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Laravel aside, your task can be done in just one line/call of preg_replace() in your user-defined function:

return preg_replace('/^([^,]+), (.+?)(?: (I?[VX]|[SJ]R\.|[VX]?I{1,3}))?$/','2ドル 1ドル 3ドル',$name);

Regex Demo Link

This will reconstruct the full name strings with optional suffixes including SR., JR., and Roman numerals from 1 to 13 (that should be sufficient).

Pattern Breakdown:

^ # Match from the start of the string
([^,]+) # Capture all characters until a comma is found
, (.+?) # Match a comma and a space, then lazy capture one or more characters
(?: ( # Match a space then capture qualifying matches to follows...
 I?[VX] # Match: IV, V, IX, X
 | # or
 [SJ]R\. # Match: SR. or JR.
 | # or
 [VX]?I{1,3} # Match: I, II, II, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XII, XIII
 ) #
)? # make the capture group optional (so suffix is not required)
$ #Match to end of the string

In my PHP demo, I'll add a consideration for flagging unsuccessful reconstruction attempts via a shorthand conditional in the return line.

PHP: (Demo)

function reconstructName($name){
 $name=preg_replace('/^([^,]+), (.+?)(?: (I?[VX]|[SJ]R\.|[VX]?I{1,3}))?$/','2ドル 1ドル 3ドル',$name, 1, $count);
 return $count ? $name : "*** Name Reconstruction Failed: $name"; // handle failures as/if you wish
}
$registry=["MILLERS, WALTER M IV",
 "DUPONTE, THOMAS B. II",
 "HARDIWAY, GRANT U. SR.",
 "GUIDRY, PAUL JOHN",
 "BLAH",
 "FIVERSON-O'FIFE, FIVEY V.",
 "FIVERSON, FIVEY V",
 "FIVERSON, FIVEY V V",
 "O'FIVERSON, FIVEY V. V",
 "THREE-TRIP, THERESA III",
 "JUNIPER, JUNE JR.",
 "VENDETTA, V. V. V",
 "CÔTÉ, ZOË",
 "SLEVIN, LUCKY N. VII"
];
foreach($registry as $name){
 echo reconstructName($name),"\n";
}

Output:

WALTER M MILLERS IV
THOMAS B. DUPONTE II
GRANT U. HARDIWAY SR.
PAUL JOHN GUIDRY 
*** Name Reconstruction Failed: BLAH
FIVEY V. FIVERSON-O'FIFE 
FIVEY FIVERSON V
FIVEY V FIVERSON V
FIVEY V. O'FIVERSON V
THERESA THREE-TRIP III
JUNE JUNIPER JR.
V. V. VENDETTA V
ZOË CÔTÉ 
LUCKY N. SLEVIN VII

Some Closing Notes:

• My method will require a substring before the comma, then a substring following the space after the comma.
• A suffix is not required. A suffix must qualify as one of the valid substrings, or else it will considered part of the "given names" portion.
• Notice the pattern will permit apostrophes, hyphens, and foreign characters.
• The preg_replace() limit parameter is set to 1 as there will not possibly be more than one.
• While not a Laravel solution, I think it is compelling to use this single, native php function. The pattern only really gets a little crazy when adding in the suffix considerations.
• The pattern allows I to mean SR.. This seems appropriate since you were allowing II and JR..
• A V. will never qualify as a Roman numeral; only a V at the end of the string will qualify.