Cover (topology)

In mathematics, and more particularly in set theory, a cover (or covering)^[1] of a set ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} is a family of subsets of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} whose union is all of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}. More formally, if ${\displaystyle C=\lbrace U_{\alpha }:\alpha \in A\rbrace }${\displaystyle C=\lbrace U_{\alpha }:\alpha \in A\rbrace } is an indexed family of subsets ${\displaystyle U_{\alpha }\subset X}${\displaystyle U_{\alpha }\subset X} (indexed by the set ${\displaystyle A}${\displaystyle A}), then ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} is a cover of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} if $${\displaystyle \bigcup _{\alpha \in A}U_{\alpha }\supseteq X.}$${\displaystyle \bigcup _{\alpha \in A}U_{\alpha }\supseteq X.} Thus the collection ${\displaystyle \lbrace U_{\alpha }:\alpha \in A\rbrace }${\displaystyle \lbrace U_{\alpha }:\alpha \in A\rbrace } is a cover of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} if each element of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} belongs to at least one of the subsets ${\displaystyle U_{\alpha }}${\displaystyle U_{\alpha }}.

Covers are commonly used in the context of topology. If the set ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} is a topological space, then a cover ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} is a collection of subsets ${\displaystyle \{U_{\alpha }\}_{\alpha \in A}}${\displaystyle \{U_{\alpha }\}_{\alpha \in A}} of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} whose union is the whole space ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}. In this case ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} is said to cover ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}, or that the sets ${\displaystyle U_{\alpha }}${\displaystyle U_{\alpha }} cover ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}.^[1]

If ${\displaystyle Y}${\displaystyle Y} is a (topological) subspace of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}, then a cover of ${\displaystyle Y}${\displaystyle Y} is a collection of subsets ${\displaystyle C=\{U_{\alpha }\}_{\alpha \in A}}${\displaystyle C=\{U_{\alpha }\}_{\alpha \in A}} of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} whose union contains ${\displaystyle Y}${\displaystyle Y}. That is, ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} is a cover of ${\displaystyle Y}${\displaystyle Y} if $${\displaystyle Y\subseteq \bigcup _{\alpha \in A}U_{\alpha }.}$${\displaystyle Y\subseteq \bigcup _{\alpha \in A}U_{\alpha }.} Here, ${\displaystyle Y}${\displaystyle Y} may be covered with either sets in ${\displaystyle Y}${\displaystyle Y} itself or sets in the parent space ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}.

A cover of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} is said to be locally finite if every point of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} has a neighborhood that intersects only finitely many sets in the cover. Formally, ${\displaystyle C=\{U_{\alpha }\}}${\displaystyle C=\{U_{\alpha }\}} is locally finite if, for any ${\displaystyle x\in X}${\displaystyle x\in X}, there exists some neighborhood ${\displaystyle N(x)}${\displaystyle N(x)} of ${\displaystyle x}${\displaystyle x} such that the set $${\displaystyle \left\{\alpha \in A:U_{\alpha }\cap N(x)\neq \varnothing \right\}}$${\displaystyle \left\{\alpha \in A:U_{\alpha }\cap N(x)\neq \varnothing \right\}} is finite. A cover of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} is said to be point finite if every point of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} is contained in only finitely many sets in the cover.^[1] A cover is point finite if locally finite, though the converse is not necessarily true.

Let ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} be a cover of a topological space ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}. A subcover of ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} is a subset of ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} that still covers ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}. The cover ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} is said to be an open cover if each of its members is an open set. That is, each ${\displaystyle U_{\alpha }}${\displaystyle U_{\alpha }} is contained in ${\displaystyle T}${\displaystyle T}, where ${\displaystyle T}${\displaystyle T} is the topology on X).^[1]

A simple way to get a subcover is to omit the sets contained in another set in the cover. Consider specifically open covers. Let ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}}${\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} be a topological basis of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} and ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}}${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} be an open cover of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}. First, take ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}=\{A\in {\mathcal {B}}:{\text{ there exists }}U\in {\mathcal {O}}{\text{ such that }}A\subseteq U\}}${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}=\{A\in {\mathcal {B}}:{\text{ there exists }}U\in {\mathcal {O}}{\text{ such that }}A\subseteq U\}}. Then ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} is a refinement of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}}${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}}. Next, for each ${\displaystyle A\in {\mathcal {A}},}${\displaystyle A\in {\mathcal {A}},} one may select a ${\displaystyle U_{A}\in {\mathcal {O}}}${\displaystyle U_{A}\in {\mathcal {O}}} containing ${\displaystyle A}${\displaystyle A} (requiring the axiom of choice). Then ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}=\{U_{A}\in {\mathcal {O}}:A\in {\mathcal {A}}\}}${\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}=\{U_{A}\in {\mathcal {O}}:A\in {\mathcal {A}}\}} is a subcover of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}.}${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}.} Hence the cardinality of a subcover of an open cover can be as small as that of any topological basis. Hence, second countability implies space is Lindelöf.

