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/*
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 * Copyright (c) 2007-2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
 *
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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 * * Neither the name of JSR-310 nor the names of its contributors
 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 * without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
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package java.time;

import java.io.DataOutput;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatterBuilder;
import java.time.format.TextStyle;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalField;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalQueries;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalQuery;
import java.time.temporal.UnsupportedTemporalTypeException;
import java.time.zone.ZoneRules;
import java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException;
import java.time.zone.ZoneRulesProvider;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TimeZone;

/**
 * A time-zone ID, such as {@code Europe/Paris}.
 * <p>
 * A {@code ZoneId} is used to identify the rules used to convert between
 * an {@link Instant} and a {@link LocalDateTime}.
 * There are two distinct types of ID:
 * <ul>
 * <li>Fixed offsets - a fully resolved offset from UTC/Greenwich, that uses
 * the same offset for all local date-times
 * <li>Geographical regions - an area where a specific set of rules for finding
 * the offset from UTC/Greenwich apply
 * </ul>
 * Most fixed offsets are represented by {@link ZoneOffset}.
 * Calling {@link #normalized()} on any {@code ZoneId} will ensure that a
 * fixed offset ID will be represented as a {@code ZoneOffset}.
 * <p>
 * The actual rules, describing when and how the offset changes, are defined by {@link ZoneRules}.
 * This class is simply an ID used to obtain the underlying rules.
 * This approach is taken because rules are defined by governments and change
 * frequently, whereas the ID is stable.
 * <p>
 * The distinction has other effects. Serializing the {@code ZoneId} will only send
 * the ID, whereas serializing the rules sends the entire data set.
 * Similarly, a comparison of two IDs only examines the ID, whereas
 * a comparison of two rules examines the entire data set.
 *
 * <h3>Time-zone IDs</h3>
 * The ID is unique within the system.
 * There are three types of ID.
 * <p>
 * The simplest type of ID is that from {@code ZoneOffset}.
 * This consists of 'Z' and IDs starting with '+' or '-'.
 * <p>
 * The next type of ID are offset-style IDs with some form of prefix,
 * such as 'GMT+2' or 'UTC+01:00'.
 * The recognised prefixes are 'UTC', 'GMT' and 'UT'.
 * The offset is the suffix and will be normalized during creation.
 * These IDs can be normalized to a {@code ZoneOffset} using {@code normalized()}.
 * <p>
 * The third type of ID are region-based IDs. A region-based ID must be of
 * two or more characters, and not start with 'UTC', 'GMT', 'UT' '+' or '-'.
 * Region-based IDs are defined by configuration, see {@link ZoneRulesProvider}.
 * The configuration focuses on providing the lookup from the ID to the
 * underlying {@code ZoneRules}.
 * <p>
 * Time-zone rules are defined by governments and change frequently.
 * There are a number of organizations, known here as groups, that monitor
 * time-zone changes and collate them.
 * The default group is the IANA Time Zone Database (TZDB).
 * Other organizations include IATA (the airline industry body) and Microsoft.
 * <p>
 * Each group defines its own format for the region ID it provides.
 * The TZDB group defines IDs such as 'Europe/London' or 'America/New_York'.
 * TZDB IDs take precedence over other groups.
 * <p>
 * It is strongly recommended that the group name is included in all IDs supplied by
 * groups other than TZDB to avoid conflicts. For example, IATA airline time-zone
 * region IDs are typically the same as the three letter airport code.
 * However, the airport of Utrecht has the code 'UTC', which is obviously a conflict.
 * The recommended format for region IDs from groups other than TZDB is 'group~region'.
 * Thus if IATA data were defined, Utrecht airport would be 'IATA~UTC'.
 *
 * <h3>Serialization</h3>
 * This class can be serialized and stores the string zone ID in the external form.
 * The {@code ZoneOffset} subclass uses a dedicated format that only stores the
 * offset from UTC/Greenwich.
 * <p>
 * A {@code ZoneId} can be deserialized in a Java Runtime where the ID is unknown.
 * For example, if a server-side Java Runtime has been updated with a new zone ID, but
 * the client-side Java Runtime has not been updated. In this case, the {@code ZoneId}
 * object will exist, and can be queried using {@code getId}, {@code equals},
 * {@code hashCode}, {@code toString}, {@code getDisplayName} and {@code normalized}.
 * However, any call to {@code getRules} will fail with {@code ZoneRulesException}.
 * This approach is designed to allow a {@link ZonedDateTime} to be loaded and
 * queried, but not modified, on a Java Runtime with incomplete time-zone information.
 *
 * <p>
 * This is a <a href="{@docRoot}/java/lang/doc-files/ValueBased.html">value-based</a>
 * class; use of identity-sensitive operations (including reference equality
 * ({@code ==}), identity hash code, or synchronization) on instances of
 * {@code ZoneId} may have unpredictable results and should be avoided.
 * The {@code equals} method should be used for comparisons.
 *
 * @implSpec
 * This abstract class has two implementations, both of which are immutable and thread-safe.
 * One implementation models region-based IDs, the other is {@code ZoneOffset} modelling
 * offset-based IDs. This difference is visible in serialization.
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
public abstract class ZoneId implements Serializable {

