Jew's harp

The Jew's harp, also known as jaw harp, juice harp, or mouth harp,^{[nb 1]} is a lamellophone instrument, consisting of a flexible metal or bamboo tongue or reed attached to a frame. Despite the colloquial name, the Jew's harp most likely originated in China, with the earliest known Jew's harps dating back 4,000 years ago from Shaanxi.^{[2] [3]} It has no relation to the Jewish people.^[4]

Jew's harps may be categorized as idioglot or heteroglot (whether or not the frame and the tine are one piece); by the shape of the frame (rod or plaque); by the number of tines, and whether the tines are plucked, joint-tapped, or string-pulled.

The frame is held firmly against the performer's parted teeth or lips (depending on the type), using the mouth (plus the throat and lungs when breathing freely) as a resonator, greatly increasing the volume of the instrument. The teeth must be parted sufficiently for the reed to vibrate freely, and the fleshy parts of the mouth should not come into contact with the reed to prevent damping of the vibrations and possible pain. The note or tone thus produced is constant in pitch, though by changing the shape of the mouth, and the amount of air contained in it (and in some traditions closing the glottis), the performer can cause different overtones to sound and thus create melodies.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "The vibrations of the steel tongue produce a compound sound composed of a fundamental and its harmonics. By using the cavity of the mouth as a resonator, each harmonic in succession can be isolated and reinforced, giving the instrument the compass shown."

"The lower harmonics of the series cannot be obtained, owing to the limited capacity of the resonating cavity. The black notes on the stave show the scale which may be produced by using two harps, one tuned a fourth above the other. The player on the Jew's harp, in order to isolate the harmonics, frames their mouth as though intending to pronounce the various vowels."^[5] See Bugle scale.

The oldest Jew's harps were discovered in Shaanxi, China, dating back about 4,000 years ago. They were from the Neolithic site of Shimao, an important political and religious center during the Longshan culture.^{[2] [3]} The earliest depiction of somebody playing what seems to be a Jew's harp is a Chinese drawing from the 3rd century BCE.^[6] Archaeological finds of surviving examples in Europe have been claimed to be almost as old, but those dates have been challenged both on the grounds of excavation techniques, and the lack of contemporary writing or pictures mentioning the instrument.

Although this instrument is used by lackeys and people of the lower class, this does not mean it is not worthy of consideration by better minds ... The trump is grasped while its extremity is placed between the teeth in order to play it and make it sound ... Now one may strike the tongue with the index finger in two ways, i.e., by lifting it or lowering it: but it is easier to strike it by raising it, which is why the extremity, C, is slightly curved, so that the finger is not injured ... Many people play this instrument. When the tongue is made to vibrate, a buzzing is heard which imitates that of bees, wasps, and flies ... [if one uses] several Jew's harps of various sizes, a curious harmony is produced.

There are many theories for the origin of the name jew's harp. The apparent reference to Jewish people is especially misleading since it "has nothing to do with the Jewish people; neither does it look like a harp in its structure and appearance".^[8] In Sicilian it is translated as marranzanu or mariolu; both of which are derogatory terms for Jewish people also found in Italian^[9] and Spanish.^[10] In German, it is known as Maultrommel, which translates directly to 'mouth drum'.^[8] The name "Jew's Harp" first appears in 1481 in a customs account book under the name "Jue harpes".^[11] The "jaw" variant is attested at least as early as 1774^[12] and 1809,^[13] the "juice" variant appearing only in the late 19th and 20th centuries.

It has also been suggested that the name derives from the French jeu-trompe meaning 'toy trumpet'.^[14] The current French word for the instrument is guimbarde. English etymologist Hensleigh Wedgwood wrote in 1855 that the derivation from jeu harpe opposes the French idiom, where "if two substantives are joined together, the qualifying noun is invariably the last".^[15] He refers to the jeu harpe derivation, but not to the jeu tromp derivation.

Both theories—that the name is a corruption of jaws or jeu—are described by the Oxford English Dictionary as "lacking any supporting evidence."^[16] The OED says that, "more or less satisfactory reasons may be conjectured: e.g., that the instrument was actually made, sold, or imported to England by Jewish people, or purported to be so; or that it was attributed to Jewish people, suggesting the trumps and harps mentioned in the Bible, and hence considered a good commercial name."^[17] Although the OED states that "the association of the instrument with Jewish people occurs, so far as is known, only in English",^[16] the term jødeharpe is also used in Danish.^[18]

The angkuoch (Khmer: អង្គួច) is a Cambodian Jew's harp.^[19] It is a folk instrument made of bamboo and carved into a long, flat shape with a hole in the center and the tongue across the hole.^[20] There is also a metal variety, more round or tree-leaf shaped.^[20] It may also have metal bells attached.^[20] The instrument is both a wind instrument and percussion instrument.^{[19] [20]} As a wind instrument, it is placed against the mouth, which acts as a resonator and tool to alter the sound.^[20] Although mainly a folk instrument, better-made examples exist.^[20] While the instrument was thought to be the invention of children herding cattle, it is sometimes used in public performance, to accompany the Mahori music in public dancing.^[20]

The instrument is used as part of the rhythm section in various styles of Indian folk and classical music. Most notably the Morsing in the Carnatic music of South India,^[21] or the Morchang in the folk music of Rajasthan.

Indian morchangs are made in many metals but mainly in brass, iron, copper and silver.

Brass murchangs are manufactured^[22] from ancient Indian manufacturing style brass metal casting. Brass molding is a process of shaping brass, into desired shapes using a mold. The brass is heated to a molten state and then poured or forced into the mold, where it cools and solidifies into the desired shape. Brass molding is often used to create intricate or complex shapes.

In Russia, the instrument has its own brand called vargan.^[23] A Jew's harp was excavated in a 9th-century burial mound in Idelbayev, Bashkortostan.^[24] The Jew's harp was banned in the USSR during the regime of Joseph Stalin due to its closeness to Shamanism.^[25]

In Nepal, one type of Jew's harp is named the murchunga (Nepali: मुर्चुङ्गा).^[26] It is very similar to an Indian morsing or morchang in that the tongue (or twanger) extends beyond the frame, thus giving the instrument more sustain.^[27]

The binayo (Nepali: बिनायो बाजा) is a bamboo Jew's harp, in the Kiranti musical tradition from Malingo. It is popular in the Eastern Himalayan region of Nepal, Sikkim, Darjeeling, and Bhutan. It is a wind instrument played by blowing the air without tuning the node with fingers. The binayo is six inches long and one inch in width.^[28]

Taiwanese indigenous peoples groups like the Atayal, Amis, and other populations make use of bamboo Jew's harps. Although construction methods vary greatly amongst the different indigenous groups, Taiwanese indigenous peoples typically take thin strips of bamboo, cut long grooves into the bamboo, and thread strings through the grooves. ^[29]

The Amis Jaw Harp, also known as tiw tiw, fijiq, and most commonly datok (pronouced "Sha-du") ^[30] , can be traced back to the mid-20th century. The Amis Jaw Harp is unique from other Taiwan indigenous jaw harps due to the body and resonator system being connected by a string or cord rather than built as one entity. ^[31] The Amis jaw harp has been recorded as being constructed as both an idioglot and a heteroglot. The instrument is traditionally double-reeded although, there are written records to point to the existence of a triple-reed jaw harp. ^[32]

The datok was originally used by men as a serenading tool ^[33] . The men would play it outside the woman's window at night and the woman would choose the tune it suited best. If the woman didn't like any of the tunes she hears, she would simply ignore the serenade. This made the instrument act as more of a telephone than an instrument between two lovers since the tunes were unique to the self-experimentation of the ‘Amis youth ^[34]

The Atayal jaw harp, or lubuw in the Atayal language, is the traditional multi-reeded, string-pulled Jew’s harp of the Atayal people. In traditional Atayal society, the jaw harp also functioned as a form of intimate communication for lovers during courtship and also for playing songs during joyous occasions. Its use, however, is forbidden during funerals. Learning how to play the lubuw is traditionally considered a rite of passage for young Atayal. In modern times, like many other traditional practices, its use has gradually declined and is now more commonly seen in cultural performances rather than in everyday life. ^[35]

Materials for the lubuw are gendered as well. For men, the entire mouth Jew’s harp is generally made out of bamboo. While for women, the reed is often made with bronze which produces more resonance and can be more emotive. Moreover, only higher status Atayal such as chiefs and shamans are traditionally allowed to use mouth harps with multiple reeds.

The use of the lubuw faced sharp decline as a result of persecution during the Japanese colonial era. Fearing that the mouth harp could be used to pass secret signals along, the Japanese banned the use of the mouth harp, with violators facing the amputation of their fingers. This along with lubuws typically being mortuary objects meant that the cultural legacy and physical presence of the lubuw began to disappear. ^[36]

However, to this day, preservation efforts of the lubuw continue to this day especially with the assistance of Atayal elders. For example, Payas Temu, one of these elders, was designated by the Taichung City government as a preserver of lubuw culture and recordings of his playing serve as key documents of the lubuw musical tradition. ^[37]

The temir komuz is made of iron, usually with a length of 100–200 mm and with a width of approximately 2–7 mm. The range of the instrument varies with the size of the instrument but generally hovers around an octave span. The Kyrgyz people are exceptionally proficient on the instrument and it is quite popular among children, although some adults continue to play the instrument.^{[citation needed ]} Temir komuz pieces were notated by Aleksandr Zataevich in two or three parts. An octave drone is possible, or even an ostinato alternating the fifth step of a scale with an octave.^[38]

In Turkish, the Jew's harp is called ağız kopuzu.^{[39] [40]} The Jew's harp traditionally used in Turkish folk songs from Anatolia has fallen out of use with time.^{[41] [42]} Modern renditions of Turkish folk songs with the Jew's harp have been done by artists such as Senem Diyici in the song 'Dolama Dolamayı' and Ravan Yuzkhan.

In Sindhi music, the Jew's harp is called changu (چنگُ). In Sindhi music, it can be an accompaniment or the main instrument. One of the most famous players is Amir Bux Ruunjho.^[43]

The South Tyrol Jew's harp is very close to the Austrian Jew's harp.

The Friulan Jew's harp is called scacciapensieri. Friulan Jew's harp music uses typical Western harmony. It is sometimes used in folk music of Veneto but in the north of the region.

In Sicily, the Jew's harp is commonly known as marranzanu. Other names for the instrument include angalarruni, calarruni, gangalarruni, ganghilarruni, mariolu, mariolu di fera, marranzana, and ngannalarruni.^{[44] [45]}

Austrian Jew's harp music uses typical Western harmony. The UNESCO has included Austrian Jew's harp playing in its Intangible Cultural Heritage list.^[46]

In Austria, the instrument is known as Maultrommel (the literal translation is 'mouth drum').

Early representations of Jew's harps have appeared in Western churches since the fourteenth century.^[47]

The Austrian composer Johann Albrechtsberger—chiefly known today as a teacher of Beethoven—wrote seven concerti for Jew's harp, mandora, and orchestra between 1769 and 1771. Four of them have survived, in the keys of F major, E-flat major, E major, and D major.^{[48] [49]} They are based on the special use of the Jew's harp in Austrian folk music.

In the experimental period at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century there were very virtuoso instrumentalists on the mouth harp. Thus, for example, Johann Heinrich Scheibler was able to mount up to ten mouth harps on a support disc. He called the instrument "Aura". Each mouth harp was tuned to different basic tones, which made even chromatic sequences possible.

Well-known performer Franz Koch (1761–1831), discovered by Frederick the Great, could play two Jew's harps at once, while the also well-known performer Karl Eulenstein (1802–1890) "invented a system of playing four at once, connecting them by silken strings in such a way that he could clasp all four with the lips, and strike all the four springs at the same time".^[51]

The American composer Charles Ives wrote a part for Jew's harp in the Washington's Birthday movement of A Symphony: New England Holidays.^[52]

The Jew's harp has been used occasionally in rock and country music. For example:

• Canned Heat's multi-part piece "Parthenogenesis", from their 1968 studio album, Living the Blues .^{[53] [54]}
• Black Sabbath – "Sleeping Village"^[55]
• The Who – "Join Together"^[56]
• George Harrison - "I Don't Care Anymore"^[57]

• Jew's harp music
• Music of Central Asia
• Traditional music of Sicily
• Berimbau
• Đàn môi, another kind of Jew's harp from Vietnam
• Gogona, a similar instrument played by Assamese people (especially women) while singing and dancing Bihu
• Karinding, a Sundanese traditional musical instrument from Indonesia
• Kouxian, the Chinese version
• Kubing, a bamboo Jew's harp from the Philippines
• Morsing, Carnatic Jew's harp
• Mukkuri, a traditional bamboo instrument of the Ainu of Japan, similar to a Jew's harp
• Musical bow, a one-string harp that is played with mouth resonance
• Piperheugh, a village in which trumps were once made
• Isitolotolo

• The Jew's Harp Guild
• How to play and make jew's harp
• How to play the jew's harp (instructions with sound examples and remarks on the functioning of Jew's harps)
• A page on guimbardes from Pat Missin's free reed instrument website
• Demir-xomus (Tuvan Jew's Harp) Demos, photos, folktale, and text

• Early musical instruments
• Heteroglot guimbardes and jaw harps
• Culture of Appalachia
• Chinese musical instruments
• Turkic culture

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