A refinement of a cover ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} of a topological space ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} is a new cover ${\displaystyle D}${\displaystyle D} of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} such that every set in ${\displaystyle D}${\displaystyle D} is contained in some set in ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C}. Formally,

${\displaystyle D=\{V_{\beta }\}_{\beta \in B}}${\displaystyle D=\{V_{\beta }\}_{\beta \in B}} is a refinement of ${\displaystyle C=\{U_{\alpha }\}_{\alpha \in A}}${\displaystyle C=\{U_{\alpha }\}_{\alpha \in A}} if for all ${\displaystyle \beta \in B}${\displaystyle \beta \in B} there exists ${\displaystyle \alpha \in A}${\displaystyle \alpha \in A} such that ${\displaystyle V_{\beta }\subseteq U_{\alpha }.}${\displaystyle V_{\beta }\subseteq U_{\alpha }.}

In other words, there is a refinement map ${\displaystyle \phi :B\to A}${\displaystyle \phi :B\to A} satisfying ${\displaystyle V_{\beta }\subseteq U_{\phi (\beta )}}${\displaystyle V_{\beta }\subseteq U_{\phi (\beta )}} for every ${\displaystyle \beta \in B.}${\displaystyle \beta \in B.} This map is used, for instance, in the Čech cohomology of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X}.^[2]

Every subcover is also a refinement, but the opposite is not always true. A subcover is made from the sets that are in the cover, but omitting some of them; whereas a refinement is made from any sets that are subsets of the sets in the cover.

The refinement relation on the set of covers of ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} is transitive and reflexive, i.e. a Preorder. It is never asymmetric for ${\displaystyle X\neq \emptyset }${\displaystyle X\neq \emptyset }.

Generally speaking, a refinement of a given structure is another that in some sense contains it. Examples are to be found when partitioning an interval (one refinement of ${\displaystyle a_{0}<a_{1}<\cdots <a_{n}}${\displaystyle a_{0}<a_{1}<\cdots <a_{n}} being ${\displaystyle a_{0}<b_{0}<a_{1}<a_{2}<\cdots <a_{n-1}<b_{1}<a_{n}}${\displaystyle a_{0}<b_{0}<a_{1}<a_{2}<\cdots <a_{n-1}<b_{1}<a_{n}}), considering topologies (the standard topology in Euclidean space being a refinement of the trivial topology). When subdividing simplicial complexes (the first barycentric subdivision of a simplicial complex is a refinement), the situation is slightly different: every simplex in the finer complex is a face of some simplex in the coarser one, and both have equal underlying polyhedra.

Yet another notion of refinement is that of star refinement.

The language of covers is often used to define several topological properties related to compactness. A topological space ${\displaystyle X}${\displaystyle X} is said to be:

• compact if every open cover has a finite subcover, (or equivalently that every open cover has a finite refinement);
• Lindelöf if every open cover has a countable subcover, (or equivalently that every open cover has a countable refinement);
• metacompact: if every open cover has a point-finite open refinement; and
• paracompact: if every open cover admits a locally finite open refinement.

For some more variations see the above articles.

A topological space X is said to be of covering dimension n if every open cover of X has a point-finite open refinement such that no point of X is included in more than n+1 sets in the refinement and if n is the minimum value for which this is true.^[3] If no such minimal n exists, the space is said to be of infinite covering dimension.

• Atlas (topology) – Set of charts that describes a manifold
• Bornology – Mathematical generalization of boundedness
• Covering space – Type of continuous map in topology
• Grothendieck topology – Structure on a category C that makes the objects of C act like the open sets of a topological space
• Partition of a set – Mathematical ways to group elements of a set
• Set cover problem – Classical problem in combinatorics
• Star refinement – mathematical refinementPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
• Subpaving – Geometrical object

• Introduction to Topology, Second Edition, Theodore W. Gamelin & Robert Everist Greene. Dover Publications 1999. ISBN 0-486-40680-6
• Kelley, John L. (1975) [1955]. General Topology. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 27 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-90125-1. OCLC 1365153.

• "Covering (of a set)", Encyclopedia of Mathematics , EMS Press, 2001 [1994]

• Topology
• General topology
• Families of sets

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link