Gwari language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Gbagyi language)
Language in Nigeria
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (May 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
- View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
- Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
- Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 592 articles in the main category, and specifying
|topic=will aid in categorization. - Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
- You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:Língua guari]]; see its history for attribution. - You may also add the template
{{Translated|pt|Língua guari}}to the talk page. - For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
| Gbari | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Nigeria |
| Region | Abuja, Kaduna State, Niger State, and Nasarawa State |
| Ethnicity | Gbagyi people |
Native speakers | 1,290,000 Gbagyi (2020)[1] 550,000 Gbari (2020) |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:gbr – Gbagyigby – Gbari |
| Glottolog | gbag1256 |
Gwari is a Nupoid language spoken by the Gbagyi people, which make up over a million people in Nigeria. There are two principal varieties, Gbari (West Gwari) and Gbagyi (East Gwari), which have some difficulty in communication; sociolinguistically they are distinct languages.
Phonology
[edit ]Vowels
[edit ]| Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | u ũ |
| Mid | e ẽ | o õ |
| Open | a ã |
- /i, u, e, o/ can also have allophones [ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ʌ].
- Nasal vowels /ĩ, ũ, ẽ, õ/ can also be heard as [ɪ̃, ʊ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃].
Consonants
[edit ]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial- velar |
Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ ) | (ŋ ) | ||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | (t͡ʃ ) | k | k͡p |
| voiced | b | d | (d͡ʒ ) | g | ɡ͡b | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | (ʃ ) | h | |
| voiced | v | z | (ʒ ) | |||
| Approximant | central | (ɹ ) | j | w | ||
| lateral | l | |||||
- The following sounds may be labialized as /pw, bw, fw, vw, kw, ɡw, mw, k͡pw, ɡ͡bw, hw/ and palatalized as /pj, bj, fj, vj, kj, ɡj, mj, lj, wj/.
- Sounds /t, d, s, z, n/ when palatalized are always heard as [tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, ɲ].
- Sounds /f, b/ can be heard as bilabial sounds [ɸ, β] in free variation.
- /n/ is heard as velar [ŋ] when preceding velar consonants.
- /n/ becomes a labialized-velar [ŋw] when preceding a /w/.
- Sounds /bw, ɡw, ɡj/ are softened to fricatives [βw, ɣw, ɣj] when preceding a glide, in medial-intervocalic position.
- /ɡ͡b/ is heard as an implosive [ɓ] in free variation.
- /h/ only has a limited occurrence, but it also may be allophonic with /f/ in Northern Gbagyi. In Southern Gbagyi, [h] is heard in free variation with /j/, when /j/ occurs before /i/ in syllable-final position.
- The palatalized /lj/ may also be heard as a central glide [ɹ].[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial- velar |
Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ ) | (ŋ ) | |
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | k͡p |
| voiced | b | d | g | ɡ͡b | |
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||
| ejective | kʼ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | (t͡ʃ ) | ||
| voiced | (d͡ʒ ) | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | (ʃ ) | h |
| voiced | v | z | (ʒ ) | ||
| Approximant | central | (ɹ ) | j | w | |
| lateral | l | ||||
- The following sounds may be labialized as /pw, bw, fw, vw, kw, ɡw, mw/ and palatalized as /pj, bj, fj, vj, tj, dj, kj, ɡj, mj, lj, wj/.
- Stops may also be heard as post-nasalized as [pm, bm, tn, dn, kŋ, ɡŋ, k͡pm, ɡ͡bm].
- Palatalized sounds /tj, dj/, typically occur as [tʃ, dʒ] or [tj, dj] in free variation, and as [tʃ, dʒ], they can be represented orthographically as <ch, j>. Sounds /s, z, n/ when palatalized are always heard as [ʃ, ʒ, ɲ], and can be represented orthographically as <sh, zh, ny>.
- Sounds /f, fj, b/ can be heard as bilabial sounds [ɸ, ɸj, β] in free variation.
- /d/ can also be heard as [ɾ].
- Sounds /b, ɡ/ and /bw, ɡw, ɡj/ are softened to fricatives [β, ɣ] and [βw, ɣw, ɣj] when preceding a glide, in medial-intervocalic position.
- /n/ becomes a labialized-velar [ŋw] when preceding a /w/.
- The palatalized /lj/ may also be heard in free variation, as a central glide [ɹ] or as a palatalized equivalent [ɹj].
- /n/ when palatalized is heard as a palatal nasal [ɲ], and is velar as [ŋ] when preceding velar consonants.[3]
Varieties
[edit ]Gbagye is also known as Gwari-Matai or Gwarin Ngenge, which are recently adopted cover terms.[4]
There are two separate Gbagyi groups living in:[4]
Gbagye is the only Nupoid language that has the bilabial implosive /ɓ/.[4]
Gbagyi (also known as Gwari) is a cover term for all the Gbari-speaking peoples, and includes many varieties.[4]
Gbari-Yama is a cover term used for all southern Gbari dialects. There are two closely related dialects, which are:[4]
- Shigokpna
- Zubakpna
Gbedegi is an extinct language (possibly a Nupe dialect) spoken near Mokwa (Nadel 1941).[4]
References
[edit ]- ^ Gbagyi at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
Gbari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon - ^ a b c Rosendall, Heidi James (1992). A phonological study of the Gwari Lects. Dallas, Tex.: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ a b Rosendall, Elias Patrick (1998). Aspects of Gbari Grammar. University of Texas at Arlington.
- ^ a b c d e f Blench, Roger. 2013. The Nupoid languages of west-central Nigeria: overview and comparative word list .
Stub icon
This Volta–Niger language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.