 /**
 * A map of zone overrides to enable the short time-zone names to be used.
 * <p>
 * Use of short zone IDs has been deprecated in {@code java.util.TimeZone}.
 * This map allows the IDs to continue to be used via the
 * {@link #of(String, Map)} factory method.
 * <p>
 * This map contains a mapping of the IDs that is in line with TZDB 2005r and
 * later, where 'EST', 'MST' and 'HST' map to IDs which do not include daylight
 * savings.
 * <p>
 * This maps as follows:
 * <ul>
 * <li>EST - -05:00</li>
 * <li>HST - -10:00</li>
 * <li>MST - -07:00</li>
 * <li>ACT - Australia/Darwin</li>
 * <li>AET - Australia/Sydney</li>
 * <li>AGT - America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires</li>
 * <li>ART - Africa/Cairo</li>
 * <li>AST - America/Anchorage</li>
 * <li>BET - America/Sao_Paulo</li>
 * <li>BST - Asia/Dhaka</li>
 * <li>CAT - Africa/Harare</li>
 * <li>CNT - America/St_Johns</li>
 * <li>CST - America/Chicago</li>
 * <li>CTT - Asia/Shanghai</li>
 * <li>EAT - Africa/Addis_Ababa</li>
 * <li>ECT - Europe/Paris</li>
 * <li>IET - America/Indiana/Indianapolis</li>
 * <li>IST - Asia/Kolkata</li>
 * <li>JST - Asia/Tokyo</li>
 * <li>MIT - Pacific/Apia</li>
 * <li>NET - Asia/Yerevan</li>
 * <li>NST - Pacific/Auckland</li>
 * <li>PLT - Asia/Karachi</li>
 * <li>PNT - America/Phoenix</li>
 * <li>PRT - America/Puerto_Rico</li>
 * <li>PST - America/Los_Angeles</li>
 * <li>SST - Pacific/Guadalcanal</li>
 * <li>VST - Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh</li>
 * </ul>
 * The map is unmodifiable.
 */
 public static final Map<String, String> SHORT_IDS;
 static {
 Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(64);
 map.put("ACT", "Australia/Darwin");
 map.put("AET", "Australia/Sydney");
 map.put("AGT", "America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires");
 map.put("ART", "Africa/Cairo");
 map.put("AST", "America/Anchorage");
 map.put("BET", "America/Sao_Paulo");
 map.put("BST", "Asia/Dhaka");
 map.put("CAT", "Africa/Harare");
 map.put("CNT", "America/St_Johns");
 map.put("CST", "America/Chicago");
 map.put("CTT", "Asia/Shanghai");
 map.put("EAT", "Africa/Addis_Ababa");
 map.put("ECT", "Europe/Paris");
 map.put("IET", "America/Indiana/Indianapolis");
 map.put("IST", "Asia/Kolkata");
 map.put("JST", "Asia/Tokyo");
 map.put("MIT", "Pacific/Apia");
 map.put("NET", "Asia/Yerevan");
 map.put("NST", "Pacific/Auckland");
 map.put("PLT", "Asia/Karachi");
 map.put("PNT", "America/Phoenix");
 map.put("PRT", "America/Puerto_Rico");
 map.put("PST", "America/Los_Angeles");
 map.put("SST", "Pacific/Guadalcanal");
 map.put("VST", "Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh");
 map.put("EST", "-05:00");
 map.put("MST", "-07:00");
 map.put("HST", "-10:00");
 SHORT_IDS = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
 }
 /**
 * Serialization version.
 */
 private static final long serialVersionUID = 8352817235686L;

