Group of church members killed by China
Chinese Martyrs
Orthodox icon of the Chinese Martyrs
Died 1648–1930, Qing Dynasty and Republic of China Martyred by Boxer Rebellion , etc.Venerated in Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Anglican Church Canonized Catholic: 1 October 2000, St. Peter's Basilica , Rome , by Pope John Paul II Moscow , Russia , by Russian Orthodox Church Feast Orthodox: 11 June Notable martyrs Metrophanes, Chi Sung , first Orthodox Christian martyr to be killed; Francis Ferdinand de Capillas , protomartyr of China; Augustine Zhao Rong, missionary of China[ 1]
Chinese Martyrs (traditional Chinese : 中華殉道聖人 ; simplified Chinese : 中华殉道圣人 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá xùndào shèngrén Wade–Giles : Chung1 -hua2 hsun4 -tao4 shêng4 -jên2 Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church who were killed in China during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They are venerated as martyrs . Most were Chinese laypersons , but others were clergy from various other countries; many of them died during the Boxer Rebellion .
The Eastern Orthodox Church recognizes 222 Orthodox Christians who died during the Boxer Rebellion as Holy Martyrs of China . On the evening of 11 June 1900 leaflets were posted in the streets, calling for the massacre of the Christians and threatening anyone who would dare to shelter them with death.[ 2]
They were mostly members of the Chinese Orthodox Church , which had been under the guidance of the Russian Orthodox Church since the 17th century and maintained close relations with them, especially in the large Russian community in Harbin . They are called new-martyrs , as they died under a modern regime. The first of these martyrs was Metrophanes, Chi Sung , leader of the Peking Mission, who was killed, along with his family, during the Boxer Rebellion . All told, 222 members of the Peking mission died.[ 3]
In April 22, 1902 the Russian Orthodox Church allowed the local veneration of the Chinese Martyrs. In 1997, ROCOR promoted the church-wide veneration of the martyrs and several icons were made, in 2016, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church officially canonized the saints and allowed church-wide veneration.[ 4]
The Catholic Church recognizes 120 Catholics who died between 1648 and 1930 as its Martyr Saints of China . They were canonized by Pope John Paul II on 1 October 2000. Of the group, 87 were Chinese laypeople and 33 were clergy; 86 died during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900.[ 5] Chinese Martyrs Catholic Church in Toronto , Ontario is named for them.
Many Protestants also died during the Boxer Rebellion , including the China Martyrs of 1900 , but there is no formal veneration (according to their religious beliefs) nor a universally recognized list.
At least 189 missionaries and 500 native Chinese Protestant Christians were murdered in 1900 alone.[ 6] Baptists , Evangelicals ,[ 7] Anglicans , Lutherans , Methodists ,[ 8] Presbyterians [ 9] Plymouth Brethren .
^ "Saint Augustine Tchao at Patron Saints Index" . Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009 .^ ""The Chinese Martyrs", American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese of the United States" . Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018 .^ ""The Holy Martyrs of China", Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" . Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019 .^ "Holy New Martyrs of China" . Retrieved 13 July 2023 .^ ""120 Martyrs of China", Catholic News Service, July 9, 2018" . Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018 .^ Culbertson, Howard (2011). "Christian mission history: Important events, locations, people and movements in World Evangelism" . Southern Nazarene University. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Ecumenical Missionary Conference in Carnegie Hall, New York (162 mission boards represented); 189 missionaries and their children killed in Boxer Rebellion in China ^ "The Boxer Rebellion, 1899–1901" . Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015 .^ D. L. Hartman. "History of Missions in China" . Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013 . citing Walter N. Lacy, A Hundred Years of China Methodism, Nashville, Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1964.^ "American Presbyterian Missionaries Killed During 1900 in the Boxer Rebellion" . Presbyterian Heritage Center. 2007. Archived from the original on 8 August 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2013 .
