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+ PostgreSQL 31ドル⁄4ûÎÊÌ⣠̈FAQ£© ×ばつî1⁄2ü ̧üУo2003 Äê 01 Ô 06 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÒ»
+ 22:27:35 CST Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£oBruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us )
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+ -- 31ドル⁄4ûÎÊÌâ 1.1) PostgreSQL ÊÇÊ2à ́£¿ ̧ÃÔõà ́·¢Òô£¿ PostgreSQL ×ばつ÷
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×ばつî1⁄2ü ̧üУo2003 Äê 01 Ô 06 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÒ» 22:27:35 CST\r
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+Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£oBruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us\r
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+£ ̈IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY\r
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+ͬÑùÒ2Òa¿ ́¿ ́ÎÒÃÇμÄ ftp Õ3⁄4μã ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub\r
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+ Æ÷£¬ÊÓÍ1⁄4£¬Íâ1⁄4ü2ο1⁄4ÍêÕûÐÔoÍ ̧ ́ÔÓμÄËøμÈ¡£ÎÒÃÇ»1ÓÐһЩËüÃÇûÓÐμÄÌØÐÔ£¬Èç\r
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+------------------------------------------------------------------------\r
+\r
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+PostgreSQL ·21ドル⁄4°üÖаüo¬ÁËÒÔÏÂ1⁄2Ó¿Ú£o\r
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+ * C (libpq)\r
+ * Embedded C (ecpg)\r
+ * Java (jdbc)\r
+ * Python (PyGreSQL)\r
+ * TCL (libpgtcl)\r
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+ ́ÅÅÌÎÄ1⁄4þ ̧ñÊ1⁄2ûÓÐ±ä» ̄μÄÉý1⁄4¶£¬¿ÉÒÔÓà /pg_upgrade/ 1⁄2ű3⁄4£¬¶ø2»ÐèÒa×ばつö dump oÍ\r
+restor¡£·21ドル⁄4ËμÃ÷script »áÖ ̧Ã÷ /pg_upgrade/ ¶Ô ̧à ́ÎÉý1⁄4¶ÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÓá£\r
+\r
+------------------------------------------------------------------------\r
+\r
+\r
+ ×ばつ÷ÎÊÌâ\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.1) ¶þ1⁄2øÖÆÓαêoÍÆÕÍ ̈ÓαêÖ®1⁄4äμÄÇø±ðÊÇÊ2à ́£¿\r
+\r
+2ÎÔÄ DECLARE ÊÖ2áÒ3»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢¡£\r
+\r
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+ 4.2)ÈçoÎÖ» SELECT Ò» ̧ö2éÑ ̄1⁄2á1ûμÄÍ·1⁄4 ̧ÐУ¿\r
+\r
+2ÎÔÄ FETCH ÊÖ2áÒ3£¬»òÕßÊ1Óà SELECT ... LIMIT....\r
+\r
+1⁄4 ́Ê1ÄãÖ»ÐèÒa¿aÍ·μÄ1⁄4 ̧ÐУ¬Ò2»áÉæ1⁄4°μ1⁄2Õû ̧ö2éÑ ×ばつÅÊ1Óà ́øÓÐ ORDER BY μÄ2é\r
+Ñ ̄¡£Èç1ûÓÐÒ» ̧öË÷ÒýÓë ORDER BY Æ\Å䣬PostgreSQL ¿ÉÄÜ3⁄4ÍÖ» ́¦ÀíÒaÇóμÄÍ·1⁄4 ̧Ìõ\r
+1⁄4ÇÂ1⁄4£¬·ñÔò1⁄2«¶ÔÕû ̧ö2éÑ ̄1⁄2øÐÐ ́¦ÀíÖ±μ1⁄2Éú3ÉÐèÒaμÄÐС£\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.3) ÎÒÈçoλñÈ¡Ò» ̧ö±íμÄÁÐ±í£¬»òÕßÊÇÆäËûÎÒÄÜÔÚ /psql/ Àï¿ ́μ1⁄2μĶ«Î÷£¿\r