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Gets the system default time-zone.
 * <p>
 * This queries {@link TimeZone#getDefault()} to find the default time-zone
 * and converts it to a {@code ZoneId}. If the system default time-zone is changed,
 * then the result of this method will also change.
 *
 * @return the zone ID, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the converted zone ID has an invalid format
 * @throws ZoneRulesException if the converted zone region ID cannot be found
 */
 public static ZoneId systemDefault() {
 return TimeZone.getDefault().toZoneId();
 }

 /**
 * Gets the set of available zone IDs.
 * <p>
 * This set includes the string form of all available region-based IDs.
 * Offset-based zone IDs are not included in the returned set.
 * The ID can be passed to {@link #of(String)} to create a {@code ZoneId}.
 * <p>
 * The set of zone IDs can increase over time, although in a typical application
 * the set of IDs is fixed. Each call to this method is thread-safe.
 *
 * @return a modifiable copy of the set of zone IDs, not null
 */
 public static Set<String> getAvailableZoneIds() {
 return ZoneRulesProvider.getAvailableZoneIds();
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code ZoneId} using its ID using a map
 * of aliases to supplement the standard zone IDs.
 * <p>
 * Many users of time-zones use short abbreviations, such as PST for
 * 'Pacific Standard Time' and PDT for 'Pacific Daylight Time'.
 * These abbreviations are not unique, and so cannot be used as IDs.
 * This method allows a map of string to time-zone to be setup and reused
 * within an application.
 *
 * @param zoneId the time-zone ID, not null
 * @param aliasMap a map of alias zone IDs (typically abbreviations) to real zone IDs, not null
 * @return the zone ID, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the zone ID has an invalid format
 * @throws ZoneRulesException if the zone ID is a region ID that cannot be found
 */
 public static ZoneId of(String zoneId, Map<String, String> aliasMap) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(zoneId, "zoneId");
 Objects.requireNonNull(aliasMap, "aliasMap");
 String id = aliasMap.get(zoneId);
 id = (id != null ? id : zoneId);
 return of(id);
 }

