Zoochlorella
| Zoochlorella | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification Edit this classification (obsolete) | |
| Clade: | Viridiplantae |
| Division: | Chlorophyta |
| Class: | Trebouxiophyceae |
| Order: | Chlorellales |
| Family: | Chlorellaceae |
| Genus: | Zoochlorella K.Brandt, 1881, nom. rejic. |
Zoochlorella (pl.: zoochlorellae) is a colloquial term for any green algae that lives symbiotically within the body of an aquatic invertebrate animal or a protozoan.[1]
Classification
[edit ]Zoochlorellae are various genera belonging to the classes Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae,[1] historically treated as a single genus Zoochlorella due to their similar appearance to the genus Chlorella .[2] However, this genus was found to be polyphyletic through molecular phylogeny, and currently considered nomen rejiciendum . As a consequence, the two species belonging to this obsolete genus have been transferred to different green algal genera.[1]
- Zoochlorella conductrix K. Brandt → Micractinium Fresen.
- Zoochlorella parasitica K. Brandt → Choricystis (Skuja) Fott.
Origin
[edit ]The analogy between zoochlorellae and chloroplasts was used by the botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905 to argue about the symbiotic origin of chloroplasts (then called 'chromatophores', a term used for completely different structures today).[3]
Occurrence
[edit ]In animals
[edit ]
Zoochlorellae are responsible for the greenish colour of sea anemone tentacles. Zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae may both be found in the Pacific coast sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and Anthopleura xanthogrammica .
In protists
[edit ]Four species of distantly related testate amoebae have independently evolved into obligate mixotrophy through the acquisition of zoochlorellae: Hyalosphenia papilio and Heleopera sphagni , two lobose amoebae belonging to the order Arcellinida within the phylum Amoebozoa; Archerella flavum , a member of the Labyrinthulomycetes in Stramenopiles; and Placocista spinosa , a filose amoeba belonging to the order Euglyphida within the phylum Cercozoa.[4]
Various ciliates present zoochlorellae, such as the genera Paramecium , Stentor , Climacostomum , Coleps and Euplotes .[1]
In the centrohelid Acanthocystis turfacea lives a unique zoochlorella species known as Chlorella heliozoae .[1]
References
[edit ]- ^ a b c d e Pröschold T, Darienko T, Silva PC, Reisser W, Krienitz L (2011). "The systematics of Zoochlorella revisited employing an integrative approach". Environmental Microbiology. 13: 350–364. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02333.x.
- ^ Compère, Pierre (November 1999). "Report of the Committee for Algae: 6". Taxon. 48 (1): 135–136. JSTOR 1224630.
- ^ Martin W, and Kowallik, K V. 1999, Annotated English translation of Mereschkowsky's 1905 paper 'Über Nature und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreich'. Eur. J. Phycol., 34: 287-295. Free access to the article Archived March 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gomaa, Fatma; Kosakyan, Anush; Heger, Thierry J.; Corsaro, Daniele; Mitchell, Edward A.D.; Lara, Enrique (2014). "One Alga to Rule them All: Unrelated Mixotrophic Testate Amoebae (Amoebozoa, Rhizaria and Stramenopiles) Share the Same Symbiont (Trebouxiophyceae)". Protist. 165 (2): 161–176. doi:10.1016/j.protis.201401002.
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