+\r
+Äã¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁ /psql/ μÄÔ ́ ́úÂëÎÄ1⁄4þ/pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c/ ¡£Ëü°üÀ ̈Îa\r
+Éú3É psql μÄ· ́б ̧ÜÃüÁîμÄÊä3öμÄ SQL ÃüÁî¡£Äã»1¿ÉÒÔ ́ø /-E/ Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶ ̄\r
+/psql/£¬ÕâÑùËü1⁄2« ́òÓ¡3öÖ ́ÐÐÄã ̧ø3öμÄÃüÁîËùÓÃμÄ2éÑ ̄¡£\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.4) ÔõÑù ́Ó±íÀïÃæÉ3⁄43ýÒ»ÁУ¿\r
+\r
+7.3 ÀïÔö1⁄4ÓÁË ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN£¬ÒÔÖ§3Ö ́ËÏî1¦ÄÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°μÄ°æ±3⁄4ÖУ¬¿É\r
×ばつö£o\r
+\r
+ BEGIN;\r
+ LOCK TABLE old_table;\r
+ SELECT ... -- select all columns but the one you want to remove\r
+ INTO TABLE new_table\r
+ FROM old_table;\r
+ DROP TABLE old_table;\r
+ ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;\r
+ COMMIT;\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.5) Ò»ÐУ¬Ò» ̧ö±í£¬Ò» ×ばつî ́ó3ß ́çÊǶàÉÙ£¿\r
+\r
+ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÏÞÖÆ£o\r
+\r
+ Ò» ×ばつî ́ó3ß ́磿 ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£ ̈ ́æÔÚ 1TB μÄÊý3⁄4ݿ⣩\r
+ Ò» ×ばつî ́ó3ß ́磿 16TB\r
+ ×ばつî ́ó3ß ́磿 1.6TB\r
+ Ò» ×ばつî ́ó3ß ́ç? 1GB\r
+ Ò» ×ばつî ́óÐÐÊý£¿ ÎÞÏÞÖÆ\r
+ Ò» ×ばつî ́óÁÐÊý£¿ ̧úÁÐÀàÐÍÓÐ1Ø,250-1600\r
+ Ò» ×ばつî ́óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿ÎÞÏÞÖÆ\r
+\r
+μ±È»£¬Êμ1⁄4ÊÉÏûÓÐÕæÕýμÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»1ÊÇÒaÊÜ¿ÉÓà ́ÅÅÌ¿Õ1⁄4ä¡¢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ ́æ/1⁄2»»»ÇøμÄÖÆÔ1⁄4¡£\r
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+ ́æ ́¢£¬Òò ́ËÎÄ1⁄4þÏμÍ33ß ́çμÄÏÞÖÆÊÇ2»ÖØÒaμÄ¡£\r
+\r
+Èç1ûȱʡμÄ¿é ́óСÔö3¤μ1⁄2 32K ×ばつî ́óμıí3ß ×ばつî ́óÁÐÊý¿ÉÒÔÔö1⁄4Ó¡£\r
+\r
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+ 4.6) ́æ ́¢Ò» ̧öμäÐÍμÄÆ1⁄2ÃæÎÄ1⁄4þÀïμÄÊý3⁄4ÝÐèÒa¶àÉÙ ́ÅÅÌ¿Õ1⁄4䣿\r
+\r
+Ò» ̧ö Postgres ×ばつî¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒaÏàμ±ÓÚÔÚÒ» ̧öÆ1⁄2ÃæÎÄ1⁄4þÀï ́æ ́¢ÏàͬÊý3⁄4ÝμÄ5±¶\r
+μÄ ́ÅÅÌ¿Õ1⁄4ä¡£\r
+\r
+ÀýÈ磬1⁄4ÙÉèÓÐÒ» ̧ö 100,000 ÐÐμÄÎÄ1⁄4þ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ» ̧öÕûÊýoÍÒ» ̧öÎı3⁄4ÃèÊö¡1ドル⁄4ÙÉèÎÄ\r
+±3⁄4 ×ばつÖ1⁄2Ú¡£Æ1⁄2ÃæÎÄ1⁄4þÕ1⁄4Óà 2.8 MB¡£ ́æ·ÅÕâЩÊý3⁄4ÝμÄ PostgreSQL\r
+Êý3⁄4Ý¿âÎÄ1⁄4þ ́óÔ1⁄4ÊÇ 6.4 MB:\r
+\r
+ 36 ×ばつÖ1⁄2Ú: ÿÐÐμÄÍ·£ ̈1À1⁄4ÆÖ죩\r
+ 24 ×ばつÖ1⁄2Ú: Ò» ̧öin×ばつÖ¶ÎoÍÒ» ×ばつÖ¶Î\r
+ + 4 ×ばつÖ1⁄2Ú: Ò3ÃæÄÚÖ ̧ÏòÔa×ばつéμÄÖ ̧Õë\r
+ ----------------------------------------\r
+ 64 ×ばつÖ1⁄2ÚÿÐÐ\r
+\r
+ PostgreSQL Êý3⁄4ÝÒ3μÄ ́óСÊÇ 8192 ×ばつÖ1⁄2Ú (8 KB)£¬Ôò£o\r
+\r
+ 8192 ×ばつÖ1⁄2ÚÿÒ3\r
+ ------------------- = 128 ÐÐ/Êý3⁄4ÝÒ3£ ̈ÏòÏÂÈ¡Õû£©\r
+ 64 ×ばつÖ1⁄2ÚÿÐÐ\r
+\r
+ 100000 Êý3⁄4ÝÐÐ\r