 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code ZoneId} from an ID ensuring that the
 * ID is valid and available for use.
 * <p>
 * This method parses the ID producing a {@code ZoneId} or {@code ZoneOffset}.
 * A {@code ZoneOffset} is returned if the ID is 'Z', or starts with '+' or '-'.
 * The result will always be a valid ID for which {@link ZoneRules} can be obtained.
 * <p>
 * Parsing matches the zone ID step by step as follows.
 * <ul>
 * <li>If the zone ID equals 'Z', the result is {@code ZoneOffset.UTC}.
 * <li>If the zone ID consists of a single letter, the zone ID is invalid
 * and {@code DateTimeException} is thrown.
 * <li>If the zone ID starts with '+' or '-', the ID is parsed as a
 * {@code ZoneOffset} using {@link ZoneOffset#of(String)}.
 * <li>If the zone ID equals 'GMT', 'UTC' or 'UT' then the result is a {@code ZoneId}
 * with the same ID and rules equivalent to {@code ZoneOffset.UTC}.
 * <li>If the zone ID starts with 'UTC+', 'UTC-', 'GMT+', 'GMT-', 'UT+' or 'UT-'
 * then the ID is a prefixed offset-based ID. The ID is split in two, with
 * a two or three letter prefix and a suffix starting with the sign.
 * The suffix is parsed as a {@link ZoneOffset#of(String) ZoneOffset}.
 * The result will be a {@code ZoneId} with the specified UTC/GMT/UT prefix
 * and the normalized offset ID as per {@link ZoneOffset#getId()}.
 * The rules of the returned {@code ZoneId} will be equivalent to the
 * parsed {@code ZoneOffset}.
 * <li>All other IDs are parsed as region-based zone IDs. Region IDs must
 * match the regular expression <code>[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9~/._+-]+</code>
 * otherwise a {@code DateTimeException} is thrown. If the zone ID is not
 * in the configured set of IDs, {@code ZoneRulesException} is thrown.
 * The detailed format of the region ID depends on the group supplying the data.
 * The default set of data is supplied by the IANA Time Zone Database (TZDB).
 * This has region IDs of the form '{area}/{city}', such as 'Europe/Paris' or 'America/New_York'.
 * This is compatible with most IDs from {@link java.util.TimeZone}.
 * </ul>
 *
 * @param zoneId the time-zone ID, not null
 * @return the zone ID, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the zone ID has an invalid format
 * @throws ZoneRulesException if the zone ID is a region ID that cannot be found
 */
 public static ZoneId of(String zoneId) {
 return of(zoneId, true);
 }

 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code ZoneId} wrapping an offset.
 * <p>
 * If the prefix is "GMT", "UTC", or "UT" a {@code ZoneId}
 * with the prefix and the non-zero offset is returned.
 * If the prefix is empty {@code ""} the {@code ZoneOffset} is returned.
 *
 * @param prefix the time-zone ID, not null
 * @param offset the offset, not null
 * @return the zone ID, not null
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the prefix is not one of
 * "GMT", "UTC", or "UT", or ""
 */
 public static ZoneId ofOffset(String prefix, ZoneOffset offset) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(prefix, "prefix");
 Objects.requireNonNull(offset, "offset");
 if (prefix.length() == 0) {
 return offset;
 }

 if (!prefix.equals("GMT") && !prefix.equals("UTC") && !prefix.equals("UT")) {
 throw new IllegalArgumentException("prefix should be GMT, UTC or UT, is: " + prefix);
 }

 if (offset.getTotalSeconds() != 0) {
 prefix = prefix.concat(offset.getId());
 }
 return new ZoneRegion(prefix, offset.getRules());
 }

 /**
 * Parses the ID, taking a flag to indicate whether {@code ZoneRulesException}
 * should be thrown or not, used in deserialization.
 *
 * @param zoneId the time-zone ID, not null
 * @param checkAvailable whether to check if the zone ID is available
 * @return the zone ID, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the ID format is invalid
 * @throws ZoneRulesException if checking availability and the ID cannot be found
 */
 static ZoneId of(String zoneId, boolean checkAvailable) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(zoneId, "zoneId");
 if (zoneId.length() <= 1 || zoneId.startsWith("+") || zoneId.startsWith("-")) {
 return ZoneOffset.of(zoneId);
 } else if (zoneId.startsWith("UTC") || zoneId.startsWith("GMT")) {
 return ofWithPrefix(zoneId, 3, checkAvailable);
 } else if (zoneId.startsWith("UT")) {
 return ofWithPrefix(zoneId, 2, checkAvailable);
 }
 return ZoneRegion.ofId(zoneId, checkAvailable);
 }

