Jurist: Difference between revisions

[[File:Sarcofago avvocato Valerius Petrnianus-optimized.jpg|thumb|Detail from the [[sarcophagus]] of Roman jurist ~~(削除) [[Valerio (削除ここまで)~~ ~~(削除) Petroniano]] (削除ここまで)~~ (315–320~~(削除) AD (削除ここまで)~~)]]

A '''jurist''' (from [[medieval Latin]]) is someone who researches and studies [[jurisprudence]] (theory of law).<ref name="oed">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|chapter=Jurist}}</ref> Such a person can [[Jurisprudence|work]] as an academic, legal writer or law lecturer. In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and in many other Commonwealth countries, the word ''jurist'' sometimes refers to a [[barrister]], whereas in the United States of America and Canada it often refers to a judge.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garner|first=Bryan A.|title=Black's law dictionary|year=2009|publisher=West|location=St. Paul, Minn.|isbn=0314199497|pages=Jurisprudence entry|edition=9th}}</ref>

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[[File:Sarcofago avvocato Valerius Petrnianus-optimized.jpg|thumb|Detail from the [[sarcophagus]] of Roman jurist (追記) Valerius (追記ここまで) (追記) Petronianus (追記ここまで) (315–320)]]

A '''jurist''' is a person with expert knowledge of [[law]]; someone who analyzes and comments on law.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1901 |title=Jurist |encyclopedia=[[A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles]] |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2J8f2fyupcC |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=James A. H. |editor-link=James Murray (lexicographer) |volume=5 |pages=636 |quote=One who professes or treats of law; one versed in the science of law; a legal writer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Vieto Piergiovanni |title=Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History |date=2000 |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |isbn=978-3428097562 |location=Germany |page=236}}{{Nonspecific|date=May 2023}}</ref> This person is usually a specialist '''legal scholar''', mostly (but not always) with a formal education in law (a [[law degree]]) and often a [[Lawyer|legal practitioner]].

In the United Kingdom the term "jurist" is mostly used for legal academics, while in the United States the term may also be applied to a judge.<ref>{{cite book |title=Black's Law Dictionary |title-link=Black's Law Dictionary |publisher=[[Thomson West]] |year=2019 |isbn=9781539229759 |editor-last=Garner |editor-first=Bryan A. |editor-link=Bryan A. Garner |edition=11 |chapter=Jurist}}</ref> With reference to [[Roman law]], a "jurist" (in English) is a jurisconsult (''iurisconsultus'').<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|jurisconsult}}</ref>

Thus a ''jurist,'' someone who studies, analyses and comments on law,<ref>{{cite book |author=Vieto Piergiovanni|title=Comparative studies in continental and Anglo-American legal history|location= Germany|publisher= Duncker & Humblot|page=236 |date=2000 |isbn=978-3428097562}}</ref> stands in contrast with a ''[[lawyer]]'', someone who applies law on behalf of clients and thinks about it in practical terms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cusack|first= Warren|title=Literature and the Law of Nations|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0198719342}}</ref>

The English term ''jurist'' is to be distinguished from similar terms in other European languages, where it may be synonymous with [[legal profession]]al, meaning anyone with a professional law degree that qualifies for admission to the legal profession, including such positions as judge or attorney. In [[Germany]], [[Scandinavia]] and a number of other countries ''jurist'' denotes someone with a professional law degree, and it may be a protected title, for example [[Legal education in Norway|in Norway]]. Thus the term can be applied to attorneys, judges and academics, provided that they hold a qualifying professional law degree.<ref>{{cite web |last=Falkanger |first=Thor |author-link=Thor Falkanger |editor-last=Gisle |editor-first=Jon |editor-link=Jon Gisle |title=jurist |url=https://snl.no/jurist |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=[[Store Norske Leksikon]]|date=8 July 2022 }}</ref> In Germany – the term "full jurist" is sometimes used informally to denote someone who has completed the two state examinations in law that qualify for practising law, to distinguish from someone who may have only the first state examination or some other form of legal qualification that does not qualify for practising law.

It is important to note the fundamental difference between the work of the lawyer and that of the jurist.<ref>Melville Madison Bigelow, ''Centralization and the Law: Scientific Legal Education'' (1906), p. 219.</ref> Many legal scholars and authors have explained that a person may be both a lawyer and a jurist, but a jurist is not necessarily a lawyer, nor a lawyer necessarily a jurist. Both must possess an acquaintance with the term "law". The work of the jurist is the study, analysis and arrangement of the law — work which can be done wholly in the seclusion of the library. The work of the lawyer is the satisfaction of the wishes of particular human beings for legal assistance — work which requires dealing to some extent therefore with people in the office, in the court room, or in the market-place.

The term ''jurist ''has another sense, which is wider, synonymous with [[Legal profession|''legal professional'']], i.e. anyone professionally involved with [[law]] and [[justice]].<ref name="oed" /> In some other European languages, a word resembling ''jurist'' (such as [[Italian language|Italian]] ''giurista'', [[German language|German]] ''Jurist'', [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]/[[Danish language|Danish]]/[[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''jurist'', [[French language|French]] ''juriste'', [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''jurista'', [[Russian language|Russian]] {{lang|ru|юрист}} etc.) is used in this major sense.

