Northern Paiute language
| Northern Paiute | |
|---|---|
| Paviotso | |
| Numu, nɨɨmɨ | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Nevada, California, Oregon, Idaho |
| Ethnicity | 6,000 Northern Paiute and Bannock (1999)[1] |
Native speakers | 700 (2007)[1] |
Uto-Aztecan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pao |
| Glottolog | nort2954 |
| ELP | Northern Paiute |
| Map showing the traditional geographic distribution of Northern Paiute and Mono | |
| Northern Paiute is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Northern Paiute /ˈpaɪuːt/ ,[2] endonym Numu or nɨɨmɨ,[3] [4] also known as Paviotso, is a Western Numic language of the Uto-Aztecan family, which according to Marianne Mithun had around 500 fluent speakers in 1994.[5] It is closely related to the Mono language.
Language revitalization
[edit ]In 2005, the Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Northern Paiute and Kiksht in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation schools.[6] In 2013, Washoe County, Nevada became the first school district in Nevada to offer Northern Paiute classes, offering an elective course in the language at Spanish Springs High School.[7] Classes have also been taught at Reed High School in Sparks, Nevada.[8]
Elder Ralph Burns of the Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation worked with University of Nevada, Reno linguist Catherine Fowler to help develop a spelling system. The alphabet uses 19 letters. They have also developed a language-learning book, "Numa Yadooape," and a series of computer disks of language lessons.[8]
Phonology
[edit ]Northern Paiute's phonology is highly variable, and its phonemes have many allophones.[9]
Consonants
[edit ]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Lab. | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Stop | p | t | k | kw | ʔ |
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | |||
| Semivowel | w | j | |||
Vowels
[edit ]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Open-Mid | e | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Morphology
[edit ]Northern Paiute is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
References
[edit ]- ^ a b Northern Paiute at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Leonard, Wesley Y.; Haynes, Erin (December 2010). "Making "collaboration" collaborative: An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research". Language Documentation & Conservation. 4: 269–293. hdl:10125/4482. ISSN 1934-5275.
- ^ Liljeblad, Sven; Fowler, Catherine S.; Powell, Glenda (2012). "pɨnanɨmɨ". Northern Paiute–Bannock Dictionary. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press. p. 401. ISBN 9781607819684.
- ^ Mithun 1999, p. 541.
- ^ Mulcahy, Joanne B. (2005). "Warm Springs: A Convergence of Cultures". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
- ^ Joe Hart (Director). "Nevada Proud: Students get a chance to learn native language in school". My News 4. KRNV-TV. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
- ^ a b Vogel, Ed (February 1, 2014). "Paiute elder rescues language near extinction". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
- ^ Haynes, Erin Flynn (2010). Phonetic and Phonological Acquisition in Endangered Languages Learned by Adults: A Case Study of Numu (Oregon Northern Paiute) (PhD thesis). Berkeley: University of California.
- ^ Babel, Molly; Houser, Michael J.; Toosarvandani, Maziar (2012), "Mono Lake Northern Paiute", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 240, doi:10.1017/S002510031100051X
Bibliography
[edit ]- Liljeblad, Sven; Fowler, Catherine S.; Powell, Glenda (2012). The Northern Paiute-Bannock Dictionary, with an English-Northern Paiute-Bannock Finder List and a Northern Paiute-Bannock-English Finder List. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1-60781-030-8.
- Mithun, Marianne (1999). Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Snapp, Allen; Anderson, John L.; Anderson, Joy (1982). "Northern Paiute" (PDF). In Langacker, Ronald W. (ed.). Sketches in Uto-Aztecan grammar, III: Uto-Aztecan grammatical sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 57. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 1–92. ISBN 0-88312-072-0. [The publication erroneously stated vol. 56, but this has been amended in the PDF made available online by the publisher.]
- Thornes, Tim (2003). A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts (PhD thesis). Eugene: University of Oregon.
External links
[edit ]- Northern Paiute page, with sound sample
- Northern Paiute language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- Northern Paiute Indian Language (Paviotso, Bannock)
- Northern Paiute resources at the Open Language Archives Community
- Northern Paiute Language Project, University of California, Santa Cruz
- World Atlas of Language Structures: Northern Paiute
- OLAC resources in and about the Northern Paiute language
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- Agglutinative languages
- Northern Paiute
- Numic languages
- Indigenous languages of Idaho
- Indigenous languages of California
- Indigenous languages of Oregon
- Indigenous languages of Nevada
- Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
- Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
- Indigenous languages of the North American Great Basin
- Native American language revitalization
- Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs