Freshwater crocodile

The freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni), also known commonly as the Australian freshwater crocodile, Johnstone's crocodile, Johnstone river crocodile and the freshie, is a species of crocodile native to the northern regions of Australia. Unlike its much larger Australian relative, the saltwater crocodile, the freshwater crocodile is not known as a man-eater, although it only bites in self-defence, and brief, nonfatal attacks have occurred, apparently the result of mistaken identity.^[7]

When Gerard Krefft named the species in 1873,^[8] he intended to commemorate the man who first sent him preserved specimens, Australian native police officer and amateur naturalist Robert Arthur Johnstone (1843–1905).^{[6] [9]} However, Krefft made an error in writing the name, and for many years, the species has been known as C. johnsoni. Recent studies of Krefft's papers have determined the correct spelling of the name, and much of the literature has been updated to the correct usage, but both versions still exist. According to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the epithet johnstoni (rather than the original johnsoni) is correct.^{[10] [11] [12]}

The freshwater crocodile is a relatively small crocodilian. Typically, males can grow to a total length (including tail) of 2.3–3.0 m (7.5–9.8 ft) if a dominant male, although there are reported specimens of 4 metres in length (see below), while females reach a maximum size of 2.1 m (6.9 ft).^[10] Males commonly weigh around 70 kg (150 lb), with large specimens up to 100 kg (220 lb) or more, against the female weight of 40 kg (88 lb).^[17] In areas such as Lake Argyle and Katherine Gorge, a handful of confirmed 4-metre (13-foot) individuals exist.^{[citation needed ]} This species is shy and has a slenderer snout and slightly smaller teeth than the dangerous saltwater crocodile. The body colour is light brown with darker bands on the body and tail. These bands tend to be broken up near the neck. Some individuals possess distinct bands or speckling on the snout. Body scales are relatively large, with wide, close-knit, armoured plates on the back. Rounded, pebbly scales cover the flanks and outsides of the legs.^[10]

Freshwater crocodiles are found in Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory. Main habitats include freshwater wetlands, billabongs, rivers, and creeks. This species can live in areas where saltwater crocodiles cannot, and are known to inhabit areas above the escarpment in Kakadu National Park and in very arid and rocky conditions (such as Katherine Gorge, where they are common and are relatively safe from saltwater crocodiles during the dry season). However, they are still consistently found in low-level billabongs, living alongside the saltwater crocodiles near the tidal reaches of rivers.

In May 2013, a freshwater crocodile was seen in a river near the desert town of Birdsville, hundreds of kilometres south of their normal range. A local ranger suggested that years of flooding may have washed the animal south, or it may have been dumped as a juvenile.^[18]

A population of freshwater crocodiles has been repeatedly sighted for a number of decades in the Ross River that runs through Townsville.^[19] The predominant theory is that the heavy flooding common to the area may have washed a number of the animals in to the Ross River Catchment area.

They compete poorly with saltwater crocodiles, but are saltwater tolerant.^[20]

An individual being eaten by an olive python has been filmed; it was reported to have succumbed after a struggle of around five hours.^[21]

Until recently, the freshwater crocodile was common in northern Australia, especially where saltwater crocodiles are absent (such as more arid inland areas and higher elevations). In recent years, the population has dropped dramatically due to the ingestion of the invasive cane toad. The toad is poisonous to freshwater crocodiles, although not to saltwater crocodiles, and the toad is rampant throughout the northern Australian bush.^[23] The crocodiles are also infected by Griphobilharzia amoena , a parasitic trematode, in regions such as Darwin.^[24]

Although the freshwater crocodile does not attack humans as potential prey, it can deliver a nasty bite. Brief and rapidly abandoned attacks have occurred, and were likely the result of mistaken identity (mistaking a part of the human as a typical prey item).^{[25] [26]} Other attacks have occurred in self defense when the crocodile was touched or approached too closely.^[27] No human fatalities are known to have been caused by this species.^[27] A few incidents have been reported where people have been bitten whilst swimming with freshwater crocodiles, and others incurred during scientific study. An attack by a freshwater crocodile on a human was recorded at Barramundi Gorge (also known as Maguk) in Kakadu National Park and resulted in minor injuries; the victim managed to swim and walk away from the attack. He had apparently passed directly over the crocodile in the water. In general, though, swimming with this species is still considered safe, so long as they are not aggravated.^[28] There has, however, been a freshwater crocodile attack at Lake Argyle.^[29]

• Head of a freshwater crocodile
  Head of a freshwater crocodile
• Freshwater crocodile basking on a log
  Freshwater crocodile basking on a log
• Various skull views of an "Australia crocodile" (Crocodylus johnsoni)

• Boulenger GA (1889). Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). x + 311 pp. + Plates I–VI. (Crocodilus johnstonii, pp. 279–280).
• Cogger H (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. ISBN 978-0643100350.
• Gray JE (1874). "On Crocodilus johnstoni, Krefft". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1874: 177–178 + Plate XXVII.
• Krefft G (1873). "Remarks on Australian Crocodiles, and Description of a New Species". Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1873: 334–335. (Crocodilus johnsoni, new species, p. 335).