 /**
 * Parse once a prefix is established.
 *
 * @param zoneId the time-zone ID, not null
 * @param prefixLength the length of the prefix, 2 or 3
 * @return the zone ID, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the zone ID has an invalid format
 */
 private static ZoneId ofWithPrefix(String zoneId, int prefixLength, boolean checkAvailable) {
 String prefix = zoneId.substring(0, prefixLength);
 if (zoneId.length() == prefixLength) {
 return ofOffset(prefix, ZoneOffset.UTC);
 }
 if (zoneId.charAt(prefixLength) != '+' && zoneId.charAt(prefixLength) != '-') {
 return ZoneRegion.ofId(zoneId, checkAvailable); // drop through to ZoneRulesProvider
 }
 try {
 ZoneOffset offset = ZoneOffset.of(zoneId.substring(prefixLength));
 if (offset == ZoneOffset.UTC) {
 return ofOffset(prefix, offset);
 }
 return ofOffset(prefix, offset);
 } catch (DateTimeException ex) {
 throw new DateTimeException("Invalid ID for offset-based ZoneId: " + zoneId, ex);
 }
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code ZoneId} from a temporal object.
 * <p>
 * This obtains a zone based on the specified temporal.
 * A {@code TemporalAccessor} represents an arbitrary set of date and time information,
 * which this factory converts to an instance of {@code ZoneId}.
 * <p>
 * A {@code TemporalAccessor} represents some form of date and time information.
 * This factory converts the arbitrary temporal object to an instance of {@code ZoneId}.
 * <p>
 * The conversion will try to obtain the zone in a way that favours region-based
 * zones over offset-based zones using {@link TemporalQueries#zone()}.
 * <p>
 * This method matches the signature of the functional interface {@link TemporalQuery}
 * allowing it to be used as a query via method reference, {@code ZoneId::from}.
 *
 * @param temporal the temporal object to convert, not null
 * @return the zone ID, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if unable to convert to a {@code ZoneId}
 */
 public static ZoneId from(TemporalAccessor temporal) {
 ZoneId obj = temporal.query(TemporalQueries.zone());
 if (obj == null) {
 throw new DateTimeException("Unable to obtain ZoneId from TemporalAccessor: " +
 temporal + " of type " + temporal.getClass().getName());
 }
 return obj;
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Constructor only accessible within the package.
 */
 ZoneId() {
 if (getClass() != ZoneOffset.class && getClass() != ZoneRegion.class) {
 throw new AssertionError("Invalid subclass");
 }
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Gets the unique time-zone ID.
 * <p>
 * This ID uniquely defines this object.
 * The format of an offset based ID is defined by {@link ZoneOffset#getId()}.
 *
 * @return the time-zone unique ID, not null
 */
 public abstract String getId();

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Gets the textual representation of the zone, such as 'British Time' or
 * '+02:00'.
 * <p>
 * This returns the textual name used to identify the time-zone ID,
 * suitable for presentation to the user.
 * The parameters control the style of the returned text and the locale.
 * <p>
 * If no textual mapping is found then the {@link #getId() full ID} is returned.
 *
 * @param style the length of the text required, not null
 * @param locale the locale to use, not null
 * @return the text value of the zone, not null
 */
 public String getDisplayName(TextStyle style, Locale locale) {
 return new DateTimeFormatterBuilder().appendZoneText(style).toFormatter(locale).format(toTemporal());
 }

