Haikou dialect
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Min Chinese dialect of Hainan, China
| Haikou | |
|---|---|
| 海口話 | |
| Pronunciation | [hai˨˩˧xau˨˩˧ue˨˧] |
| Nativeto | Southern China |
| Region | Haikou, Hainan |
Early forms | |
| Bǽh-oe-tu | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | hain1237 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-ked |
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The Haikou dialect is a topolect of Chinese and a subvariety of Hainanese spoken in Haikou, the capital of the Hainan province and island of China.
Phonology
[edit ]The Haikou dialect has the following initials:[4]
| Labial | Dental | Sibilant | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop / Affricate | voiceless | t | ts | k | ʔ | |
| voiced implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | x | h | |
| voiced | v | z | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
The finals are:[5]
| Vocalic codas | Nasal codas | Stop codas | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | ai | au | am | aŋ | ap | ak | ||
| ia | iau | iam | iaŋ | iap | iak | |||
| ua | uai | uaŋ | uak | |||||
| ɛ | e | eŋ | ek | |||||
| ue | ||||||||
| o | ɔi | ɔu | ɔm | ɔŋ | ɔp | ɔk | ||
| io | iɔŋ | iɔk | ||||||
| i | iu | im | in | ip | it | |||
| u | ui | un | oŋ | uk | ok | |||
There are also two syllabic nasals, /m̩/ and /ŋ̍/.[5]
The tone categories (described using Chao tone letters) are:[5] [6]
| level | rising | departing | entering | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| upper | ˨˦ | ˨˩˧ | ˧˥ | ˥ |
| lower | ˨˩ | ˧ | ˧ | |
| ʔ˥ | ||||
See also
[edit ]Notes
[edit ]References
[edit ]- ↑ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ↑ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023年07月10日). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog . Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962 . Archived from the original on 2023年10月13日. Retrieved 2023年10月13日.
- ↑ Chen (1996), p. 4.
- 1 2 3 Chen (1996), p. 5.
- ↑ Yan (2006), p. 142.
Sources
[edit ]- Chen, Hongmai (1996), Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn 海口方言詞典 [Haikou dialect dictionary], Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects, vol.16, Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press, ISBN 978-7-5343-2886-2.
- Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.
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