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Horizontal and vertical

In Polish

poziomy= horizontal
pionowy = vertical

prostopadle = perpendicularly

poziomo or horyzontalnie = horizontally

widnokrąg (horyzont) = horizon
nieboskłon = horizon
linia pozornego zetknięcia nieba z ziemią lub z powierzchnią wody - the line of apparent contact between sky and ground or water surface.

So how do you say it in your language?
Spanish: horizontal, vertical, perpendicular (you didn't post this one:)), perpendicularmente, horizontalmente and horizonte, respectively.
Greek:

Horizontal: Adj. «οριζόντιος, -α, -ο» [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.d̠i.o̞s̠] (masc.), [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.d̠i.a] (fem.), [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.d̠i.o̞] (neut.) a MoGr Katharevousa construction (1766) «ὁριζόντιος» [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.di.o̞s̠] a calque for the Fr. horizontal, ultimately from the Ancient Greek 3rd declension masculine noun «ὁρίζων-ὁρίζοντος» /hoˈri.s͡dɔːn/ (nom. sing.)-/hoˈri.s͡dontos/ (gen. sing.) --> initially the adjective in the set phrase ὁρίζων κύκλος /hoˈri.s͡dɔːn ˈky.klos/ = delineated circle, later, the substantivization of the adjective, ὁρίζων (masc.) = marking of boundaries, horizon, an Ancient Greek deverbal from the verb «ὁρίζω» /hoˈri.s͡dɔː/ --> to border, demarcate, separate, determine, define < Ancient Greek masc. noun «ὅρος» /ˈho.ros/ --> border, boundary, mark, term, limit, appointment, definition (the Proto-Hellenic *ϝόρϝoς /ˈwor.wos/ points towards IE origin, PIE *uo̯ru-o- < *ue̯ru- to draw cf. Latin urvāre).
Horizontally: Adv. «ὁριζοντίως» [o̞ɾiz̠o̞ŋˈdi.o̞s̠] (constructed in 1799), modern vernacular «οριζόντια» [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.di.a].

Vertical: Adj. «κάθετος, -τη, το» [ˈka.θe̞t̠o̞s̠] (masc.), [ˈka.θe̞t̠i] (fem.), [ˈka.θe̞t̠o̞] (neut.) < Ancient Greek adjective «κάθετος, -τος, -τον» /ˈkɐ.thetos/ (masc. or fem.), /ˈkɐ.theton/ (neut.) --> vertical, steep, sharp, a deverbal from the ancient athematic verb «καθίημι» /kɐˈthi.ɛːmi/ --> to let fall vertically, send down, drop a compound of the apocopic & elided preposition «κατ'» /kɐt/ + athematic verb «ἵημι» /ˈhi.ɛːmi/ --> to send away, let go, throw, hurl (PIE *(H)ieh1- to throw cf. Latin iacere).
Vertically: Ancient adverb «καθέτως» /kɐˈthe.tɔːs/ or the modern vernacular «κάθετα» [ˈka.θet̠a].

Perpendicular: Adj. «κατακόρυφος, -φη, -φο» [kat̠aˈko̞.ɾifo̞s̠] (masc.), [kat̠aˈko̞.ɾifi] (fem.), [kat̠aˈko̞.ɾifo̞] (neut.) a modern Katharevousa construction (1843), a calque for the French vertical, a compound of the prefix & preposition «κατά» [kaˈt̠a] < Ancient Greek preposition «κατά» /kɐˈtɐ/ + feminine noun «κορυφή» [ko̞ɾiˈfi] < Ancient Greek feminine noun «κορυφή» /koryˈphɛː/ --> top, skull (it has been recognised as Pre-Greek due to the variants fem. κορυφή & masc. κόρυμβος /ˈko.rymbos/, uppermost point of a ship, top of a mountain).
Perpendicularly: Adv. «κατακορύφως» [kat̠ako̞ˈɾi.fo̞s̠] (a Katharevousa 1876 construction), or the modern vernacular «κατακόρυφα» [kat̠aˈko̞.ɾifa].