+ -------------------- = 782 Êý3⁄4ÝÒ3£ ̈ÏòÉÏÈ¡Õû£©\r
+ 128 ÐÐÿÒ3\r
+\r
+ 782 Êý3⁄4ÝÒ3 * 8192 ×ばつÖ1⁄2Ú/Ò3 = 6,406,144 ×ばつÖ1⁄2Ú£ ̈6.4 MB£©\r
+\r
+Ë÷Òý2»ÐèÒaÕâà ́¶àμĶîÍâÏûoÄ£¬μ«Ò2È·Êμ°üÀ ̈±»Ë÷ÒýμÄÊý3⁄4Ý£¬Òò ́ËËüÃÇÒ2¿ÉÄÜoÜ ́ó¡£\r
+\r
+¿ÕÖμ ́æ·ÅÔÚλÍ1⁄4ÖУ¬Òò ́ËÕ1⁄4ÓÃoÜÉÙμÄ¿Õ1⁄4ä¡£\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.7) ÈçoÎ2é¿ ́±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý3⁄4Ý¿âÒÔ1⁄4°Óû§μĶ ̈Ò壿\r
+\r
+/ psql/ ÓÐÐí¶à· ́б ̧ÜÃüÁîÓÃÓÚÏÔÊ3⁄4ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£Óà \? ¿ ́¿ ́¶1⁄4ÓÐÄÄЩ¡£ÒÔ pg_ ́ò\r
+Í·μÄÏμÍ3±íÒ2ÃèÊöÁËÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£ psql -l ¿ÉÒÔÁÐ3öËùÓÐμÄÊý3⁄4Ý¿â¡£\r
+\r
+Ò2¿ÉÒÔÊÔÊÔÎÄ1⁄4þ /pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source/¡£ËüÑÝÊ3⁄4ÁËÐí¶à ́ÓÊý3⁄4Ý¿â\r
+ÏμÍ3±íÀï»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢ÐèÒaμÄ SELECT¡£\r
+\r
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+ 4.8) ÎÒμÄ2éÑ ̄oÜÂý»òÕßûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÎaÊ2à ́£¿\r
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+2¢·Çÿ ̧ö2éÑ ×ばつÔ¶ ̄Ê1ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íμÄ ́óС3¬1ýÒ» ×ばつîСÖ죬2¢ÇÒ2éÑ ֻ̄ѡ\r
+Ôñ±íÖÐ1⁄2ÏС±ÈÀýμÄÐÐʱ2ÉÓÃÊ1ÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÕâÊÇÒòÎaË÷ÒýÉ ̈ÃèÒýÆðμÄËæ1⁄4 ́ ́ÅÅÌ ́æÈ¡¿ÉÄÜ\r
+±ÈÖ±1⁄2ÓμضÁÈ¡±í£ ̈Ë3ÐòÉ ̈Ã裩 ̧üÂý¡£ÎaÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñÊ1ÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL ±ØÐë»ñ\r
+μÃÓÐ1رíμÄÍ31⁄4ÆÖμ¡£ÕâЩÍ31⁄4ÆÖμ¿ÉÒÔÊ1Óà VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò ANALYZE »ñμá£Ê1\r
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+1⁄4ÆÖμμÄ»ñÈ¡¡£\r
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+Ë÷ÒýÍ ̈32ドル»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY »òÖ ́ÐÐÁ¬1⁄2Ó¡£¶ÔÒ» ̧ö ́ó±íμÄÒ» ́ÎË3ÐòÉ ×ばつöÒ» ̧öÏÔ\r
+Ê1⁄2μÄÅÅÐòÍ ̈3£±ÈË÷ÒýÉ ̈ÃèÒa¿ì¡£\r
+\r
+μ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT oÍ ORDER BY 1⁄2áoÏÊ1ÓÃʱ3⁄43£»áÊ1ÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòÎaÖ»»á·μ»Ø±íμÄÒ»\r
+С2¿·Ö¡£Êμ1⁄4ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() oÍ MIN() 22ドル»Ê1ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í ̈1ý¶Ô ORDER BY oÍ\r
+LLIMIT ×ばつî ×ばつîСÖμÒ2ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔμÄ£o\r
+\r
+ SELECT col\r
+ FROM tab\r
+ ORDER BY col [ DESC ]\r
+ LIMIT 1;\r
+\r
+μ±Ê1ÓÃÍ ×ばつ÷£¬ÀýÈç LIKE »ò ~ ʱ£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌض ̈μÄÇé¿öÏÂÊ1Óão \r
+\r
+ * ×ばつÖ·û ́®μÄ¿aÊ1⁄42¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕÍ ×ばつÖ·û ́®£¬Ò23⁄4ÍÊÇËμ£o\r
+ o LIKE Ä£Ê1⁄22»ÄÜÒÔ % ́òÍ·¡£\r
