Thurisaz
| Name | Proto-Germanic | Old English | Old Norse |
|---|---|---|---|
| *Þurisaz | Þorn | Þurs | |
| "giant" | "thorn" | "giant" | |
| Shape | Elder Futhark | Futhorc | Younger Futhark |
| Unicode | ᚦ U+16A6 | ||
| Transliteration | þ | ||
| Transcription | þ | þ, ð | |
| IPA | [θ] | [θ],[ð] | |
| Position in rune-row | 3 | ||
The rune ᚦ is called Thurs (Old Norse Þurs , a type of entity, from a reconstructed Common Germanic *Þurisaz) in the Icelandic and Norwegian rune poems. In the Anglo-Saxon rune poem it is called thorn, whence the name of the letter þ derived. It is transliterated as þ, and has the sound value of a voiceless dental fricative /θ/ (the English sound of th as in thing).
The rune is absent from the earliest Vimose inscriptions, but it is found in the Thorsberg chape inscription, dated to ca. AD 200.
The rune may have been an original innovation, or it may have been adapted from the classical Latin alphabet's D,[1] or from the Rhaetic's alphabet's Θ.[2]
Name
[edit ]In Anglo-Saxon England, the same rune was called Thorn or "Þorn" and it survives as the Icelandic letter Þ (þ). An attempt has been made to account for the substitution of names by taking "thorn" to be a kenning (metaphor) for "giant".
It is disputed as to whether a distinct system of Gothic runes ever existed, but it is clear that most of the names (but not most of the shapes) of the letters of the Gothic alphabet correspond to those of the Elder Futhark. The name of 𐌸, the Gothic letter corresponding to Þ is an exception; it is recorded as þiuþ "(the) good" in the Codex Vindobonensis 795, and as such unrelated to either þurs or þorn. The lack of agreement between the various glyphs and their names in Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and Old Norse makes it difficult to reconstruct the Elder Futhark rune's Proto-Germanic name.
Assuming that the Scandinavian name þurs is the most plausible reflex of the Elder Futhark name, a Common Germanic form *þurisaz can be reconstructed (cf. Old English þyrs "giant, ogre" and Old High German duris-es "(of the) giant").
Rune poems
[edit ]
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The Germanic rune ᚦ is mentioned in three rune poems:[3]
Old Norwegian
ᚦ Þurs vældr kvinna kvillu,
kátr værðr fár af illu.
Thurs ["Giant"] causes anguish to women,
misfortune makes few men cheerful.
Old Icelandic
ᚦ Þurs er kvenna kvöl
ok kletta búi
ok varðrúnar verr.
Saturnus þengill.
Thurs ["Giant"] is torture of women
and cliff-dweller
and husband of a giantess
Saturn's thegn. [The source of this line in the poem is unclear.]
Anglo-Saxon
ᚦ Ðorn bẏþ ðearle scearp;
ðegna gehƿẏlcum anfeng ẏs ẏfẏl,
ungemetum reþe manna gehƿẏlcun,
ðe him mid resteð.
The thorn is exceedingly sharp,
an evil thing for any thegn to touch,
uncommonly severe on all who sit among them.
- In the Icelandic poem, Saturn possibly refers to Ymir or Útgarða-Loki.
References
[edit ]- ^ Odenstedt, Bengt (1990), On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script, Typology and Graphic Variation in the Older Futhark, Uppsala, ISBN 91-85352-20-9
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - ^ Gippert, Jost, The Development of Old Germanic Alphabets, Uni Frankfurt, archived from the original on 25 February 2021, retrieved 21 March 2007.
- ^ Dickins, Bruce (12 June 2009). Runic and Heroic Poems of the Old Teutonic Peoples (1915). Cornell University Library. ASIN B003E7F8LW.
- ^ Original poems and translation from the Rune Poem Page Archived 1999年05月01日 at the Wayback Machine.