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Northumberland Formation

Northumberland Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Cretaceous,
?Campanian–Maastrichtian
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofNanaimo Group
UnderliesSpray Formation
Location
Coordinates 49°36′N 124°42′W / 49.6°N 124.7°W / 49.6; -124.7
Approximate paleocoordinates 56°06′N 94°24′W / 56.1°N 94.4°W / 56.1; -94.4
CountryCanada

The Northumberland Formation is a Late Cretaceous (?Campanian-?Maastrichtian)-aged geologic formation in Canada. It belongs to the larger Nanaimo Group. Indeterminate bird and pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation,[1] as well as a potential gladius of Eromangateuthis .[2] An extensive diversity of shark teeth is known from the formation; many appear to be closely allied with modern deep-water shark taxa, suggesting a deep-water environment for the formation.[3] The most well-known exposures of the formation are on Hornby Island.

Vertebrate paleofauna

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Cartilaginous fish

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Source:[3]

Hybodontiformes

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Meristodonoides M. sp. A hybodontid shark.

Hexanchiformes

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Chlamydoselachus C. balli A chlamydoselachid shark, related to the modern frilled shark.
Rolfodon R. ludvigseni A chlamydoselachid shark.
R. cf. thompsoni
Dykeius D. garethi A very large chlamydoselachid shark.
Hexanchus H. microdon A cow shark related to the modern bluntnose sixgill shark.
Notidanodon N. pectinatus A cow shark.
Xampylodon X. dentatus A large cow shark.
Protoheptranchias P. lowei A cow shark similar to the modern sharpnose sevengill shark.
Paraorthacodus P. rossi A paraorthacodontid shark.
Komoksodon K. kwutchakuth A komoksodontid shark.

Echinorhiniformes

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Echinorhinus E. lapaoi A echinorhinid shark, related to the modern bramble shark.

Squaliformes

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Eoetmopterus E. supercretaceus An etmopterid shark similar to modern lantern sharks.
Squalus S. vondermarcki A dogfish shark, related to modern spurdogs.
S. nicholsae
S. sp.
Centrosqualus C. mustardi A dogfish shark.
Protocentrophorus P. steviae A dogfish shark.
Rhinoscymnus R. clarki A sleeper shark, possibly included within Somniosus .
Centroscymnus C. sp. A sleeper shark related to the modern Portuguese dogfish.
Squaliodalatias S. savoiei A dalatiid shark.
Hessinodon H. wardi A possibly dalatiid shark.

Pristiophoriformes

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Pristiophorus P. smithi A sawshark.
P. pricei

Orectolobiformes

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Plicatoscyllium P. cf. globidens A ginglymostomatid shark.
Hemiscyllium H. hermani A bamboo shark.

Lamniformes

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Carcharias C. dominguei A sand shark, related to the modern sand tiger shark.

Synechodontiformes

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Synechodus S. dereki A palaeospinacid shark.

Carcharhiniformes

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Scyliorhinidae indent. A catshark of uncertain affinities.
Florenceodon F. johnyi A florenceodontid shark.

Bony fish

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Gwawinapterus G. beardi Jaw. A saurodontid ichthyodectiform, initially identified as an istiodactylid pterosaur.[4]

Birds

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Maaqwi [5] M. cascadensis Coracoid and wing bones. A large ornithuran, either a vegaviid or a Procellariiform.[6]
Enantiornithes indet.[7] indeterminate Incomplete left femur, tibiotarsus and fibula. An enanthiornithine avialan.

Pterosaurs

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Azhdarchoidea indet.[1] A possibly azhdarchid pterosaur.

Squamates

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Mosasauridae indet.[8] A mosasaur.

Invertebrate paleofauna

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Molluscs

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Cephalopods

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Genus[9] Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Baculites B. occidentalis A baculitid ammonite.
Fresvillia F. constricta A baculitid ammonite.
Diplomoceras D. cylindraceum A diplomoceratid ammonite.
D. cf. cylindraceum
Exiteloceras E. densicostatum A diplomoceratid ammonite.
E. bipunctatum
Phylloptychoceras P. horitai A diplomoceratid ammonite.
Solenoceras S. exornatus A diplomoceratid ammonite.
S. cf. reesidei
Nostoceras N. adrotans A nostoceratid ammonite.
N. hornbyensis
N. aff. pauper
Enchoteuthis [2] E. sp. A muensterellid octopodiform.
Eromangateuthis [2] E. soniae? A plesioteuthid octopodiform.
Cyrtobelus [10] C. hornbyense A groenlandibelid spirulid.[2]
Actinosepia [2] A. canadensis An actinosepiid vampyromorphid.[11]
Cirroteuthidae indet.[2] Gladius. A cirroteuthid octopus.

Gastropods

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Tessarolax [8] T. louellae An aporrhaid gastropod.

