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The history of the First Brazilian Republic began in 1889 with a coup'd'tat known as the Proclamation of the Republic and ended with the Revolution of 1930. Established in 1889 following the coup'd'tat led by marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, the initial five years of the Republic were a military dictatorship in which Deodoro ruled from 1889–1891 and Floriano Peixoto ruled from 1891–1894 following Deodoro's attempt to close congress. The initial military dictatorship was marked by frequent military insurrection and an economic crisis known as the Encilhamento which severely damaged the country's banks.

The next 2 civilian presidents, Prudente de Morais and Campos Sales took austerity measures and rebuilt the country politically and economically. The latter formed a system of politics known as the Governors' Policy, in which support for the presidential candidates would come from state governors who would encourage their state's populace to vote for their chosen candidate. Following Campos Sales, Rodrigues Alves assumed the presidency, improving healthcare in Rio de Janeiro and triggering a revolt in opposition of mandatory vaccination. In 1906, Alfonso Pena was elected, who signed the Taubaté Agreement and decreed the Sortition Law. He fell ill leading to his vice-president Nilo Pecanha assuming the presidency for a year before Hermes da Fonseca was elected in a tense election against Ruy Barbosa. His administration faced two major revolts, the Revolt of the Lash and the Contestado War.

In 1914, Venceslau Bras was elected president, bringing Brazil into World War I in 1917 and reforming the civil code. In the 1920s, the tenentismo movement began to gain traction, and combined with the Great Depression, instability in the republic grew. In 1930, president Washington Luis, a São Paulo native, chose another São Paulo native as his successor in the election of 1930, causing a political rupture. His opponent, Getulio Vargas, lost the election, but overthrew the government less than a month later, ending the First Brazilian Republic and establishing the Second Brazilian Republic as part of the Vargas Era.

On 15 November 1889, the Empire of Brazil was toppled by a military coup led by general Deodoro da Fonseca. The incumbent president, the Viscount of Ouro Preto, was ousted by military troops and a republic was declared after. On 16 November, the imperial family was ordered to leave Brazil, which they did the next day.^[1]

From 1889–1891, a provisional government took control of the country with Deodoro da Fonseca as its leader. His first cabinet was stuffed with high-ranking republican politicians, who had lofty aspirations but were inexperienced in public service. All of them were liberal democrats. Some, like Rui Barbosa understood the theoretical workings of the republican system in the United States, though excluding Quintino Bocaiuva, nobody was acquainted with the practical workings of a republican system in the United States or Latin America.^[2]

The transition from empire to republic went smoothly within its first month. The legislature and other governmental organs endorsed the new republic, while many provincial governors ceded their control to republican forces. Though many of the empire's politicians were removed, a small number of the empire's politicians were able to succeed under the new regime, becoming bankers, businessman and entrepreneurs. Administrative and political organisation was a second priority; the government's chief concern was to avoid anarchy.^[3]

The political scene tensed up, however, when monarchists were believed to the stoking unrest in military quarters. On December 18, a minor uprising occured in Rio de Janeiro, where 80 soldiers, the majority of them intoxicated, rose the imperial flag and detained themselves in their barracks. They were quickly overrun by military forces.^[4]

This alarmed the republican government, which began to fear potential conspiracies and protests. Additionally, Pedro II had refused a large sum of money granted to him by the government intended to help him gain a new living in Europe. The government was unnerved, believing this could stoke monarchist morale as they could perceive it as a sign that he was still in opposition to the republic and as a signal that he was willing to be their rallying cause against the republic. In response to these unrests, a state of siege was declared in the country. Properties of the royal family were sold, and personal enemies of Deodoro were exiled.^[5] The Viscount of Ouro Preto and Silveira Martins were also exiled from Brazil on December 21.^[6]

On December 23, executive decrees were put into place. A military tribunal was set up to judge civilians accused of conspiratorial acts against the republic and any subversive activities. The Tribuna Liberal, the single opposition newspaper in Rio de Janeiro was forced to close its publications due to its critical stance on the "the republican-military movement". These decrees were enforced again in March of the next year. Any newspaper deemed to be spreading "false news and alarming reports" would be ordered to cease its publications.^{[7] [8]}

Freedom of the press would be an enduring source of contention between civilians and the military during the provisional government's lifespan. On 28 November 1890, the offices of La Tribuna we're raided by a group of 40 soldiers. Several people were injured, including one who would later die. This incident led to many civilians fearing for the security of their civil rights.^[9]

These civilians hoped that the constituent assembly, established that month in order to chart a constitution, would implement civilian rule. Its members were, however, selected by the government, as only approved candidates could run for constituency.^[10] Still, opposition towards the military forces in the government showed in the assembly, which passed a motion indicting the perpetrators of the La Tribuna headquarters attack.^[11]

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• Hill, Lawrence (1947). Brazil. University of California Press.
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• Bello, José Maria (1964) [1954]. A History of Modern Brazil.
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• Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz; Starling, Heloisa Maria Murgel (2018). Brazil: a biography. London: Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-84614-793-7.

• Simmons, Charles Willis (1966). Marshal Deodoro and the Fall of Dom Pedro II. Duke University Press.
• Rachum, Ilan (1974). Nationalism and Revolution in Brazil, 1922-1930: A Study of Intellectual, Military, and Political Protesters and of the Assault on the Old Republic. University Microfilms.
• Hahner, June Edith (1966). Officers and Civilians in Brazil, 1889-1898. Cornell University.

• Carone, Edgard (1975). A República velha: Evolução política, 1889-1930 (in Brazilian Portuguese). DIFEL.
• Vizentini, Paulo Gilberto Fagundes (1983). Os liberais e a crise da República Velha (in Brazilian Portuguese). Brasiliense.
• Ferreira, Marieta de Moraes (1989). A república na velha província: oligarquias e crise no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (1889-1930). Rio Fundo.