Hardbound. New legislation enacted in many countries and regions of the world during the 1980s requires that laboratory animal use be reduced, refined and replaced wherever possible, for ethical and scientific reasons, in line with the Three Rs concept put forward by W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Bnurch in 1958, in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This Congress provided an opportunity for a celebration of the 40th anniversary of the publication of this book, and for a coming together of many of those who are actively pursuing the implementation of the Three Rs in the interests of good science and humane science.Current uses and future prospects for the use of laboratory animal procedures and non-animal methods in the biomedical sciences are considered in five themes: the development of replacement alternative methods; the validation and regulatory acceptance of alternative test methods; reduction alternatives and the testi