Wronskian

In mathematics, the Wronskian of ${\displaystyle n}${\displaystyle n} differentiable functions is the determinant of a matrix formed by the functions and their derivatives up to order ${\displaystyle n-1}${\displaystyle n-1}. It was introduced in 1812 by the Polish mathematician Józef Wroński, and is used in the study of differential equations, where it can show the linear independence of certain sets of solutions.

The Wronskian of two differentiable functions ${\displaystyle f}${\displaystyle f} and ${\displaystyle g}${\displaystyle g} is ${\displaystyle W(f,g)=fg'-gf'}${\displaystyle W(f,g)=fg'-gf'}.

More generally, for ${\displaystyle n}${\displaystyle n} real- or complex-valued functions ${\displaystyle f_{1},\dots ,f_{n}}${\displaystyle f_{1},\dots ,f_{n}}, which are ${\displaystyle n-1}${\displaystyle n-1} times differentiable on an interval ${\displaystyle I}${\displaystyle I}, the Wronskian ${\displaystyle W(f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n})}${\displaystyle W(f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n})} is the function

${\displaystyle W(f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n})(x)={\begin{vmatrix}f_{1}(x)&f_{2}(x)&\cdots &f_{n}(x)\\f_{1}'(x)&f_{2}'(x)&\cdots &f_{n}'(x)\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\f_{1}^{(n-1)}(x)&f_{2}^{(n-1)}(x)&\cdots &f_{n}^{(n-1)}(x)\end{vmatrix}}}${\displaystyle W(f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n})(x)={\begin{vmatrix}f_{1}(x)&f_{2}(x)&\cdots &f_{n}(x)\\f_{1}'(x)&f_{2}'(x)&\cdots &f_{n}'(x)\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\f_{1}^{(n-1)}(x)&f_{2}^{(n-1)}(x)&\cdots &f_{n}^{(n-1)}(x)\end{vmatrix}}}

defined for all ${\displaystyle x\in I}${\displaystyle x\in I}.

This is the determinant of the matrix constructed by placing the functions in the first row, their first derivatives of the functions in the second row, and so on through the ${\displaystyle (n-1)}${\displaystyle (n-1)}-st derivative, thus forming a square matrix.

When the functions are solutions of a linear differential equation, the Wrońskian can be found explicitly using Abel's identity, even if the functions themselves are not known explicitly. (See below.)

If the functions are linearly dependent, then so are the columns of the Wrońskian (since differentiation is a linear operation), and the Wrońskian vanishes. Thus, one may show that a set of differentiable functions is linearly independent on an interval by showing that their Wrońskian does not vanish identically. It may, however, vanish at isolated points.^[1]

A common misconception is that ${\displaystyle W=0}${\displaystyle W=0} everywhere implies linear dependence. Peano (1889) pointed out that the functions x² and |x|· x have continuous derivatives and their Wrońskian vanishes everywhere, yet they are not linearly dependent in any neighborhood of 0.^[a] There are several extra conditions which combine with vanishing of the Wronskian in an interval to imply linear dependence.

• Maxime Bôcher observed that if the functions are analytic, then the vanishing of the Wrońskian in an interval implies that they are linearly dependent.^[3]
• Bôcher (1901) gave several other conditions for the vanishing of the Wrońskian to imply linear dependence; for example, if the Wrońskian of n functions is identically zero and the n Wrońskians of n – 1 of them do not all vanish at any point then the functions are linearly dependent.
• Wolsson (1989a) gave a more general condition that together with the vanishing of the Wronskian implies linear dependence.

Over fields of characteristic ${\displaystyle p}${\displaystyle p} the Wronskian may vanish even for linearly independent polynomials; for example, the Wronskian of ${\displaystyle x^{p}}${\displaystyle x^{p}} and the constant function ${\displaystyle 1}${\displaystyle 1} is identically zero.

In general, for an ${\displaystyle n}${\displaystyle n}th order linear differential equation, if ${\displaystyle n-1}${\displaystyle n-1} solutions are known, the last one can be determined by using the Wronskian.

Consider the second order differential equation in Lagrange's notation: $${\displaystyle y''=a(x)y'+b(x)y}$${\displaystyle y''=a(x)y'+b(x)y} where ${\displaystyle a(x)}${\displaystyle a(x)}, ${\displaystyle b(x)}${\displaystyle b(x)} are known, and y is the unknown function to be found. Let us call ${\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2}}${\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2}} the two solutions of the equation and form their Wronskian $${\displaystyle W(x)=y_{1}y'_{2}-y_{2}y'_{1}}$${\displaystyle W(x)=y_{1}y'_{2}-y_{2}y'_{1}}

Then differentiating ${\displaystyle W(x)}${\displaystyle W(x)} and using the fact that ${\displaystyle y_{i}}${\displaystyle y_{i}} obey the above differential equation shows that $${\displaystyle W'(x)=a(x)W(x)}$${\displaystyle W'(x)=a(x)W(x)}

Therefore, the Wronskian obeys a simple first order differential equation and can be exactly solved: $${\displaystyle W(x)=C~e^{A(x)}}$${\displaystyle W(x)=C~e^{A(x)}} where ${\displaystyle A'(x)=a(x)}${\displaystyle A'(x)=a(x)} and ${\displaystyle C}${\displaystyle C} is a constant.