+ o ~ £ ̈ÕýÔò±í ́ïÊ1⁄2£©Ä£Ê1⁄2±ØÐëÒÔ ^ ́òÍ·¡£\r
+ * ×ばつÖ·û ́®2»ÄÜÒÔÆ\Åä¶à ×ばつÖ·ûμÄÄ£Ê1⁄2Àà ́òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£\r
+ * ́óСР́ÎÞ1ØμÄ2éÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE oÍ ~* μÈ2»Ê1ÓÃË÷Òý¡£μ«¿ÉÒÔÓà 4.12 1⁄2ÚÃè\r
+ ÊöμÄo ̄ÊýË÷Òý¡£\r
+ * ×ばつö initdb ʱ±ØÐë2ÉÓÃȱʡμı3⁄4μØÉèÖà C locale¡£\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.9) ÎÒÈçoÎ2ÅÄÜ¿ ́μ1⁄22éÑ ̄ÓÅ» ̄Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑù ́¦ÀíÎÒμÄ2éÑ ̄μÄ£¿\r
+\r
+2ο1⁄4 EXPLAIN ÊÖ2áÒ3¡£\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.10) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇÊ2à ́£¿\r
+\r
+R-tree Ë÷ÒýÓÃÓÚË÷Òý¿Õ1⁄4äÊý3⁄4Ý¡£Ò» ̧ö1þÏ£Ë÷ÒýÎÞ· ̈ ́¦Àí·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£¶ø B-tree Ë÷\r
+ÒýÖ»ÄÜ ́¦ÀíһάμÄ·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£R-tree Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ ́¦Àí¶àάÊý3⁄4Ý¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç1û¿ÉÒÔÔÚ\r
+Ò» ̧öÀàÐÍÎa point ×ばつÖ¶ÎÉÏ1⁄2 ̈Á¢Ò» ̧ö R-tree Ë÷Òý£¬ÄÇà ́ÏμÍ3ÄÜ ̧ü ̧ßЧμØ»Ø ́ðÀà\r
+ËÆ ¡°Ñ¡ÔñÔÚÒ» ̧ö3¤·1⁄2Ðη¶Î§ÄÚμÄËùÓÐμ㡱¡£\r
+\r
×ばつî3õμÄ R-Tree Éè1⁄4ÆμÄÕýÊ1⁄2ÂÛÎÄÊÇ£o\r
+\r
+Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching."\r
+Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.\r
+\r
+Äã»1¿ÉÒÔÔÚ Stonebraker μÄ¡°Readings in Database Systems¡±ÀïÕÒμ1⁄2ÕâÆaÎÄÕ¡£\r
+\r
+ÏμÍ3ÄÚÖÃμÄ R-Tree ¿ÉÒÔ ́¦Àí¶à±ßÐÎoÍ·1⁄2ÐΡ£ÀíÂÛÉÏË죬R-tree ¿ÉÒÔÀ©Õ1Îa ́¦Àí\r
+ ̧ü¶àάÊý¡2ドル»1ýÔÚÊμ1⁄4ùÉÏ£¬À©Õ1 R-trees ÐèÒaÒ»¶ ×ばつ÷Á¿£¬¶øÎÒÃÇĿǰûÓÐÈç\r
×ばつöμÄÎÄμμ¡£\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.11) Ê2à ́ÊÇ»ùÒò2éÑ ̄ÓÅ» ̄£ ̈Genetic Query Optimization£©£¿\r
+\r
+GEQO Ä£¿é2ÉÓûùÒòËã· ̈£ ̈Genetic Algorithm£¬GA£©1⁄4Ó¿ì¶à±íÁ¬1⁄2ÓμÄ2éÑ ̄ÓÅ» ̄¡£Ëü\r
+ÔÊÐíÍ ̈1ý·ÇÇî3⁄4ÙËÑË÷ ́¦Àí ́óμÄÁ¬1⁄2Ó2éÑ ̄¡£\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.12) ×ばつöÕýÔò±í ́ïÊ1⁄2ËÑË÷oÍ ́óСР́ÎÞ1ØμÄÕýÔò±í ́ïÊ1⁄2ËÑË÷£¿ÔõÑùÀû\r
+ ÓÃË÷Òý1⁄2øÐÐ ́óСР́ÎÞ1ØËÑË÷£¿\r
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+ЩÎÞ1ØμÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ3ÉÎa ILIKE¡£\r
+\r
+ ́óСР́ÎÞ1ØμÄμÈÊ1⁄2±È1⁄2ÏÍ ̈3£Ð ×ばつö£o\r
+\r
+ SELECT *\r
+ FROM tab\r
+ WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';\r
+\r
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+\r
+ CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.13) ÔÚÒ» ̧ö2éÑ ̄ÀÎÒÔõÑù1⁄4ì2âÒ» ×ばつÖ¶ÎÊÇ·ñÎa NULL£¿\r
+\r
+Óà IS NULL oÍ IS NOT NULL 2âÊÔÕâ ×ばつֶΡ£ \r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.14) ×ばつÖ·ûÀàÐÍÖ®1⁄4äÓÐÊ2à ́2»Í¬£¿\r
+\r
+ ÀàÐÍ ÄÚ2¿Ãû3Æ ËμÃ÷\r
+ --------------------------------------------------\r