 /**
 * Converts this zone to a {@code TemporalAccessor}.
 * <p>
 * A {@code ZoneId} can be fully represented as a {@code TemporalAccessor}.
 * However, the interface is not implemented by this class as most of the
 * methods on the interface have no meaning to {@code ZoneId}.
 * <p>
 * The returned temporal has no supported fields, with the query method
 * supporting the return of the zone using {@link TemporalQueries#zoneId()}.
 *
 * @return a temporal equivalent to this zone, not null
 */
 private TemporalAccessor toTemporal() {
 return new TemporalAccessor() {
 @Override
 public boolean isSupported(TemporalField field) {
 return false;
 }
 @Override
 public long getLong(TemporalField field) {
 throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
 }
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 @Override
 public <R> R query(TemporalQuery<R> query) {
 if (query == TemporalQueries.zoneId()) {
 return (R) ZoneId.this;
 }
 return TemporalAccessor.super.query(query);
 }
 };
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Gets the time-zone rules for this ID allowing calculations to be performed.
 * <p>
 * The rules provide the functionality associated with a time-zone,
 * such as finding the offset for a given instant or local date-time.
 * <p>
 * A time-zone can be invalid if it is deserialized in a Java Runtime which
 * does not have the same rules loaded as the Java Runtime that stored it.
 * In this case, calling this method will throw a {@code ZoneRulesException}.
 * <p>
 * The rules are supplied by {@link ZoneRulesProvider}. An advanced provider may
 * support dynamic updates to the rules without restarting the Java Runtime.
 * If so, then the result of this method may change over time.
 * Each individual call will be still remain thread-safe.
 * <p>
 * {@link ZoneOffset} will always return a set of rules where the offset never changes.
 *
 * @return the rules, not null
 * @throws ZoneRulesException if no rules are available for this ID
 */
 public abstract ZoneRules getRules();

 /**
 * Normalizes the time-zone ID, returning a {@code ZoneOffset} where possible.
 * <p>
 * The returns a normalized {@code ZoneId} that can be used in place of this ID.
 * The result will have {@code ZoneRules} equivalent to those returned by this object,
 * however the ID returned by {@code getId()} may be different.
 * <p>
 * The normalization checks if the rules of this {@code ZoneId} have a fixed offset.
 * If they do, then the {@code ZoneOffset} equal to that offset is returned.
 * Otherwise {@code this} is returned.
 *
 * @return the time-zone unique ID, not null
 */
 public ZoneId normalized() {
 try {
 ZoneRules rules = getRules();
 if (rules.isFixedOffset()) {
 return rules.getOffset(Instant.EPOCH);
 }
 } catch (ZoneRulesException ex) {
 // invalid ZoneRegion is not important to this method
 }
 return this;
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Checks if this time-zone ID is equal to another time-zone ID.
 * <p>
 * The comparison is based on the ID.
 *
 * @param obj the object to check, null returns false
 * @return true if this is equal to the other time-zone ID
 */
 @Override
 public boolean equals(Object obj) {
 if (this == obj) {
 return true;
 }
 if (obj instanceof ZoneId) {
 ZoneId other = (ZoneId) obj;
 return getId().equals(other.getId());
 }
 return false;
 }

 /**
 * A hash code for this time-zone ID.
 *
 * @return a suitable hash code
 */
 @Override
 public int hashCode() {
 return getId().hashCode();
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Defend against malicious streams.
 *
 * @param s the stream to read
 * @throws InvalidObjectException always
 */
 private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s) throws InvalidObjectException {
 throw new InvalidObjectException("Deserialization via serialization delegate");
 }

 /**
 * Outputs this zone as a {@code String}, using the ID.
 *
 * @return a string representation of this time-zone ID, not null
 */
 @Override
 public String toString() {
 return getId();
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Writes the object using a
 * <a href="../../serialized-form.html#java.time.Ser">dedicated serialized form</a>.
 * @serialData
 * <pre>
 * out.writeByte(7); // identifies a ZoneId (not ZoneOffset)
 * out.writeUTF(getId());
 * </pre>
 * <p>
 * When read back in, the {@code ZoneId} will be created as though using
 * {@link #of(String)}, but without any exception in the case where the
 * ID has a valid format, but is not in the known set of region-based IDs.
 *
 * @return the instance of {@code Ser}, not null
 */
 // this is here for serialization Javadoc
 private Object writeReplace() {
 return new Ser(Ser.ZONE_REGION_TYPE, this);
 }

 abstract void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException;

}