View source for Marian Dawkins

{{short description|British biologist (born 1945)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}{{Infobox scientist
| name = Marian Dawkins
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|CBE|FRS|size=100%}}
| image = Professor Marian Dawkins CBE FRS headshot.jpg
| birth_name = Marian Ellina Stamp
| image_size = 
| caption = Dawkins in 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|02|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hereford]], England
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| doctoral_advisor = [[Niko Tinbergen]]<ref name=stamphd/>
| workplaces = [[University of Oxford]]
| education = [[Queen's College, London]]<ref name=whoswho/>
| alma_mater = [[Somerville College, Oxford]]
| thesis_title = The Mechanism of Hunting by 'Searching Image' in Birds
| thesis_url = http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.453252
| thesis_year = 1970
| ethnicity = 
| field = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ethology]]
* [[Animal welfare]]}}
| known_for = [[Animal welfare science]]
| prizes = 
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Richard Dawkins]]<br>|1967|1984|end=divorced}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.biology.ox.ac.uk/people/marian-stamp-dawkins-frs-cbe}}
}}
'''Marian Stamp Dawkins''' (born '''Marian Ellina Stamp'''; 13 February 1945)<ref name=whoswho/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp101100/marian-ellina-dawkins-nee-stamp|title=Marian Ellina Dawkins (née Stamp) – Person – National Portrait Gallery|website=www.npg.org.uk}}</ref> is a British [[biologist]] and professor of [[ethology]] at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.zoo.ox.ac.uk/staff/academics/dawkins_m.htm | publisher= University of Oxford, Department of Zoology | title= Staff:Academic Marian Dawkins | access-date= 1 July 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120311212002/http://www.zoo.ox.ac.uk/staff/academics/dawkins_m.htm | archive-date= 11 March 2012 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref> Her research interests include [[vision in birds]], [[animal signalling]], [[behavioural synchrony]], [[animal consciousness]] and [[animal welfare]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80600-1 | url = http://users.ox.ac.uk/~snikwad/resources/Guilford-and-Dawkins.pdf | title = Receiver psychology and the evolution of animal signals | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 42 | pages = 1–14 | year = 1991 | last1 = Guilford | first1 = T. | last2 = Dawkins | first2 = M. S. | s2cid = 6582428 | access-date = 13 February 2020 | archive-date = 22 February 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220222234927/https://users.ox.ac.uk/~snikwad/resources/Guilford-and-Dawkins.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="scopus">{{Scopus id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80026-8 |url= http://users.ox.ac.uk/~snikwad/resources/Publication4.pdf |title = Battery hens name their price: Consumer demand theory and the measurement of ethological 'needs'| journal = Animal Behaviour| volume = 31| issue = 4| pages = 1195–1205| year = 1983| last1 = Dawkins | first1 = M. S. |s2cid= 53137284 }}</ref>
==Education==
Dawkins was educated at [[Queen's College, London]]<ref name=whoswho/> and [[Somerville College, Oxford]],<ref name=whoswho/> where she earned a bachelor's degree and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]] (1970) degree. Her doctoral research was supervised by [[Niko Tinbergen]].<ref name=stamphd>{{cite thesis |degree=DPhil |first=Marian |last=Dawkins |title=The Mechanism of Hunting by 'Searching Image' in Birds |publisher=University of Oxford |date=1970 |url=https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/42906460?style=html |id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.453252}} |website=jisc.ac.uk |oclc=952665959 |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022421/https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/42906460?style=html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Career and research==
Dawkins was appointed a [[lecturer]] in zoology in 1977 and in 1998 was made [[professor]] of animal behaviour. She is currently (2014) Head of the Animal Behaviour Research Group.<ref name="Biography" />
Dawkins has written extensively on animal behaviour and issues of [[animal welfare]]. Along with other academics in the field, such as Ian Duncan,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Duncan|first=I.J.H.|year=1996|title=Animal welfare defined in terms of feelings|journal=Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A|volume=27|pages=29–35}}</ref> Dawkins promoted the argument that animal welfare is about the [[feelings of animals]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dawkins|first=M.S.|year=1980|title=Animal Suffering: The Science Of Animal Welfare|publisher=Chapman & Hall, London.}}</ref> This approach indicates the belief that animals should be considered as sentient beings. Dawkins wrote, "Let us not mince words: Animal welfare involves the subjective feelings of animals.<ref name="Dawkins, 1990" />
In 1989, Dawkins published a study in which she filmed [[Chicken|hens]] from above while they performed common behaviours (e.g. turning, standing, wing-stretching). From these films, she calculated the amount of floor-space required by the hens during these behaviours and compared this to the amount of floor-space available in [[battery cage]]s. She was able to show that many of these common behaviours were highly restricted, or prevented, in battery cages.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00071668908417163 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232933151 |title = Space needs of laying hens| journal = British Poultry Science| volume = 30| issue = 2| pages = 413–416| year = 1989| last1 = Dawkins | first1 = M. S. | last2 = Hardie | first2 = S. }}</ref>
In 1990, she contributed to a paper in which she developed her ideas regarding how to assess animal welfare by asking questions of animals. She proposed using [[preference test]]s and [[Consumer demand tests (animals)|consumer demand studies]] to ask what animals prefer (e.g. space, social contact) and how highly motivated they are for these. She argued that animals were more likely to suffer if they were not provided with resources for which they are highly motivated.<ref name="Dawkins, 1990">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1017/S0140525X00077104| url = http://users.ox.ac.uk/~snikwad/resources/Publication8.pdf| title = From an animal's point of view: Motivation, fitness, and animal welfare| journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences| volume = 13| page = 1| year = 2011| last1 = Dawkins| first1 = M. S.| issue = 1| s2cid = 145424732| access-date = 13 February 2020| archive-date = 11 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210211140020/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~snikwad/resources/Publication8.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>
Central to her most recent (2012) view on animal welfare is scepticism about whether science can establish that animals have [[Animal consciousness|consciousness]] and therefore its role in definition and measurement of animal welfare and suffering. Instead, her view is that good animal welfare rests on determining the needs and wants of animals, which do not require that they are conscious.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1525/bio.2013631.13| title = Crystallizing the Animal Welfare State ''Why'' Animals Matter: Animal Consciousness, Animal Welfare, and Human Well-being. Marian Stamp Dawkins . Oxford University Press, 2012 . 224 pp., illus. 24ドル.95 | journal = BioScience| volume = 63| pages = 57–59| year = 2013| last1 = Clark| first1 = Judy Macarthur| doi-access = free}}, ({{ISBN|9780199747511}} cloth) {{free access}}</ref> These theses are presented in her book ''Why Animals Matter: Animal Consciousness, Animal Welfare, and Human Well-being'' (2012).<ref>{{cite book|title=Why Animals Matter: Animal Consciousness, Animal Welfare, and Human Well-being|author=Dawkins, M. S.|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958782-7}}</ref> Her views on animal consciousness have been criticised by evolutionary biologist [[Marc Bekoff]], who argues that she too readily rejects [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] research on animals.<ref name=MB>{{cite web|last=Marc|first=Bekoff | author-link = Marc Bekoff|title=Do animals think and feel?|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/animal-emotions/201205/animal-consciousness-and-science-matter|work=[[Psychology Today]]|access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0262-4079(12)62435-X |url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528836-200-animals-are-conscious-and-should-be-treated-as-such/ |title = Animals are conscious and should be treated as such| journal = New Scientist| volume = 215| issue = 2883| pages = 24–25| year = 2012| last1 = Bekoff | first1 = M. |bibcode= 2012NewSc.215...24B | url-access = subscription}}</ref> She responded to the criticism by stating her position as "wrongly interpreted", and says that "my concern is to make the case for animal emotions as watertight as possible and thereby to strengthen it. That is the way science progresses and always has."<ref>Dawkins, Marian Stamp (2012) [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marian-stamp-dawkins/animal-welfare_b_1581615.html Convincing the Unconvinced That Animal Welfare Matters] ''[[Huffington Post]]'', 8 June 2012.</ref><ref>Dawkins, Marian Stamp (2013) [http://www.edge.org/conversation/what-do-animals-want What do animals want?] ''[[Edge.org|Edge]]'', 31 October 2013.</ref>
===Selected publications===
* ''Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare''. [[Chapman and Hall]]. 1980.{{ISBN missing}}
* ''Unravelling Animal Behaviour.'' [[Longman]]. 1986.{{ISBN missing}}