Horizon: Masc. noun «ορίζοντας» [o̞ˈɾi.z̠o̞ŋd̠as̠] which is the accusative of the ancient 3rd declension masc. noun «ὁρίζων» (see 'horizontal').
In Russian, it is borrowed : горизонтальный [ɡərjɪzɐnˈtaljnɨj], вертикальный[vjɪrtjɪˈkaljnɨj].

For some reason, we don't have native terms for that. Although folks could say стоячий, лежачий (lying/standing, or better said, "lay-ish/standish") - but rather jokingly, because it connotes with, erm.. the state of male's thingy - in Russian it is not "hard" but "standing" (sorry, I couldn't resist).
For some reason, we don't have native terms for that. Although folks could say стоячий, лежачий (lying/standing, or better said, "lay-ish/standish") - but rather jokingly, because it connotes with, erm.. the state of male's thingy - in Russian it is not "hard" but "standing" (sorry, I couldn't resist).
Don't forget отвесный ~[ɐtˈvjesnɨj], literally ~"hanging off", although it's contextually limited (used mostly about surfaces, with the exact meaning "very steep", "vertical or nearly vertical").
In Russian, it is borrowed : горизонтальный [ɡərjɪzɐnˈtaljnɨj], вертикальный[vjɪrtjɪˈkaljnɨj].

For some reason, we don't have native terms for that. Although folks could say стоячий, лежачий (lying/standing, or better said, "lay-ish/standish") - but rather jokingly, because it connotes with, erm.. the state of male's thingy - in Russian it is not "hard" but "standing" (sorry, I couldn't resist).
Who knows how we write it in other Slavic languages ??

horizontal vertical

Polish
poziomy pionowy

Slovene
vodoravni navpično

Czech
vodorovný svislý
Cymraeg/Welsh

vertical - fertigol, unionsyth ('exactly-upright'). Earliest references: 1957 and 1604.

horizontal - llorweddol ('floor-appearance-ish'). Earliest reference: 1853.

perpendicular - sythlin ('straight-line(d)'), unionsyth. Earliest reference: 1768.

horizon - gorwel (n.m.) ('over-seeing', i.e. as far as one can see). Also a girl's name. Earliest reference: 1800.
Swedish:
Horisontell, vertikal, perpendikulär - similar to the English words.

But most likely in everyday use we would use:
Vågrät - horizontal, the word våg means scale and rät means straight, think of a line that is level, going from one side to the other as a line of the scales of justice.
Lodrät - vertical, lod means a lead, or plummet, think of the straight line when holding a lead in a line.
Vinkelrät - perpendicular, vinkel means angle, something that has a 90° angle.
Kurdish:

horizontal : şğwardeh, şğwariyve or şğwariy (by Arabic letters (respectively) : شخْوارْدهْ , شخْواريْو , شخْواريْ)
vertical: rastiy or rasti. (by Arabic letters: راسْتيْ , راسْتِ)
perpendicular: rast (by Arabic letters : راست)
horizon: ğwar (by Arabic letters خوار)
Greek:

Horizontal: Adj. «οριζόντιος, -α, -ο» [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.d̠i.o̞s̠] (masc.), [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.d̠i.a] (fem.), [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.d̠i.o̞] (neut.) a MoGr Katharevousa construction (1766) «ὁριζόντιος» [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.di.o̞s̠] a calque for the Fr. horizontal, ultimately from the Ancient Greek 3rd declension masculine noun «ὁρίζων-ὁρίζοντος» /hoˈri.s͡dɔːn/ (nom. sing.)-/hoˈri.s͡dontos/ (gen. sing.) --> initially the adjective in the set phrase ὁρίζων κύκλος /hoˈri.s͡dɔːn ˈky.klos/ = delineated circle, later, the substantivization of the adjective, ὁρίζων (masc.) = marking of boundaries, horizon, an Ancient Greek deverbal from the verb «ὁρίζω» /hoˈri.s͡dɔː/ --> to border, demarcate, separate, determine, define < Ancient Greek masc. noun «ὅρος» /ˈho.ros/ --> border, boundary, mark, term, limit, appointment, definition (the Proto-Hellenic *ϝόρϝoς /ˈwor.wos/ points towards IE origin, PIE *uo̯ru-o- < *ue̯ru- to draw cf. Latin urvāre).
Horizontally: Adv. «ὁριζοντίως» [o̞ɾiz̠o̞ŋˈdi.o̞s̠] (constructed in 1799), modern vernacular «οριζόντια» [o̞ɾiˈz̠o̞ŋ.di.a].

Vertical: Adj. «κάθετος, -τη, το» [ˈka.θe̞t̠o̞s̠] (masc.), [ˈka.θe̞t̠i] (fem.), [ˈka.θe̞t̠o̞] (neut.) < Ancient Greek adjective «κάθετος, -τος, -τον» /ˈkɐ.thetos/ (masc. or fem.), /ˈkɐ.theton/ (neut.) --> vertical, steep, sharp, a deverbal from the ancient athematic verb «καθίημι» /kɐˈthi.ɛːmi/ --> to let fall vertically, send down, drop a compound of the apocopic & elided preposition «κατ'» /kɐt/ + athematic verb «ἵημι» /ˈhi.ɛːmi/ --> to send away, let go, throw, hurl (PIE *(H)ieh1- to throw cf. Latin iacere).
Vertically: Ancient adverb «καθέτως» /kɐˈthe.tɔːs/ or the modern vernacular «κάθετα» [ˈka.θet̠a].

Perpendicular: Adj. «κατακόρυφος, -φη, -φο» [kat̠aˈko̞.ɾifo̞s̠] (masc.), [kat̠aˈko̞.ɾifi] (fem.), [kat̠aˈko̞.ɾifo̞] (neut.) a modern Katharevousa construction (1843), a calque for the French vertical, a compound of the prefix & preposition «κατά» [kaˈt̠a] < Ancient Greek preposition «κατά» /kɐˈtɐ/ + feminine noun «κορυφή» [ko̞ɾiˈfi] < Ancient Greek feminine noun «κορυφή» /koryˈphɛː/ --> top, skull (it has been recognised as Pre-Greek due to the variants fem. κορυφή & masc. κόρυμβος /ˈko.rymbos/, uppermost point of a ship, top of a mountain).
Perpendicularly: Adv. «κατακορύφως» [kat̠ako̞ˈɾi.fo̞s̠] (a Katharevousa 1876 construction), or the modern vernacular «κατακόρυφα» [kat̠aˈko̞.ɾifa].

Horizon: Masc. noun «ορίζοντας» [o̞ˈɾi.z̠o̞ŋd̠as̠] which is the accusative of the ancient 3rd declension masc. noun «ὁρίζων» (see 'horizontal').

If I may add, because I am a curious person..;)



late 14c., orisoun, from Old French orizon (14c., Modern French horizon), earlier orizonte (13c.), from Latin horizontem (nominative horizon), from Greek horizon (kyklos) "bounding (circle)," from horizein "bound, limit, divide, separate," from horos "boundary, landmark, marking stones." The h- was restored in English 17c. in imitation of Latin. Old English used eaggemearc ("eye-mark") for "limit of view, horizon." The apparent horizon is distinguished from the celestial or astronomical horizon.
In the four languages I speak (more or less) they're not hard at all ;)
Catalan: horizontal/vertical
Spanish: horizontal/vertical
French: horizontal/vertical (horizontale/verticale in feminin)
English: horizontal/vertical
Finnish:

horizontal = horisontaalinen, vaakasuora; vaaka = scale, steelyard balance; suora = straight
vertical = vertikaalinen, pystysuora; pysty = upright
perpendicular = kohtisuora; kohti = towards
horizon = horisontti, taivaanranta; taivas = sky; ranta = shore; lit. "sky's shore"
And horizontaux/verticaux (pronounced /-o/) in the masculine plural, like most(*) adjectives ending in "-al".
Let's just not bring up the 28 gender-number-case (+full/short) forms of горизонтальный и вертикальный (thankfully, Russian does not differentiate genders in plural). :)
In fact it's irrelevant as long as the morphology is predictable (and in Russian it's predictable indeed, probably aside from stress patterns).
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prostopadle = perpendicularly

poziomo or horyzontalnie = horizontally

widnokrąg (horyzont) = horizon
nieboskłon = horizon
linia pozornego zetknięcia nieba z ziemią lub z powierzchnią wody - the line of apparent contact between sky and ground or water surface.

So how do you say it in your language?
Just horizontaal/ verticaal. But you can refer to een loodrechte lijn (vertical, but like the direction of a plumb bob) on een vlakke lijn (a flat line, horizontal): 90° angle.
Polish

parallel = równoległy

Probably shortened from równoodległy ("equally-distant"), attested in the 17. c. Now analysable as równy +‎ -o- +‎ legły ("straight-lying").

by the way

parallel = równoleżnik
meridian = południk
latitude = szerokość geograficzna
longitude = długość geograficzna

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1714302720244.png
Polish

parallel = równoległy

Probably shortened from równoodległy ("equally-distant"), attested in the 17. c. Now analysable as równy +‎ -o- +‎ legły ("straight-lying").

by the way

parallel = równoleżnik
meridian = południk
latitude = szerokość geograficzna
longitude = długość geograficzna

View attachment 94177

View attachment 94175
Greek:

parallel: Adj. «παράλληλος, -λη, -λο» [paˈɾa.lilo̞s̠] (masc.), [paˈɾa.lili] (fem.), [paˈɾa.lilo̞] (neut.) < Ancient Greek adj. «παράλληλος, -ος, -ον» /pɐˈrɐl.lɛːlos/ (masc. or fem.), /pɐˈrɐl.lɛːlon/ (neut.) --> beside one another, side by side, a compound = prefix & preposition «παρά» /pɐˈrɐ/ + adj. «ἀλλήλων» /ɐlˈlɛːlɔːn/ (gen. pl.) also found as «ἀλλήλους» /ɐlˈlɛː.luːs/ (acc. pl.), «ἀλλήλοις» /ɐlˈlɛːløs/ (dat. pl.), etymologically speaking, from repeated «ἄλλος» /ˈɐl.los/ *αλλο-αλλο cf. Skt. अन्योन्य (anyonya), reciprocal, mutual, Lat. alius alium.
The geographic parallel is «παράλληλος» [paˈɾa.lilo̞s̠] (masc.).

meridian: Adj. «μεσημβρινός, -νή, -νό» [me̞s̠imvɾiˈno̞s̠] (masc.), [me̞s̠imvɾiˈni] (fem.), [me̞s̠imvɾiˈno̞] (neut.) --> lit. belonging/pertaining to midday < Ancient Greek adj. «μεσημβρινός, -νή, -νόν» /mesɛːmbriˈnos/ (masc.), /mesɛːmbriˈnɛː/ (fem.), /mesɛːmbriˈno/ (neut.) --> belonging/pertaining to midday, noontide < fem. noun «μεσημβρίᾱ» /mesɛːmˈbriɐː/ (fem.) --> midday, noon < *μεσημρίᾱ /mesɛːmˈriɐː/ (fem.), a compound = adj. «μέσος» + feminine noun «ἡμέρᾱ» /hɛːˈmerɐː/.
The geographic meridian is «μεσημβρινός» [me̞s̠imvɾiˈno̞s̠] (masc.).

