78K

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78K Family microcontrollers

General information
Launched	1986; 40 years ago (1986)
Discontinued	current
Common manufacturer	Renesas Electronics (formerly NEC)
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate	32 kHz to 24 MHz
Data width	16/8
Address width	20(24)/16
Physical specifications
Cores	1
Architecture and classification
Application	Embedded
Instruction set	78K Family
Products, models, variants
Variant	78K0R, 78K0S, 78K0, 78K4, 78K6, 78K3, 78K7, 78K1, 78K2
History
Predecessors	87AD Family, 17K Family
Successor	RL78 Family

78K is the trademark name of 16- and 8-bit microcontroller family^{[1] : 23-4–23-5 [2] : 78} manufactured by Renesas Electronics, originally developed by NEC ^{[3] [4] : 229} started in 1986.^{[5] : 7, line 2} The basis of 78K Family is an accumulator-based register-bank CISC architecture. 78K is a single-chip microcontroller, which usually integrates; program ROM, data RAM, serial interfaces, timers, I/O ports, an A/D converter, an interrupt controller, and a CPU core, on one die.^{[6] [7] : 412}

Its application area is mainly simple mechanical system controls and man-machine interfaces.^{[8] [9] [10]}

Regarding software development tools, C compilers and macro-assemblers are available.^{[11] : 99} As for development tool hardware, full probing-pod type and debug port type in-circuit emulators,^{[12] [13]} and flash ROM programmers ^{[14] : 22–24} are available.

Historically, the family has 11 series with 9 instruction set architectures. As of 2018, 3 instruction set architectures, those are 8-bit 78K0, 8-bit 78K0S, and 16-/8-bit 78K0R, are still promoted for customers' new designs.^[14] But in most of cases, migration to RL78 Family,^[15] which is a successor of 78K0R and almost binary level compatible with 78K0R,^{[16] : 20} is recommended.^[17]

78K0 Series  [de; jp] (also known as 78K/0) is a long-running 8-bit single chip microcontroller,^[18] which is the basis of 78K0S  [jp] and 78K0R Series. It contains ×ばつ 8-bit registers ×ばつ4 banks. For 16-bit calculating instructions, it performs ALU operation twice. Each instructions are performed serially without instruction pipelining. It has 16-bit 64K Byte address space.^[19] Some variants of 78K0 have affordable and compact type 8-bit R-2R D/A converter, which does not have monotonicity because it is not trimmed for adjustment nor followed by operational amplifier.

In its earlier stage, the Program Memory was one-time PROM (OTP), UV-EPROM, or mask ROM.^[20] But with the times, it became flash memory.^{[21] [22]}

78K0S Series (also known as 78K/0S) is a low-end version of 78K0.^{[23] [24] [25]} It has ×ばつ 8-bit registers, but without any banks. In addition, some instructions, such as multiplication and division, are removed from 78K0 instruction set architecture.^[26]

78K0R Series is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 3-stage instruction pipelining.^[27] Its instruction set is similar to 78K0 and covers 16- and 8-bit operations. It has 20-bit 1M Byte address space.^[28] 75 instructions out of 80 are identical with that of RL78 Family; its successor.^{[16] : 20 [15] [29]}

178K0 Series (also known as 178K/0) is a successor of NEC's 17K Family 4-bit microcontroller for DTS (Digital Tuning Systems) and remote controls .^[30] It integrates 17K family's peripheral functions with the 78K0 8-bit CPU core on a chip.^[31]

178K0S Series (also known as 178K/0S) is also a successor of 17K Family with the 78K0S CPU core.^[32]

78K4 Series (also known as 78K/4) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 16 and 8-bit operations.^{[33] [34] [35] [36]} It has ×ばつ 8-bit registers ×ばつ4 banks, which can be also used for ×ばつ 16-bit registers ×ばつ4 banks. Some of these registers can be also used as 24-bit extension for addressing modes.^[37] It has 24-bit 16M Byte address space. It has microcode-based operations named Macro Service with interrupt functions.^{[38] : §23.8, 560–593}

78K7 Series (also known as 78K/7) is a 32-bit single-chip microcontroller with 32, 16 and 8 bit operations. It has ×ばつ 32-bit registers ×ばつ16 banks, which can be also used for ×ばつ 16-bit registers ×ばつ16 banks and ×ばつ 8-bit registers ×ばつ16 banks. It has microcode-based operations named Macro Service with interrupt functions. It has 24-bit 16M Byte linear address space. It is used for some Quantum Fireball products,^{[39] : Photo 2} but shortly replaced with V850 Family 32-bit RISC microcontrollers.