* ''The Tinbergen legacy.'' Edited by Marian Stamp Dawkins, Tim R. Halliday and Richard Dawkins. London: [[Chapman & Hall]]. 1991.{{ISBN missing}}
* ''Through Our Eyes Only?: The Search for Animal Consciousness''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. 1993.{{ISBN missing}}
* ''Living with the Selfish Gene.'' One of the collected essays in ''[[Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think]]''. Editors: [[Alan Grafen]], [[Mark Ridley (zoologist)|Mark Ridley]]. Oxford University Press. 2006.{{ISBN missing}}
* [http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/stampdawkins01.htm ''The scientific basis for assessing suffering in animals.''] [http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/stampdawkins01.pdf PDF Version] Chapter in ''Peter Singer: In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave''. Malden, MA: [[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell]]. 2006.{{ISBN missing}}
* ''Observing Animal Behaviour: Design and Analysis of Quantitative Data''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. 2007.{{ISBN missing}}
* ''The Future of Animal Farming: Renewing the Ancient Contract.'' Edited by Marian Stamp Dawkins and Roland Bonney. Malden, MA: [[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell]]. 2008.{{ISBN missing}}
* ''An Introduction to Animal Behaviour.'' With Aubrey Manning. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. 2012.{{ISBN missing}}
* ''Why Animals Matter: Animal Consciousness, Animal Welfare, and Human Well-being.'' Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. 2012.{{ISBN missing}}
===Awards and honours===
Dawkins was awarded the [[RSPCA]]/British Society for Animal Protection prize in 1991, Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour's [[Niko Tinbergen]] Medal in 2009, and the World Poultry Science Association Robert Fraser Gordon Medal in 2011.<ref name="Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/d/24410/Marian%20Ellina%20Stamp+DAWKINS.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140102210758/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/d/24410/Marian%20Ellina%20Stamp+DAWKINS.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 2, 2014|title=Prof Marian Dawkins, CBE|publisher=[[Debrett's]]|access-date=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
Dawkins was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in the [[2014 New Year Honours]] for services to animal welfare.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=60728 |supp=y|page=8|date=31 December 2013}}</ref> In 2014, she was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS) for "substantial contributions to the improvement of natural knowledge".<ref name="royal">{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/marian-dawkins-11318/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314031635/https://royalsociety.org/people/marian-dawkins-11318/|archive-date=2016年03月14日|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|author=Anon|year=2014|title=Professor Marian Dawkins CBE FRS}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{blockquote|"All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]." --{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Terms, conditions and policies |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111170346/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=11 November 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}}}</ref>
==Personal life==
She was born in Hereford to Arthur Maxwell Stamp and (Alice) Mary Stamp (née Richards).<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | author=Anon| title=Dawkins, Prof. Marian Ellina Stamp | id = U27560 | year = 2017 | doi =10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U275604 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}}</ref>
On 19 August 1967, she married fellow ethologist [[Richard Dawkins]] in the Protestant church in [[Annestown]], [[County Waterford]], Ireland.<ref name=whoswho/><ref>Richard Dawkins, [https://archive.org/details/AppetiteForWonderTheMakingOfAScientistAnRichardDawkins/mode/2up ''An Appetite for Wonder – The Making of a Scientist''], p.201.</ref> They divorced in 1984. She remains known as Marian Stamp Dawkins.<ref name=whoswho/>
== References ==
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[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:20th-century British biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century British women biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century British biologists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Animal cognition writers]]
[[Category:British animal welfare scholars]]
[[Category:British women biologists]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English biologists]]
[[Category:Ethologists]]
[[Category:Women ethologists]]
[[Category:Female fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Queen's College, London]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]