1894–95 United States Senate elections
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1894–95 United States Senate elections
30 of the 88 seats in the United States Senate (as well as special elections)
45 seats needed for a majority
← 1892 & 1893
Dates vary by state
1896 & 1897 →
30 of the 88 seats in the United States Senate (as well as special elections)
45 seats needed for a majority
| Majority party | Minority party | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Leader | John Sherman [a] | Arthur Pue Gorman [b] | |
| Party | Republican | Democratic | |
| Leader since | March 4, 1891 | March 4, 1889 | |
| Leader's seat | Ohio | Maryland | |
| Seats before | 37 | 44 | |
| Seats won | 18 | 10 | |
| Seats after | 39 | 40 | |
| Seat change | Increase 2 | Decrease 4 | |
| Seats up | 16 | 14 | |
| Third party | Fourth party | ||
| Party | Populist | Silver | |
| Seats before | 3 | 1 | |
| Seats won | 1 | 0 | |
| Seats after | 4 | 1 | |
| Seat change | Increase 1 | Steady | |
| Seats up | 0 | 0 | |
Results of the elections:
Democratic hold
Republican gain Republican hold
Populist gain Legislature failed to elect
Democratic hold
Republican gain Republican hold
Populist gain Legislature failed to elect
The 1894–95 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1894 and 1895, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.
The Republican Party gained plurality control of the Senate with the support of the Populist Party and Silver Party.
Results summary
[edit ]Senate party division, 54th Congress (1895–1897)
- Plurality: Republican: 42
- Minority: Democrats: 39
- Other parties: Populist: 4, Silver: 2
- Total: 88
- Vacant: 1, due to failure to elect. Later filled by a Democrat
Change in composition
[edit ]Before the elections
[edit ]At the beginning of 1894, including early elections in Mississippi and Virginia.
D1
D2
D3
D4
D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D15
D16
D17
D18
D19
D20
D21
D22
D23
D24
D35
La.
Ran D36
N.C.
Ran D37
S.C.
Ran D38
Tenn.
Ran D39
W.Va.
Ran D40
Kan.
Unknown D41
N.J.
Unknown D42
Miss.
Retired D43
Texas
Retired D44
Va.
Retired
La.
Ran D36
N.C.
Ran D37
S.C.
Ran D38
Tenn.
Ran D39
W.Va.
Ran D40
Kan.
Unknown D41
N.J.
Unknown D42
Miss.
Retired D43
Texas
Retired D44
Va.
Retired
Majority with vacancies →
R34
Neb.
Unknown R33
Wyo.
Ran R32
S.D.
Ran R31
Ore.
Ran R30
N.H.
Ran R29
Minn.
Ran R28
Mich.
Ran R27
Mass.
Ran R26
Maine
Ran R25
Ill.
Ran
Neb.
Unknown R33
Wyo.
Ran R32
S.D.
Ran R31
Ore.
Ran R30
N.H.
Ran R29
Minn.
Ran R28
Mich.
Ran R27
Mass.
Ran R26
Maine
Ran R25
Ill.
Ran
R14
R13
R12
R11
R10
R9
R8
R7
R6
R5
R1
R2
R3
R4
Result of the general elections
[edit ]
D1
D2
D3
D4
D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D15
D16
D17
D18
D19
D20
D21
D22
D23
D24
D34
La.
Appointee elected[c] D33
Ky.
Re-elected D32
Ark.
Re-elected D31
Ala.
Re-elected D30 D29 D28 D27 D26 D25
La.
Appointee elected[c] D33
Ky.
Re-elected D32
Ark.
Re-elected D31
Ala.
Re-elected D30 D29 D28 D27 D26 D25
D35
Tenn.
Re-elected D36
Ga.
Hold D37
Miss.
Hold[d] D38
S.C.
Hold D39
Texas
Hold D40
Va.
Hold[d] P4
N.C.
Gain P3 V1 V2
Tenn.
Re-elected D36
Ga.
Hold D37
Miss.
Hold[d] D38
S.C.
Hold D39
Texas
Hold D40
Va.
Hold[d] P4
N.C.
Gain P3 V1 V2
No majority
R34
Ore.
Hold R33
Neb.
Hold R32
Mont.
Hold R31
Minn.
Hold R30
Iowa
Hold R29
S.D.
Re-elected R28
N.H.
Re-elected R27
Mich.
Re-elected R26
Mass.
Re-elected R25
Maine
Re-elected
Ore.
Hold R33
Neb.
Hold R32
Mont.
Hold R31
Minn.
Hold R30
Iowa
Hold R29
S.D.
Re-elected R28
N.H.
Re-elected R27
Mich.
Re-elected R26
Mass.
Re-elected R25
Maine
Re-elected
R14
R13
R12
R11
R10
R9
R8
R7
R6
R5
R1
R2
R3
R4
Result of the special elections and party change
[edit ] D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D15
D16
D17
D18
D19
D20
D21
D22
D23
D24
↓ Republican plurality (majority with Silver support →)
S1
R35
R36
R37
R38
R39
Mont.
Gain
from V R40
Wash.
Gain
from V R41
Wyo.
Gain
from V R42
N.C.
Gain
from D S2
Nev.
Changed from R
Mont.
Gain
from V R40
Wash.
Gain
from V R41
Wyo.
Gain
from V R42
N.C.
Gain
from D S2
Nev.
Changed from R
R34
R33
R32
R31
R30
R29
R28
R27
R26
R25
R15
R16
R17
R18
R19
R20
R21
R22
R23
R24
R14
R13
R12
R11
R10
R9
R8
R7
R6
R5
| Key: |
D#
Democratic
P#
Populist
R#
Republican
S#
Silver
V#
Vacant
|
|---|
Race summaries
[edit ]Elections during the 53rd Congress
[edit ]In these elections, the winners were seated during 1894 or in 1895 before March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Mississippi (Class 2) |
Edward C. Walthall | Democratic | 1885 (appointed) 1886 (special) 1889 1892 (early) |
Incumbent resigned due to ill health. New senator elected February 7, 1894. Democratic hold. Walthall, however, had already been re-elected to next term.[2] |
|
| Louisiana (Class 2) |
Donelson Caffery | Democratic | 1892 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected May 23, 1894.[3] Winner had already been elected to the next term; see below. |
|
| Louisiana (Class 3) |
Newton C. Blanchard | Democratic | 1894 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected May 23, 1894.[4] |
|
| Georgia (Class 2) |
Patrick Walsh | Democratic | 1894 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected November 7, 1894.[5] Winner was not elected to the next term; see below. |
|
| North Carolina (Class 3) |
Thomas Jarvis | Democratic | 1894 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired or lost election to finish the term. New senator elected November 7, 1894. Republican gain. New senator qualified January 23, 1895. |
|
| Montana (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected January 16, 1895. Republican gain. |
| ||
| Wyoming (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected January 23, 1895. Republican gain. |
| ||
| California (Class 3) |
George C. Perkins | Republican | 1893 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected January 23, 1895.[6] |
|
| Michigan (Class 1) |
John Patton Jr. | Republican | 1894 (appointed) | Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. New senator elected January 24, 1895. Republican hold. |
|
| Washington (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected February 1, 1895. Republican gain. |
| ||
Elections leading to the 54th Congress
[edit ]In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1895; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Alabama | John T. Morgan | Democratic | 1876 1882 1888 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1894. |
|
| Arkansas | James Berry | Democratic | 1885 (special) 1889 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1895. |
|
| Colorado | Edward O. Wolcott | Republican | 1889 | Incumbent re-elected in 1895. |
|
| Delaware | Anthony C. Higgins | Republican | 1888–89 | Legislature failed to elect. Republican loss. |
▌Anthony C. Higgins (Republican) [data missing ] |
| Georgia | Patrick Walsh | Democratic | 1894 (special) | Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected in 1894. Democratic hold. |
|
| Idaho | George Shoup | Republican | 1890 | Incumbent re-elected in 1895. |
|
| Illinois | Shelby M. Cullom | Republican | 1882 1888 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1894. |
|
| Iowa | James F. Wilson | Republican | 1888 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 17, 1894.[7] Republican hold. |
|
| Kansas | John Martin | Democratic | 1893 (special) | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in January 1895. Republican gain. |
|
| Kentucky | William Lindsay | Democratic | 1893 (special) | Incumbent re-elected January 17, 1894.[8] |
|
| Louisiana | Donelson Caffery | Democratic | 1891 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected May 14, 1894.[9] Winner was later elected to finish the current term; see below. |
|
| Maine | William P. Frye | Republican | 1881 (special) 1883 1889 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1895. |
|
| Massachusetts | George F. Hoar | Republican | 1877 1883 1889 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1895. |
|
| Michigan | James McMillan | Republican | 1889 | Incumbent re-elected in 1895. |
|
| Minnesota | W. D. Washburn | Republican | 1888 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1895. Republican hold. |
|
| Mississippi | Anselm J. McLaurin | Democratic | 1894 (special) | Incumbent retired as predecessor had already been elected early to the next term January 20, 1892.[2] Democratic hold. |
|
| Montana | Thomas C. Power | Republican | 1890 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in January 1895.[10] Republican hold. |
|
| Nebraska | Charles F. Manderson | Republican | 1883 1888 |
Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected January 15, 1895. Republican hold. |
|
| New Hampshire | William E. Chandler | Republican | 1887 (special) 1889 (failure to elect) 1889 (special) |
Incumbent re-elected in 1895. |
|
| New Jersey | John R. McPherson | Democratic | 1877 1883 1889 |
Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1895. Republican gain. |
|
| North Carolina | Matt W. Ransom | Democratic | 1872 (special) 1876 1883 1889 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1894. Populist gain. |
|
| Oregon | Joseph N. Dolph | Republican | 1882 1888 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected February 23, 1895.[11] Republican hold. |
|
| Rhode Island | Nathan F. Dixon III | Republican | 1889 (special) | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1894. Republican hold. |
|
| South Carolina | Matthew Butler | Democratic | 1876 1882 1888 |
Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected in 1894. Democratic hold. |
|
| South Dakota | Richard F. Pettigrew | Republican | 1889 | Incumbent re-elected in 1894. |
|
| Tennessee | Isham G. Harris | Democratic | 1877 1883 1889 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1895. |
|
| Texas | Richard Coke | Democratic | 1876 1882 1888 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1894. Democratic hold. |
|
| Virginia | Eppa Hunton | Democratic | 1892 (appointed) 1893 (special) |
Incumbent retired. New senator was already elected early December 19, 1893.[12] Democratic hold. |
|
| West Virginia | Johnson N. Camden | Democratic | 1893 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 23, 1895.[13] Republican gain. |
|
| Wyoming | Joseph M. Carey | Republican | 1890 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1895. Republican hold. |
|
Elections during the 54th Congress
[edit ]There were no elections in 1895 after March 4.
Alabama
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Former brigadier general in the Confederate States Army John T. Morgan[14] was re-elected as one of the two senators in the state of Alabama. His tenure as senator ended in 1907 when he died in office.[15]
Arkansas
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California (special)
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Colorado
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Delaware
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Georgia
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Georgia (special)
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Idaho
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Illinois
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Iowa
[edit ]See also: List of United States senators from Iowa
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Kansas
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Kentucky
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Louisiana
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Interim appointee Donelson Caffery (D) was elected May 14, 1894 to the next term. He was later (May 23, 1894) elected to finish the current term.
Louisiana (special, class 2)
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Randall L. Gibson (D) had been re-elected in 1889, but died December 15, 1892. Donelson Caffery (D) was appointed by the Governor of Louisiana December 31, 1892 to continue the term, pending a special election. On May 14, 1894, Caffery was elected to the next term, and on May 23, 1894, Caffery was elected to finish the current term.
Louisiana (special, class 3)
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Edward Douglass White (D) had been elected in 1891, but resigned March 12, 1894 when appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Newton C. Blanchard (D) was appointed by the Governor of Louisiana March 12, 1894 to continue the term, pending a special election. On May 23, 1894, Blanchard was elected to finish the current term, which would end March 3, 1897.
Maine
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Massachusetts
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Michigan
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Michigan (special)
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Minnesota
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Mississippi
[edit ]Main article: 1892 United States Senate elections in Mississippi
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Mississippi (special)
[edit ]See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi and 1892 United States Senate elections in Mississippi
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Montana
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Montana (special)
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Nebraska
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New Hampshire
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New Jersey
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North Carolina
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North Carolina (special)
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Oregon
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Rhode Island
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South Carolina
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South Dakota
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Tennessee
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Texas
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Virginia
[edit ]Main article: 1893 United States Senate election in Virginia
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Washington (special)
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John B. Allen (R) had been elected in 1889 as one of the first senators from Washington. In 1893, however, the Washington State Legislature failed to elect a senator for the term beginning March 4, 1893. The governor appointed Allen to serve until March 20, 1893, but the Senate rejected his credentials.
John L. Wilson (R) was elected February 1, 1895 to finish the term, that would end March 3, 1899, taking his seat February 19, 1895.
West Virginia
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Wyoming
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Wyoming (special)
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See also
[edit ]Notes
[edit ]- ^ as Republican Conference Chair
- ^ as Democratic Caucus Chair
- ^ a b Same result for this seat in general and special elections
- ^ a b Elected early
- ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
- ^ a b c "GEORGE AND WALTHALL ELECTED". The New York Times . January 20, 1892. p. 1.
- ^ Byrd, p. 114.
- ^ Byrd, p. 115.
- ^ Byrd, p. 96.
- ^ Byrd, p. 83.
- ^ Clark, p. 234.
- ^ Kleber, John E. (1992). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 558. ISBN 0-8131-2883-8.
- ^ a b "MR. CAFFERY HIS OWN SUCCESSOR". The New York Times . May 15, 1894. p. 1.
- ^ Goodspeed, p. 457.
- ^ "George Wycliffe McBride". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- ^ ""TWO VIRGINIA SENATORS ELECTED"". The New York Times . December 20, 1893.
- ^ a b "Elkins Elected in West Virginia". The New York Times . January 24, 1895. p. 5.
- ^ "The Selma Times-Journal 15 Mar 1924, page 8".
- ^ Fry, Joseph A. (1992). John Tyler Morgan and the search for southern autonomy. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-753-7.
References
[edit ]- Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789–1992. United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-063256-3.
- Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
- Goodspeed, Weston Arthur, ed. (1904). "The Province and the States: A History of the Province of Louisiana Under France and Spain, And of the Territories and States of the United States Formed Therefrom" (Vol. VI ed.). Madison, Wisconsin: Western Historical Association.