Crustaceans

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Neocallichirus N. manningi A callianassid decapod.
Longusorbis L. cuniculosus A longusorbiid decapod.
Bournelyreidus [12] B. grahamae A raninoid decapod.

Paleoflora

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Gymnosperms

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Cunninghamia C. hornbyensis Permineralized wigs and leaves. A member of the extant Cupressaceae genus Cunninghamia. Closely resembles extant species.[13]
Cycadeoidea [14] C. maccafferyii A bennettitalean.

Angiosperms

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Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images
Atli [15] A. morinii Stem A member of the Ranunculales with a liana-like growth habit.
Comoxia [16] C. multiporosa Stem A liana of uncertain affinities.

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b Martin-Silverstone, Elizabeth; Witton, Mark P.; Arbour, Victoria Megan; Currie, Philip J. (2016). "A small azhdarchoid pterosaur from the latest Cretaceous, the age of flying giants". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (8) 160333. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360333M. doi:10.1098/rsos.160333 . PMC 5108964 . PMID 27853614.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Fuchs; Beard; Tanabe; Ross, Dirk; G.; K.; R. (2007年08月17日). "Coleoid cephalopods from the Late Cretaceous north eastern Pacific" (PDF). Seventh International Symposium 'Cephalopods - Present & Past'.: 131.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Cappetta, Henri; Morrison, Kurt; Adnet, Sylvain (2021年08月03日). "A shark fauna from the Campanian of Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada: an insight into the diversity of Cretaceous deep-water assemblages" . Historical Biology. 33 (8): 1121–1182. Bibcode:2021HBio...33.1121C. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1681421. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 212878837.
  4. ^ Vullo, Romain; Buffetaut, Eric; Everhart, Michael J. (2012). "Reappraisal of Gwawinapterus beardi from the Late Cretaceous of Canada: a saurodontid fish, not a pterosaur" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 1198–1201. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32.1198V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.681078. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129180570.
  5. ^ McLachlan, Sandy M. S.; Kaiser, Gary W.; Longrich, Nicholas R. (2017年12月08日). "Maaqwi cascadensis: A large, marine diving bird (Avialae: Ornithurae) from the Upper Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada". PLOS ONE. 12 (12) e0189473. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1289473M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189473 . ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5722380 . PMID 29220405.
  6. ^ Mayr, G. (2022). "Basic Terminology and the Broader Phylogenetic and Geological Framework)". Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer Cham. pp. 3–27. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87645-6_2.
  7. ^ Dyke, Gareth; Wang, Xia; Kaiser, Gary (2011). Sues, Hans-Dieter (ed.). "Large fossil birds from a Late Cretaceous marine turbidite sequence on Hornby Island (British Columbia)" . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 48 (11): 1489–1496. Bibcode:2011CaJES..48.1489D. doi:10.1139/e11-050. ISSN 0008-4077.
  8. ^ a b "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024年01月23日.
  9. ^ McLachlan, Sandy M. S.; Haggart, James W. (2018年12月08日). "Reassessment of the late Campanian (Late Cretaceous) heteromorph ammonite fauna from Hornby Island, British Columbia, with implications for the taxonomy of the Diplomoceratidae and Nostoceratidae" . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 16 (15): 1247–1299. Bibcode:2018JSPal..16.1247M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1381651. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 134663270.
  10. ^ "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024年01月23日.
  11. ^ "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024年01月23日.
  12. ^ Nyborg, Torrey; Garassino, Alessandro; Vega, Francisco J.; Ross, Richard L. M. (2024年03月13日). "A new fossil frog crab (Brachyura, Raninoidea) from the late Campanian of Hornby Island (British Columbia, Canada)" . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen: 209–217. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2023/1177.
  13. ^ Brink, Kirstin S.; Stockey, Ruth A.; Beard, Graham; Wehr, Wesley C. (2009年05月01日). "Cunninghamia hornbyensis sp. nov.: Permineralized twigs and leaves from the Upper Cretaceous of Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada" . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 155 (1): 89–98. Bibcode:2009RPaPa.155...89B. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.200903005. ISSN 0034-6667.
  14. ^ Rothwell, Gar W.; Stockey, Ruth A. (2002). "Anatomically Preserved Cycadeoidea (Cycadeoidaceae), with a Reevaluation of Systematic Characters for the Seed Cones of Bennettitales". American Journal of Botany. 89 (9): 1447–1458. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1447. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 4124062. PMID 21665746.
  15. ^ Smith, Selena Y.; Little, Stefan A.; Cooper, Ranessa L.; Burnham, Robyn J.; Stockey, Ruth A. (2013). "A Ranunculalean Liana Stem from the Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada: Atli morinii gen. et sp. nov" . International Journal of Plant Sciences. 174 (5): 818–831. doi:10.1086/669925. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 84787422.
  16. ^ brill.com. doi:10.1163/22941932-bja10168 https://brill.com/view/journals/iawa/46/2/article-p161_1.xml . Retrieved 2026年02月07日. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

References

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