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The main problem is the repetetiveness and nestedness when it comes to reading user inputs and mapping them to the function calls. You are currently using multiple if/else branches, but, what if you would use a dictionary to map choices into function names:

COMMANDS = {
 '1': addition,
 '2': subtraction,
 '3': multiplication,
 '4': division,
 '5': exit,
 '6': main
}
if choice not in COMMANDS:
 print('I\'m sorry, I didn\'t understand your input.')
 basic_math()
else:
 COMMANDS[choice]()

Note that exit here is a function you might have to exit the app.

Also, look through the third-party apps in the CLI space - there might be a tool that can ease creating this kind of question-choice style programs.

Here are some other notes:

• the program is too long - split it into multiple logical parts to have a better separation of concern and modularity. For example, the calculations of areas and volumes should be separated from the question-choice handling functions

• you can use multi-line strings instead of having regular strings with newline characters

• you can wrap the string inside the print() statement around double quotes so that you won't need to escape the single quote (credit to @Dex'ter):

   "I'm sorry, I didn't understand your input."