+ "char" char 1 ×ばつÖ·û character\r
+ CHAR(#) bpchar ¶ ×ばつÖ·û ×ばつ㶠̈Òå3¤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ ̧ñ21Æë\r
+ VARCHAR(#) varchar Ö ̧¶ ×ばつî ×ばつÖ·û ×ばつ㶠̈Òå3¤¶ÈμÄ2¿·Ö\r
+2»21Æë\r
+ TEXT text ×ばつî ́ó3¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ\r
+ BYTEA bytea ×ばつÖ1⁄2ÚÐòÁУ ̈±ä3¤μĶþ1⁄2øÖÆÊý3⁄4Ý£©\r
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+ÔÚÏμÍ3±íoÍÔÚһЩ ́íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄã1⁄2«¿ ́μ1⁄2ÄÚ2¿Ãû3Æ¡£ \r
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+¶È£¬oóÃæ2ÅÊÇÊý3⁄4Ý£©¡£ÓÚÊÇÊμ1⁄4ÊÕ1⁄4ÓÃμÄ¿Õ1⁄4ä±ÈÉùÃ÷μÄ ́óСÒa¶àһЩ¡£È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐÍ\r
+¶1⁄4¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ1Ëõ ́æ ́¢£¬Ò2¿ÉÒÔÓà TOAST ÍÑ»ú ́æ ́¢£¬Òò ́Ë ́ÅÅÌ¿Õ1⁄4äÒ2¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëμÄÒaÉÙ¡£\r
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+CHAR(n) ×ばつîÊÊoÏÓÚ ́æ ×ばつÖ·û ́®¡£VARCHAR(n) ÔÚ ́æ ×ばつî ́ó\r
×ばつÖ·û ×ばつîoÃμÄ¡£TEXT ÊÊÓÃÓÚ ́æ ×ばつÖ·û ×ばつî ́ó¿É ́ï\r
+1G¡£BYTEA ÓÃÓÚ ́æ ́¢¶þ1⁄2øÖÆÊý3⁄4Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üo¬ NULL ×ばつÖ1⁄2Ú£ ̈¶þ1⁄2øÖÆμÄ0£©μÄÖμ¡£Õâ\r
+ЩÀàÐÍ3⁄4ßÓÐÀàÐÍμÄÐÔÄÜ¡£\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.15.1) ÎÒÔõÑù ́ ́1⁄2 ̈Ò» ×ばつÔ¶ ×ばつֶΣ¿\r
+\r
+PostgreSQL Ö§3Ö SERIAL ×ばつÔ¶ ̄ ́ ́1⁄2 ̈Ò» ̧öÐòÁÐoÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬\r
+ CREATE TABLE person ( \r
+ id SERIAL, \r
+ name TEXT \r
+ );\r
+\r
×ばつÔ¶ ×ばつa»»Îa£o \r
+ \r
+ CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;\r
+ CREATE TABLE person ( \r
+ id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),\r
+ name TEXT \r
+ );\r
+ CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );\r
+\r
+2ο1⁄4 create_sequence ÊÖ2áÒ3»ñÈ¡1ØÓÚÐòÁÐμÄ ̧ü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Äã»1¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐÐμÄ oid\r
×ばつ÷ÎaÒ» ̧öÎ ̈Ò»Öμ¡2ドル»1ý£¬Èç1ûÄãÐèÒaÇãμ1oÍÖØÔØÊý3⁄4ݿ⣬ÄãÐèÒaÊ1Óà pg_dump\r
+μÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£ \r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.15.2) ÎÒÈçoλñμÃÒ» ̧ö2åÈëμÄÐòÁÐoÅμÄÖμ£¿\r
+\r
+Ò»ÖÖ·1⁄2· ̈ÊÇÔÚ2åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓÃo ̄Êý nextval() ́ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï1⁄4ìË÷3öÏÂÒ» ̧ö SERIAL\r
+Öμ£¬È»oóÔÙÏÔÊ1⁄22åÈë¡£Ê1Óà 4.15.1 <#4.15.1> ÀïμÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£o \r
+\r
+ new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");\r
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise\r
+Pascal')");\r
+\r