Now suppose that we know one of the solutions, say ${\displaystyle y_{2}}${\displaystyle y_{2}}. Then, by the definition of the Wrońskian, ${\displaystyle y_{1}}${\displaystyle y_{1}} obeys a first order differential equation: $${\displaystyle y'_{1}-{\frac {y'_{2}}{y_{2}}}y_{1}=-W(x)/y_{2}}$${\displaystyle y'_{1}-{\frac {y'_{2}}{y_{2}}}y_{1}=-W(x)/y_{2}} and can be solved exactly (at least in theory).

The method is easily generalized to higher order equations.

The relationship between the Wronskian and linear independence can also be strengthened in the context of a differential equation. If we have ${\displaystyle n}${\displaystyle n} linearly independent functions that are all solutions of the same monic ${\displaystyle n}${\displaystyle n}th-order homogeneous-linear ordinary differential equation ${\displaystyle y^{(n)}+Ly=0}${\displaystyle y^{(n)}+Ly=0} (where ${\displaystyle L}${\displaystyle L} is a linear differential operator with respect to ${\displaystyle x}${\displaystyle x} of order less than ${\displaystyle n}${\displaystyle n}) on some interval ${\displaystyle I}${\displaystyle I}, then their Wronskian is zero nowhere on ${\displaystyle I}${\displaystyle I}. Thus, counterexamples like ${\displaystyle x^{2}}${\displaystyle x^{2}} and ${\displaystyle x{|x|}}${\displaystyle x{|x|}} (whose Wronskian is zero everywhere) or even ${\displaystyle x^{2}}${\displaystyle x^{2}} and ${\displaystyle 1}${\displaystyle 1} (whose Wronskian ${\displaystyle 2x}${\displaystyle 2x} is zero somewhere) are ruled out; neither pair can consist of solutions to the same second-order differential equation of this type. (It's true that ${\displaystyle x^{2}}${\displaystyle x^{2}} and ${\displaystyle 1}${\displaystyle 1} are both solutions to the same third-order differential equation ${\displaystyle y^{(3)}=0}${\displaystyle y^{(3)}=0}. But the Wronskian ${\displaystyle -2}${\displaystyle -2} of the three independent solutions ${\displaystyle x^{2}}${\displaystyle x^{2}}, ${\displaystyle x}${\displaystyle x}, and ${\displaystyle 1}${\displaystyle 1} is nowhere zero.)

For n functions of several variables, a generalized Wronskian is a determinant of an n by n matrix with entries D_i(f_j) (with 0 ≤ i < n), where each D_i is some constant coefficient linear partial differential operator of order i. If the functions are linearly dependent then all generalized Wronskians vanish. As in the single variable case the converse is not true in general: if all generalized Wronskians vanish, this does not imply that the functions are linearly dependent. However, the converse is true in many special cases. For example, if the functions are polynomials and all generalized Wronskians vanish, then the functions are linearly dependent. Roth used this result about generalized Wronskians in his proof of Roth's theorem. For more general conditions under which the converse is valid see Wolsson (1989b).

The Wrońskian was introduced by JózefHoene-Wroński (1812 ) and given its current name by ThomasMuir (1882 , Chapter XVIII).

• Variation of parameters
• Moore matrix, analogous to the Wrońskian with differentiation replaced by the Frobenius endomorphism over a finite field.
• Alternant matrix
• Vandermonde matrix

• Bender, Carl M.; Orszag, Steven A. (1999) [1978]. Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers: Asymptotic Methods and Perturbation Theory. Springer New York. ISBN 978-0-387-98931-0.

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• Bôcher, Maxime (1901). "Certain cases in which the vanishing of the Wronskian is a sufficient condition for linear dependence" (PDF). Transactions of the American Mathematical Society . 2 (2): 139–149. doi:10.2307/1986214 . ISSN 0002-9947. JFM 32.0313.02. JSTOR 1986214 .

• Bostan, Alin; Dumas, Philippe (2010). "Wronskians and linear independence". American Mathematical Monthly . 117 (8): 722–727. arXiv:1301.6598 . doi:10.4169/000298910x515785. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 10.4169/000298910x515785.

• Hartman, Philip (1964), Ordinary Differential Equations, New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-89871-510-1, MR 0171038, Zbl 0125.32102 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

• Hoene-Wroński, Józef (1812), Réfutation de la théorie des fonctions analytiques de Lagrange, Paris

• Muir, Thomas (1882), A Treatise on the Theorie of Determinants., Macmillan, JFM 15.0118.05

• Peano, Giuseppe (1889), "Sur le déterminant wronskien.", Mathesis (in French), IX: 75–76, 110–112, JFM 21.0153.01

• Rozov, N. Kh. (2001) [1994], "Wronskian", Encyclopedia of Mathematics , EMS Press

• Wolsson, Kenneth (1989a), "A condition equivalent to linear dependence for functions with vanishing Wronskian", Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 116: 1–8, doi:10.1016/0024-3795(89)90393-5 , ISSN 0024-3795, MR 0989712, Zbl 0671.15005

• Wolsson, Kenneth (1989b), "Linear dependence of a function set of m variables with vanishing generalized Wronskians", Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 117: 73–80, doi:10.1016/0024-3795(89)90548-X , ISSN 0024-3795, MR 0993032, Zbl 0724.15004