78K6 Series (also known as 78K/6) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller. Its life-time was short, and less variants.

78K1 Series (also known as 78K/1) is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has ×ばつ 8-bit registers ×ばつ4 banks. 78K1 series is targeted for servo controls of videocassette recorders. μPD78148 sub-series integrates 2 operational amplifiers.^[40]

78K3 Series (also known as 78K/3) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 16 and 8 bit operations. It has ×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ8 banks, which can be also used for ×ばつ 16-bit registers ×ばつ8 banks. Its address space is 16-bit 64K Byte. It is developed as high-end series of 78K Family. It has microcode-based operations named Macro Service with interrupt functions.^{[41] : §13.4, 261–280}

This series is used for hard disk drives, especially Quantum Fireball Series.^[42] μPD78364 sub-series is used for inverter compressor controls.^[43] It is also used for traction control systems of some cars.

78K2 Series (also known as 78K/2) is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has ×ばつ 8-bit registers ×ばつ4 banks. It is developed as general purpose series of 78K Family.^[44]

87AD Family^{[4] : 229} is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has ×ばつ 8-bit registers ×ばつ4 banks. Its instruction set architecture became the basis of 78K.^[45]

17K Family^{[4] : 229} is a 4-bit single-chip microcontroller, especially dedicated for DTS (Digital Tuning Systems) and remote controls . It has 2 plane of ×ばつ 4-bit register files, and sophisticated fully orthogonal instruction set. This instruction set is completely different from that of 78K Family.^[30]

Series	ALU	Registers	Instructions	Pipeline	Remark	Documents
RL78-S3	16-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ4 banks	81 (75+6)	3-stage	Successor of 78K0R	[29] : 8
RL78-S2	16-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ4 banks	75	3-stage
RL78-S1	8-bit	×ばつ 8-bit (no bank)	74 (75-1)	3-stage
78K0R	16-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ4 banks	80 (75+5)	3-stage	Extended 78K/0	[28] : 18
78K0S	8-bit	×ばつ 8-bit (no bank)	47	none	Simplified 78K/0	[25]
78K0	8-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ4 banks	48	none	Basic 78K/0 core	[19]
178K0S	8-bit	×ばつ 8-bit	47	none	78K/0S for DTS; Digital Tuning System	[25] [32]
178K0	8-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ4 banks	48	none	78K/0 for DTS	[19] [31]
78K4	16-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ4 banks	113	none	Macro service available	[37] : 24, 128
78K7	32-bit	×ばつ 16-bit ×ばつ16 banks	none	Macro service available	[46]
78K6	16-bit	Macro service available
78K1	8-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ4 banks	64	none	For VCR servo controls	[40] : 3, 39
78K3	16-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ8 banks	113–115	none	Macro service available	[47] : 3–28, 45
78K2	8-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ4 banks	65	none	General purpose	[44] : 16, 50
87AD	8-bit	×ばつ 8-bit ×ばつ2 banks	CMOS: 159 NMOS: 158	none	Predecessor of 78K	[45] : 21, 39
(17K)	4-bit	×ばつ 4-bit ×ばつ2 banks	47	none	Predecessor of 178K	[30]

• RL78
• NEC V20
• V850
• Renesas 740
• IEBus

• Technical documents
  • Application note: 78K/0 Series Basic (I) | Renesas Electronics
  • Application note: 78K/0 Series Basics(II) | Renesas Electronics
  • Application note: 78K/0 Series Basic (III) | Renesas Electronics
• Web sites
  • 78K Family | Renesas Electronics
  • 78K Family Software & Tools | Renesas Electronics
  • CPU of the Day: NEC 78C11 Sample and the 78K family | The CPU Shack MUseum
  • TESSERA TECHNOLOGY, Inc.

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