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You use eval, but eval is evil.

I tried a solution without eval. For this I used:

• Module.const_set to define constants
• Module.const_defined to check if a constant is defined
• Module.get to navigate inside modules
• Module.new to define new modules.

My solution (including a litte test):

def def_constants!(hash, context)
 
 #context should be a module. If not, then get (or build) it.
 if context.is_a? String 
 lcontext = Object
 context.split('::').each{ |module_name| 
 lcontext.const_set(module_name, Module.new) unless lcontext.const_defined?(module_name)
 lcontext = lcontext.const_get(module_name)
 }
 context = lcontext
 end
 
 raise ArgumentError unless context.is_a?(Module)
 
 hash.each do |key, value|
 case value
 when Hash
 module_name = key.upcase #fixme -- convert_string_to_camel_case(key)
 def_constants!( hash[key], [context.name, module_name].join('::'))
 when /::/ # explicitly build out this module (since it doesn't exist) so that we can talk about it
 context.const_set(key.upcase, Module.new)
 lmod = context.const_get(key.upcase)
 value.split('::').each{ |module_name| 
 lmod = lmod.const_set(module_name, Module.new )
 }
 else
 # define the given constant
 context.const_set(key.upcase, value)
 end
 end #hash
end
 
module AA #define a start
end
require 'yaml'
def_constants!(YAML.load(DATA), AA)
p AA.constants
p AA::KEY
p AA::SAMPLE_MODULE::SOME_KEY
p AA::KEY_SHOULD_BE_MODULE
p AA::KEY_SHOULD_BE_MODULE::I
p AA::KEY_SHOULD_BE_MODULE::I.constants
p AA::KEY_SHOULD_BE_MODULE::I::Am
p AA::KEY_SHOULD_BE_MODULE::I::Am::A
p AA::KEY_SHOULD_BE_MODULE::I::Am::A::Module
__END__
key: value
numeric_data: 3.221
sample_module:
 some_key: another value
key_should_be_module: I::Am::A::Module

I haven't tested it for each usecase. I expect problems, when you try to define modules, where you have already constants with the same name.

Some changes, to use it in your code:

• I skipped convert_string_to_camel_case(key) and replaced it with upcase
• Your @project_name is my initial context.
• (and sure: I renamed the method ;-) )