /**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this deque.
 * This method differs from {@link #peekLast peekLast} only in that it
 * throws an exception if this deque is empty.
 *
 * @return the tail of this deque
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
 */
 E getLast();

 /**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this deque,
 * or returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
 *
 * @return the head of this deque, or {@code null} if this deque is empty
 */
 E peekFirst();

 /**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this deque,
 * or returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
 *
 * @return the tail of this deque, or {@code null} if this deque is empty
 */
 E peekLast();

 /**
 * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
 * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
 * More formally, removes the first element {@code e} such that
 * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>
 * (if such an element exists).
 * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
 * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
 *
 * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
 * @return {@code true} if an element was removed as a result of this call
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * is incompatible with this deque
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 */
 boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o);

 /**
 * Removes the last occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
 * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
 * More formally, removes the last element {@code e} such that
 * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>
 * (if such an element exists).
 * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
 * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
 *
 * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
 * @return {@code true} if an element was removed as a result of this call
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * is incompatible with this deque
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 */
 boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o);

 // *** Queue methods ***

 /**
 * Inserts the specified element into the queue represented by this deque
 * (in other words, at the tail of this deque) if it is possible to do so
 * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
 * {@code true} upon success and throwing an
 * {@code IllegalStateException} if no space is currently available.
 * When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally preferable to
 * use {@link #offer(Object) offer}.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
 *
 * @param e the element to add
 * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
 * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
 * time due to capacity restrictions
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * prevents it from being added to this deque
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
 * element prevents it from being added to this deque
 */
 boolean add(E e);

 /**
 * Inserts the specified element into the queue represented by this deque
 * (in other words, at the tail of this deque) if it is possible to do so
 * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
 * {@code true} upon success and {@code false} if no space is currently
 * available. When using a capacity-restricted deque, this method is
 * generally preferable to the {@link #add} method, which can fail to
 * insert an element only by throwing an exception.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #offerLast}.
 *
 * @param e the element to add
 * @return {@code true} if the element was added to this deque, else
 * {@code false}
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * prevents it from being added to this deque
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
 * element prevents it from being added to this deque
 */
 boolean offer(E e);

 /**
 * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque
 * (in other words, the first element of this deque).
 * This method differs from {@link #poll poll} only in that it throws an
 * exception if this deque is empty.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
 *
 * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
 */
 E remove();

 /**
 * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque
 * (in other words, the first element of this deque), or returns
 * {@code null} if this deque is empty.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #pollFirst()}.
 *
 * @return the first element of this deque, or {@code null} if
 * this deque is empty
 */
 E poll();

 /**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by
 * this deque (in other words, the first element of this deque).
 * This method differs from {@link #peek peek} only in that it throws an
 * exception if this deque is empty.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #getFirst()}.
 *
 * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
 */
 E element();

 /**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by
 * this deque (in other words, the first element of this deque), or
 * returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #peekFirst()}.
 *
 * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque, or
 * {@code null} if this deque is empty
 */
 E peek();


 // *** Stack methods ***

 /**
 * Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this deque (in other
 * words, at the head of this deque) if it is possible to do so
 * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, throwing an
 * {@code IllegalStateException} if no space is currently available.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
 *
 * @param e the element to push
 * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
 * time due to capacity restrictions
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * prevents it from being added to this deque
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
 * element prevents it from being added to this deque
 */
 void push(E e);

 /**
 * Pops an element from the stack represented by this deque. In other
 * words, removes and returns the first element of this deque.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
 *
 * @return the element at the front of this deque (which is the top
 * of the stack represented by this deque)
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
 */
 E pop();


 // *** Collection methods ***

 /**
 * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
 * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
 * More formally, removes the first element {@code e} such that
 * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>
 * (if such an element exists).
 * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
 * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirstOccurrence(Object)}.
 *
 * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
 * @return {@code true} if an element was removed as a result of this call
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
 * is incompatible with this deque
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 */
 boolean remove(Object o);

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if this deque contains the specified element.
 * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this deque contains
 * at least one element {@code e} such that
 * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>.
 *
 * @param o element whose presence in this deque is to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if this deque contains the specified element
 * @throws ClassCastException if the type of the specified element
 * is incompatible with this deque
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
 * deque does not permit null elements
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 */
 boolean contains(Object o);

 /**
 * Returns the number of elements in this deque.
 *
 * @return the number of elements in this deque
 */
 public int size();

 /**
 * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in proper sequence.
 * The elements will be returned in order from first (head) to last (tail).
 *
 * @return an iterator over the elements in this deque in proper sequence
 */
 Iterator<E> iterator();

 /**
 * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in reverse
 * sequential order. The elements will be returned in order from
 * last (tail) to first (head).
 *
 * @return an iterator over the elements in this deque in reverse
 * sequence
 */
 Iterator<E> descendingIterator();

}