==Notable jurists==

''This is a sequential classification of some notable jurists.''

Some notable historical jurists include:

File:Plato-raphael.jpg|[[Plato]]

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

File:Cicero - Musei Capitolini.JPG|[[Cicero]]

* [[Ur-Nammu]]

File:The great Tribonian.jpg|[[Tribonian]]

* [[Lycurgus of Sparta]]

File:Papinian bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg|[[Aemilius Papinianus|Emilio Papiniano]]

* [[Solon]]

File:Saint Thomas Aquinas.jpg|[[Thomas Aquinas]]

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(追記) * [[ (追記ここまで)Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]

File:Bartolo da sassoferrato.jpg|[[Bartolus de Saxoferrato]]

* [[Ulpian]] and [[Gaius (jurist)|Gaius]]

File:Dr Sir Albericus Gentilis (Father of international law).png|[[Alberico Gentili]]

* [[Averroes|Muhammad Averroes]]

File:Francisco vitoria.jpg|[[Francisco de Vitoria]]

* [[Thomas Aquinas]]

File:Pourbus Francis Bacon.jpg|[[Francis Bacon]]

* [[Alberico Gentili]]

File:Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt - Hugo Grotius.jpg|[[Hugo Grotius]]

* [[Francis Bacon]]

File:Sir William Blackstone from NPG.jpg|[[William Blackstone]]

* [[William Blackstone]]

File:Cesare Beccaria in Dei delitti crop.jpg|[[Cesare Beccaria]]

* [[Cesare Beccaria]]

File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|[[Jeremy Bentham]]

* [[Jeremy Bentham]]

File:John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870.jpg|[[John Stuart Mill]]

* [[Amina, bint al-Hajj ʿAbd al-Latif]]

File:Sir Alexander Cockburn LCJ.jpg|[[Sir Alexander Cockburn, 12th Baronet|Alexander Cockburn]]

* [[John Stuart Mill]]

File:Francesco Carrara.jpg|[[Francesco Carrara (jurist)|Francesco Carrara]]

* [[John Marshall]]

~~(削除) File:Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg| (削除ここまで)~~[[Felix Frankfurter]]

(追記) * (追記ここまで)[[Felix Frankfurter]]

File:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr circa 1930-edit.jpg|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]]

* [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]]

File:Edward Marshall Hall.jpg|[[Edward Marshall Hall]]

* [[Hans Kelsen]]

File:Radhabinod Pal.jpg|[[Radhabinod Pal]]

* [[Pontes de Miranda]]}}

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~~(削除) File: (削除ここまで)~~Dr. ~~(削除) Bhim Rao Ambedkar.jpg|[[ (削除ここまで)~~B. R. Ambedkar]]

File:M Battye.jpg|[[Margaret Battye]]

File:Richard Posner at Harvard University.jpg|[[Richard Posner]]

File:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2016 portrait.jpg|[[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]

File:Antonin Scalia Official SCOTUS Portrait.jpg|[[Antonin Scalia]]

</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[History of the American legal profession]]

* [[History of the legal profession]]

* [[~~(削除) Law (削除ここまで)~~ ~~(削除) professor (削除ここまで)~~]]

* [[(追記) Islamic (追記ここまで) (追記) jurist (追記ここまで)]]

* [[Legal profession]]

* [[List of jurists]]

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==External links==

*{{~~(削除) commons (削除ここまで)~~ category inline|Jurists}}

*(追記) (追記ここまで){{(追記) Commons (追記ここまで) category inline|Jurists}}

[[Category:Jurists| ]]

[[Category:Legal professions]]

Latest revision as of 13:40, 26 December 2024

Legal scholar or academic, a professional who studies, teaches and develops law

For other uses, see Jurist (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Juror, a member of a jury.

Detail from the sarcophagus of Roman jurist Valerius Petronianus (315–320)

A jurist is a person with expert knowledge of law; someone who analyzes and comments on law.^[1]^[2] This person is usually a specialist legal scholar, mostly (but not always) with a formal education in law (a law degree) and often a legal practitioner.

In the United Kingdom the term "jurist" is mostly used for legal academics, while in the United States the term may also be applied to a judge.^[3] With reference to Roman law, a "jurist" (in English) is a jurisconsult (iurisconsultus).^[4]

The English term jurist is to be distinguished from similar terms in other European languages, where it may be synonymous with legal professional, meaning anyone with a professional law degree that qualifies for admission to the legal profession, including such positions as judge or attorney. In Germany, Scandinavia and a number of other countries jurist denotes someone with a professional law degree, and it may be a protected title, for example in Norway. Thus the term can be applied to attorneys, judges and academics, provided that they hold a qualifying professional law degree.^[5] In Germany – the term "full jurist" is sometimes used informally to denote someone who has completed the two state examinations in law that qualify for practising law, to distinguish from someone who may have only the first state examination or some other form of legal qualification that does not qualify for practising law.