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×ばつÔ¶ ̄ ́ ́1⁄2 ̈μÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóμÄÃû3Æ1⁄2«»áÊÇ\r
+<table>_<serialcolumn>_seq£¬ÕâÀï table oÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãμıíμÄÃû\r
+3ÆoÍÄãμÄ SERIAL ×ばつÖ¶ÎμÄÃû3Æ¡£ \r
+\r
+ÀàËÆμÄ£¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ2åÈëoóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓÃo ̄Êý currval() 1⁄4ìË÷ ̧Õ ̧3ÖμμÄ\r
+SERIAL Ö죬ÀýÈ磬 \r
+\r
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");\r
+ new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");\r
+\r
×ばつîoó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÊ1Óà ́Ó INSERT Óï3⁄4ä·μ»ØμÄ OID <4.16> 2éÕÒȱʡÖ죬3⁄4¡1ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ\r
×ばつîȱ·¦ÒÆÖ2ÐÔμÄ·1⁄2· ̈¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀÊ1Óà ́øÓÐ Edmund Mergl μÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éμÄ\r
+DBI£¬oid Öμ¿ÉÒÔÍ ̈1ý $sth->execute() oóμÄ $sth->{pg_oid_status} »ñμᣠ\r
+\r
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+ ÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿\r
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+Ç°2»·âËø¡£Õâ3⁄4Í»áμ1⁄4ÖÂØ2ÕÛÊÂÎñoóμÄÐòÁÐoÅ3öÏÖ1⁄4ä ̧ô¡£\r
+\r
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+ʱ£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID 2»1⁄2öÔÚÒ» ̧ö±í»òÒ» ̧öÊý3⁄4Ý¿âÀïÃæÎ ̈Ò»£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû ̧ö PostgreSQL\r
×ばつ°ÀïÒ2ÊÇÎ ̈Ò»μÄ¡£ \r
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×ばつöÒ»·Ý±íμÄ ́øÔÊ1⁄4 OID μÄ¿1⁄2± ×ばつöμ1⁄2£o \r
+\r
+ CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);\r
+ SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;\r
+ COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';\r
+ DELETE FROM new;\r
+ COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';\r
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+ ́òËãÔÚÓÐÈ˱ ̈ ̧æ֮ǰÏû3ýÕâ ̧öÏÞÖÆ¡£\r
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+ ̧Ä»òÖØÔØoó·¢Éú ̧ı䡣Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚÊ1ÓÃËüÃÇÖ ̧ÏòÎïÀíÐС£\r
+\r
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+ 4.17) PostgreSQL Ê1ÓÃμÄһЩÊõÓïμÄo¬ÒåÊÇÊ2à ́£¿\r
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+Ò»Ð©Ô ́ ́úÂëoÍһЩ3⁄4ÉÒ»μãμÄÎÄμμÊ1ÓÃһЩÓÐ ̧ü3£ÓÃÓ÷ ̈μÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»2¿·Ö£o \r
+ table, relation, class \r
+ row, record, tuple \r
+ column, field, attribute \r
+ retrieve, select \r
+ replace, update \r
+ append, insert \r
+ OID, serial value \r
+ portal, cursor \r
+ range variable, table name, table alias \r
+\r
+ÓÐÒ» ̧öÍ ̈ÓÃÊý3⁄4Ý¿âÊõÓïμÄÁбí£ohttp://hea-\r