Clark, Anthony E. (2011). China's Saints: Catholic Martyrdom During the Qing (1644–1911) . Bethlehem PA; Lanham, Md.: Lehigh University Press; Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781611460162
Abda and Abdisho Abdon and Sennen Abercius of Hieropolis Abibus of Edessa Abitinae Martyrs Acepsimas of Hnaita Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia Adrian of Batanea Aedesius of Alexandria Æthelberht II of East Anglia Afra Agape, Chionia, and Irene Agapitus of Palestrina Agatha Lin Agnes of Rome Agnes Tsao Kou Ying Alban Alexander of Comana Alphaeus and Zacchaeus Anastasia of Sirmium Andrew Dũng-Lạc Andrew Kim Taegon Andrew Stratelates Andronicus, Probus, and Tarachus Angelus of Jerusalem Ansanus Antiochus of Sulcis Antipas of Pergamum Anysia of Thessalonica Amandina of Schakkebroek Amphian Anthimus of Rome Aphrodisius Apollinaris of Ravenna Apollonia Apollonius the Apologist Aquilina Ariadne of Phrygia Asterius of Ostia Asterius, Claudius and Neon Artemius Athenogenes of Pedachtoë Auditus of Braga Augulus Augusta of Treviso Augustine Zhao Rong Babylas of Antioch Bademus Basiliscus of Comana Basilissa and Anastasia Basilides and Potamiana Balbina of Rome Barsimaeus Benedict of Skalka Benjamin Berard of Carbio Bertharius of Monte Cassino Blaesilla Blandina Boethius Boniface of Tarsus Boris and Gleb Caecilius of Elvira Calepodius Canadian Martyrs Canute IV of Denmark Cantius, Cantianus, and Cantianilla Cassius of Clermont Cassian of Imola Castulus Carthusian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs of London Charalambos Charbel Charitina of Amisus Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Chinese Martyrs Christina of Bolsena Christina of Persia Chrysolius Chrysanthus and Daria Cointha Coleman Concordius of Spoleto Constantius of Perugia Martyrs of Córdoba Cosmas and Damian Crispin and Crispinian Crispina Crispoldus Cristóbal Magallanes Cyriaca Cyricus and Julitta Cyprian and Justina Dasius of Durostorum Daniel of Padua Demetrius of Thessaloniki Devasahayam Pillai Devota Dionysius the Areopagite Digna and Emerita Dometius of Persia Dominguito del Val Domnius Dorothea of Caesarea Dismas the Good Thief Domingo Ibáñez de Erquicia Domnina, Berenice, and Prosdoce Donatian and Rogatian Edistus Edmund the Martyr Edwin of Northumbria Eleutherius and Antia Eliphius Engelbert II of Berg Emilianus of Trevi Emmeram of Regensburg Emerentiana Emygdius Epimachus of Alexandria Engratia Erik Eudokia of Heliopolis Eusebius of Samosata Eulalia of Barcelona Euplius of Catania Euphrasius of Illiturgis Faith Fausta of Cyzicus Faustinus and Jovita Faustus of Milan Felician of Foligno Felicitas of Rome Felix, Fortunatus, and Achilleus Felix and Adauctus Felix and Regula Felix of Nola Felinus and Gratian Febronia of Nisibis Fermin Ferreolus and Ferrutio Fidelis of Como Fidelis of Sigmaringen Firmina Firmus and Rusticus Flavia Domitilla Florian Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Fructus Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse Galaction and Episteme Genesius of Arles Gereon Germanicus of Smyrna Gervasius and Protasius Getulius Giordano Ansalone Glyceria Godelieve Gordianus Gordius Gregorio Grassi Hermias Hermione of Ephesus Hermes Hesychius of Cazorla Honoratus Hripsime Hyacinth of Caesarea Ignatius Maloyan The Holy Innocents Inocencio of Mary Immaculate Marina of Aguas Santas Mark and Marcellian Martyrs of Iona Irene of Rome Irish Martyrs Japan Martyrs James Intercisus Jan Sarkander Januarius John and Paul John of Nepomuk John Fisher John Ogilvie John Roberts Josaphat Kuntsevych José Sánchez del