We found that the red-fleshed trait of "Pink Pearl" is tightly linked with its S3-RNase allele located within the S-locus responsible for the
gametophytic self- and cross-incompatibility system in apple [44].
Observed patterns may be explained by a combination of increased outcrossing derived from the greater relative importance of small bees and butterflies as pollinators, and increased
gametophytic competition resulting from increased overall visitation rates to individual flowers during the MD pollination regime.
The morphology of both
gametophytic and sporophytic generations is an upright frond with many branched, flattened, corticated blades supported by a narrow stipe (Algal Morphology Group Four sensu Steneck and Dethier 1994) that arises from a perennial basal disc holdfast.
This "mentor effect": can yield selfing rates as high as 32% in experimental crosses in Helianthus (Desrochers and Rieseberg, in press), and it appears to be a relatively common phenomenon in experimental crosses between plant species with either
gametophytic or sporophytic SI systems (Pandey 1979; reviewed in Richards 1986).
Although apple trees have hermaphrodite flowers, they generally require cross-pollination for producing good-quality fruits due to the occurrence of
gametophytic self-incompatibility (HEGEDUS, 2006).
It is an allogamic species that is characterized by
gametophytic self-incompatibility and synchronized flowering, mechanisms that naturally favor cross-pollination (PARTELLI et al., 2011; SOUZA et al., 2013).
Afterwards, 150 tetrasporophytic fronds and 150 female
gametophytic fronds were separated.
Screening of cotton genotypes for heat tolerance via in vitro
gametophytic selection technique.
How to avoid sex the genetic control of
gametophytic apomixes.
due to a genetically-based
gametophytic self-incompatibility system