+www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html\r
+¡£ \r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.18) ÎaÊ2à ́ÎÒÊÕμ1⁄2 ́íÎó¡°/ERROR: Memory exhausted in\r
+ AllocSetAlloc()/¡±£¿\r
+\r
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+postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæμÄÃüÁî£o \r
+\r
+ ulimit -d 262144\r
+ limit datasize 256m\r
+\r
+È¡3⁄4öÓÚÄãÓÃμÄ shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄÜ3É1¦£¬μ«ÊÇËü1⁄2«°ÑÄãμÄ1⁄2ø3ÌÊý3⁄4ݶÎÏÞÖÆ\r
+ÉèμñÈ1⁄2Ï ̧ߣ¬Òò¶øÒ2ÐíÄÜÈÃ2éÑ ̄Íê3É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚμ±Ç°1⁄2ø3Ì£¬ÒÔ1⁄4°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõ\r
+ÃüÁîÔËÐÐoó ́ ́1⁄2 ×ばつÓ1⁄2ø3Ì¡£Èç1ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòÎaoóÌ ̈·μ»ØÁËÌ«¶àμÄÊý\r
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+\r
+\r
+ 4.19) ÎÒÈçoÎ2ÅÄÜÖaμÀËùÔËÐÐμÄ PostgreSQL μÄ°æ±3⁄4£¿\r
+\r
+ ́Ó psql À1⁄4üÈë SELECT version()£»\r
+\r
+\r
+ 4.20) ÎaÊ2à ́ÎÒμÄ ×ばつ÷μ1⁄4Ö ́íÎó¡°/invalid large obj\r
+ descriptor¡±£ ̈·Ç· ̈μÄ ́ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©/£¿\r
+\r
+ÄãÐèÒaÔÚÊ1ÓÃÈÎoÎ ́ó¶ÔÏó3⁄4ä±úμÄÇ°oó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK oÍ COMMIT£¬Ò23⁄4ÍÊÇË죬°ü\r
+Χ lo_open ... lo_close¡£ \r
+\r
+Ä¿Ç° PostgreSQL Ç¿ÖÆÊμÊ©ÕâÌõ1æÔò£oÔÚÊÂÎñÌá1⁄2»Ê±1Ø±Õ ́ó¶ÔÏó3⁄4ä±ú£¬ÕâÑù£¬£ ̈û\r
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+ÉÙÊÇ ́ó¶àÊýʱ1⁄4䣩1⁄2«»áÉú3ÉÕâà ́Ò» ̧ö ́íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£ \r
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+Èç1ûÄãÊ1Óÿͻ§¶Ë1⁄2Ó¿Ú£¬Èç ODBC£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÐèÒa set auto-commit off¡£\r
+\r
+\r
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+\r
+Ê1ÓÃ CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£o\r
+\r
+ CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);\r
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+ 4.22) ÎaÊ2à ́Ê1Óà IN ×ばつÓ2éÑ ̄Õâà ́Âý£¿\r
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+Ä¿Ç°£¬ÎÒÃÇÍ ̈1ýÎaÍâ2éÑ ̄μÄÿһÐÐË3ÐòÉ ×ばつÓ2éÑ ̄μÄ1⁄2á1ûÀ ×ばつÓ2éÑ ̄oÍÍâ2éÑ ̄¡£\r
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+IN 2éÑ ̄μÄÖ ́ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓà EXISTS Ìæ»» IN£o \r
+\r
+ SELECT *\r
+ FROM tab\r
+ WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab);\r
+\r
+ ̧ÄÎa£o \r
+\r
+ SELECT *\r
+ FROM tab\r
+ WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col);\r
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+oóÕßÒaÏëÖ ́ÐÐμà ̧ü¿ì£¬subcol Ó¦ ̧ÃÊÇÒ» ̧öË÷ÒýÁС£ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÔÚÎ ́À ́μÄ·21ドル⁄4°æ±3⁄4ÖÐ\r