Río Julia of Corsica Julian of Antioch Julius and Aaron Julius the Veteran Justin of Siponto Justus and Pastor Juventinus and Maximinus Karolina Kózka Korean Martyrs Konstanti Kakhi Kyriaki Lawrence Leocadia Leonides of Alexandria Leontius, Hypatius and Theodulus Leucius of Brindisi Lorenzo Ruiz Lucian of Antioch Lucy and Geminian Lucy Yi Zhenmei Ludmila of Bohemia Luigi Versiglia Lyon Martyrs Mammes of Caesarea Marcella of Rome Marcellinus and Peter Marcellinus of Carthage Marcellus of Tangier Marciana of Toledo Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum Martina of Rome Martinian and Processus Martyrology Martyrs of Compiègne Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of Damascus Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Nicomedia Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Sigum Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Mary of Egypt The Massabki Brothers Mateo Correa Magallanes Maurice Maximilian of Lorch Maximilian Kolbe Maximus of Évreux Menas of Egypt Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora Mercurius Minias Nabor and Felix Nemesion Nereus and Achilleus Nestor of Magydos Nicetas the Goth Nicholas Tavelic Oliver Plunkett Olivia of Palermo Odran Óscar Romero Oswald of Northumbria Orontius of Lecce Palatias and Laurentia Pancras of Rome Pancras of Taormina Papulus Paraskevi of Rome Parthenius Patroclus of Troyes Paul and Juliana Pedro Calungsod Pedro de Arbués Pelagia of Tarsus Pelagius of Constance Perpetua and Felicity Peter of Jesus Maldonado Peter of Rates Peter To Rot Peter of Verona Petronilla Piatus of Tournai Pietro Parenzo Pionius Phanourios the Newly-Revealed Philetus Philemon Philomena Phocas Plautilla Placidus Phocas, Bishop of Sinope Polyeuctus Pontianus of Spoleto Pothinus Potitus Praejectus Primus and Felician Prisca Procopius of Scythopolis Protus and Hyacinth Ptolemaeus and Lucius Publius Quentin Quirinus of Neuss Regina of Autun Reverianus Romulus of Fiesole Romanus of Caesarea Rufina and Secunda Sabbas the Goth Sabina Sabinus of Spoleto Savinian and Potentian Saints of the Cristero War Sebastian Stephen Sandukht Scillitan Martyrs Forty Martyrs of Sebaste Secundian, Marcellian and Verian Secundus of Abula Secundus of Asti Serapia Serapion of Algiers Serenus the Gardener Sergius and Bacchus Seven Apostolic Men Seven Brothers of Lazia Seven Sleepers Severus of Barcelona Sigismund of Burgundy Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix Shemon bar Sabbae Sophia of Rome Soteris Speusippus, Eleusippus and Melapsippus Spyridon Stanislaus of Szczepanów Symphorian and Timotheus Symphorosa Tarbula Tarcisius Telemachus Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Tewdrig Tiburtius Timolaus and companions Titus Brandsma Titus Flavius Clemens Thecla Theodotus Theodore Stratelates Theodore, Philippa and companions Theodore Tiron Theodoret Theodora and Didymus Theofrid of Orange Theonistus 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Thraseas Thyrsus Toribio Romo Torpes of Pisa Torquatus of Acci Totnan Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha Martyrs of Turon Uganda Martyrs Ursula Ursus of Solothurn Varus Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Venera Venantius of Camerino Victoria, Anatolia, and Audax Vigilius of Trent Victor and Corona Victor Maurus Vincent of Saragossa Vicente Liem de la Paz Victor of Marseilles Victoricus, Fuscian, and Gentian Viktor of Xanten Vitalis and Agricola Warinus Wenceslaus I Wiborada Zacharias of Vienne Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia Zeno of Verona Zoe of Rome Zoilus