latitude: «Γεωγραφικό πλάτος» [ʝe̞.o̞ɣɾafiˈko̞ ˈpla.t̠o̞s̠] (both neut.) --> lit. geographic width; it's calqued for the French latitude.
-«Πλάτος» [ˈpla.t̠o̞s̠] (neut.) --> width, breadth < Ancient Greek neut. «πλάτος» /ˈplɐ.tos/ (idem) < adj. «πλατύς» /plɐˈtys/ --> wide, broad, flat, level (PIE *pleth2- broad cf. Skt. पृथु, Avestan pərəθu- broad, wide, Welsh Llydau, Brittany < *plth2u-ih2).

longitude: «Γεωγραφικό μήκος» [ʝe̞.o̞ɣɾafiˈko̞ ˈmi.ko̞s̠] (both neut.) --> lit. geographic length, calqued for the french longitude.
-«Μήκος» [ˈmi.ko̞s̠] (neut.) --> length < Ancient Greek neut. noun «μῆκος» /ˈmɛ́.ɛ̀kos/ --> length (PIE *mh2ḱ- long cf. Lat. maciēs, Avestan masah- length, greatness).
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Parallel in Dutch: the same or evenwijdig, equally wide ([both, the one] as wide as [the other]?).

Although, when reading the Polish equivalent, "equally distant" might even better, especially from an etymological point of view: 'wijd' reminds me of German "weit", far, distant...

Still, that does not help me to see why or how "perpendicular" can be the opposite of "parallel". I am sorry!
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Still, that does not help me to see why or how "perpendicular" can be the opposite of "parallel". I am sorry!
Why not, aren't they opposite values within a range? If taken purely as a relationship between the two straight lines, 0 deg is the same as 180 deg (both are "parallel to") because a line has no inherent "left" and "right" ends; and so 90 deg appears to be the opposite - at least in the same sense that "even" is opposite to "odd".

P.S. In Russian, it's just like in English, параллельный [pərɐˈljeljnɨj] and перпендикулярный [pjɪrpjɪnjdjɪkʊˈljarnɨj].
There are also related native terms: поперечный [pəpjɪˈrjet͡ɕnɨj - crosswise, and продольный [prɐˈdoljnɨj] - lengthwise, which esseтtially also imply perpendicularity/parallelism - only as the position in a certain structure.
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In the four languages I speak (more or less) they're not hard at all ;)
Catalan: horizontal/vertical
In Catalan, it's horitzontal, from horitzó. I know that many people in Valencia say it with no t before z, but even the Diccionari Normatiu Valencià writes horitzontal and horitzó.
In Catalan, it's horitzontal, from horitzó. I know that many people in Valencia say it with no t before z, but even the Diccionari Normatiu Valencià writes horitzontal and horitzó.
It must be pronounced either dz or ts. It's not easy to go from voiceless to voiced.
Maybe the Valencians apply that rule where t turns the following consonant into a geminate. Horizzontal, like setmana/ semmana.
How do they say utilitzar?
In German, we have the loan words horizontal, vertikal, perpendikular and the native words waagerecht, senkrecht / lotrecht.

Waage: balance / scales
Lot / Senkblei: lead / plumb / bob
Is there a preference for the loan or native words? Or no difference?

The loan words are slightly elevated style. You'll find them more in written language, the native words more in everyday speech.
In mathematics, "senkrecht" is s used for perpendicular. You can't say "vertikal" in this case and "perpendikular" is not widely understood.
It must be pronounced either dz or ts. It's not easy to go from voiceless to voiced.
Maybe the Valencians apply that rule where t turns the following consonant into a geminate. Horizzontal, like setmana/ semmana.
How do they say utilitzar?
It is not -or wasn't- just a Valencian thing, other varieties also do/did it. The use of /z/ in those verbs ending in -itzar is perfectly valid. But the graphic representation in normative usage, whether one says /i'd͡za/ or /i'za(ɾ)/, is -tz-.
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