+ÐÞ21Õâ ̧öÏÞÖÆ¡£\r
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+ 4.23) ÎÒÔõÑù1⁄2øÐÐ outer join £ ̈ÍâÁ¬1⁄2Ó£©£¿\r
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+PostgreSQL ×ばつ1⁄4μÄ SQL Óï· ̈Ö§3ÖÍâÁ¬1⁄2Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ1⁄2 ×ばつÓ£o\r
+\r
+ SELECT *\r
+ FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);\r
+\r
+»ò \r
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+±»3ÉÎaÄÚÁ¬1⁄2Ó£ ̈INNER JOIN£©¡£\r
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+±í tab1 oÍ tab2 ×ばつöÍâÁ¬1⁄2Ó£o\r
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+ SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2\r
+ FROM tab1, tab2\r
+ WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1\r
+\r
+ UNION ALL\r
+\r
+ SELECT tab1.col1, NULL\r
+ FROM tab1\r
+ WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)\r
+ ORDER BY col1\r
+\r
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+ 4.24) ÈçoÎÊ1ÓÃÉæ1⁄4°¶à ̧öÊý3⁄4Ý¿âμÄ2éÑ ̄£¿\r
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+ûÓÐ°ì· ̈2éÑ ̄μ±Ç°Êý3⁄4Ý¿âÖ®ÍâμÄÊý3⁄4Ý¿â¡£ÒòÎa PostgreSQL 1⁄4ÓÔØÊý3⁄4Ý¿âÏà1ØμÄÏμÍ3\r
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+\r
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+ 4.25) ÈçoÎÈÃo ̄Êý·μ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿\r
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+¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PL/pgSQL o ̄ÊýÖÐÊ1Óà refcursors ·μ»Ø1⁄2á1û1⁄4 ̄¡2ドルο ́\r
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+<http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html>,\r
+23.7.3.31⁄2Ú¡£\r
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+1⁄2øÐжÁ¡£ÍøÒ3 http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research \r
×ばつîoóÁÐ3öÁËÕâЩѡÏî¡£ÔÚ\r
+http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php\r
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+ÎÄ1⁄4þÏμÍ3ÉÏ£ ̈ÒÔ ́ïμ1⁄21⁄4ÓÃÜμÄÄ¿μÄ£©¡£\r
+\r
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r
+\r
+\r
+ À©Õ1 PostgreSQL\r
+\r
+\r
+ 5.1) ÎÒÐ ́ÁËÒ» ̧öÓû§¶ ̈Òåo ̄Êý¡£μ±ÎÒÔÚ psql ÀïÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÎaÊ2à ́»áμ1⁄4ÖÂ\r
+ core dump£¿\r
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+ 5.3) ÎÒÔõÑùÐ ́Ò» ̧ö·μ»ØÒ»ÌõÔa×ばつéμÄ C o ̄Êý£¿\r
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+ÔÚ PostgreSQL 7.3 ÒÔoóμÄ°æ±3⁄4ÖУ¬C, PL/PgSQL oÍ SQL ÍêÈ«Ö§3Ö·μ»ØÖμÎa±íμÄ\r
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+ 5.4) ÎÒÐÞ ̧ÄÁËÒ» ̧öÔ ́ÎÄ1⁄4þ£¬ÎaÊ2à ́ÖØбàÒëoóûÓп ́μ1⁄2 ̧ı䣿\r
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