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diff --git a/doc/glossary.texi b/doc/glossary.texi index 5c642f35..d2a65c78 100644 --- a/doc/glossary.texi +++ b/doc/glossary.texi @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ provides a mechanism for transferring and executing SCSI CDBs on IDE CD Drives and DVD Drives. IDE (also called ATA) was originally designed for hard drives only, -but with help of ATAPI it is possible to connect other devices, in +but with the help of ATAPI, it is possible to connect other devices, in particular CD-ROMS to the IDE/EIDE connections. The ATAPI CD-ROM drives understand a subset of SCSI commands. In @@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ ATAPI devices. A CD-image format developed by Jeff Arnold for CDRWIN software on Microsoft Windows. Many other programs subsequently support using this -format. The @code{.CUE} file is a text file which contains CD format +format. The @code{.CUE} file is a text file that contains CD format and track layout information, while the @code{.BIN} file holds the actual data of each track. @item Blu-ray Disc (BD) @cindex Blu-ray Disc (BD) -Optical media with capacity of 25 GB as single layer and 50 GB as +Optical media with a capacity of 25 GB as a single layer and 50 GB as double layer. See also @pxref{models-profiles,,"Media models and profiles"}. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Compact Disc. Capacity up to 900 MB. See also @item CD-DA @cindex CD-DA Compact Disc Digital Audio, described in the ``Red Book'' or IEC 60908 -(formerly IEC 908). This commonly referred to as an audio @acronym{CD} +(formerly IEC 908). This is commonly referred to as an audio @acronym{CD} and what most people think of when you play a @acronym{CD} as it was the first to use the @acronym{CD} medium. @@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ are CD-XA Bridge discs. @item CD-ROM @cindex CD-ROM -Compact Disc Read Only Memory or ``Yellow Book'' describe in Standards +Compact Disc Read Only Memory or ``Yellow Book'' described in Standards ISO/IEC 10149. The data stored on it can be either in the form of -audio, computer or video files. +audio, computer, or video files. @item CD-ROM Mode 1 and Mode2 @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ both computer and audio/video to be mixed in the same track. @cindex CD Text CD Text is a technology developed by Sony Corporation and Philips -Electronics in 1996 that allows storing in an audio CD and its tracks +Electronics in 1996 that allowed storing in an audio CD and its tracks information such as artist name, title, songwriter, composer, or arranger. Commercially available audio CDs sometimes contain CD Text information. @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ CD-ROM EXtended Architecture. A modification to the CD-ROM specification that defines two new types of sectors. CD-ROM XA was developed jointly by Sony, Philips, and Microsoft, and announced in August 1988. Its specifications were published in an extension to the -Yellow Book. CD-i, Photo CD, Video CD and CD-EXTRA have all +Yellow Book. CD-i, Photo CD, Video CD, and CD-EXTRA have all subsequently been based on CD-ROM XA. CD-XA defines another way of formatting sectors on a CD-ROM, including @@ -131,15 +131,15 @@ fully compatible. @item DVD @cindex DVD -Digital Versatile Disc. Capacity up to 4.5 GB as single layer and 8.5 -GB as double layer media. See also @pxref{models-profiles,,"Media +Digital Versatile Disc. Capacity up to 4.5 GB as single-layer and 8.5 +GB as double-layer media. See also @pxref{models-profiles,,"Media models and profiles"}. @item Defect management @cindex Defect management A method to compensate small amounts of bad spots on media by replacing them out of a pool of reserve blocks and performing address translation. -The necessary checkreading slows down write performance by a factor of 2 or 3. +The necessary check reading slows down write performance by a factor of 2 or 3. Defect management applies by default to DVD-RAM and BD-RE. Optionally it can be formatted onto CD-RW and DVD+RW, where it has the name "Mount Rainier". Sequential BD-R can be formatted for defect management too. @@ -154,14 +154,14 @@ a SCSI Command Descriptor Block (CDB). @cindex ECMA-119 @uref{http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-119.htm} -is a freely available specification which is technically identical to ISO 9660. +is a freely available specification that is technically identical to ISO 9660. @item ECMA-167 (UDF) @cindex ECMA-167 @uref{http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-167.htm} is a freely available specification which is also approved as ISO 13346. -It serves as base for UDF. +It serves as the base for UDF. @item ECMA-168 @cindex ECMA-168 @@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ Free Software Foundation, @uref{http://www.fsf.org/} Integrated Drive Electronics. This is a commonly used interface for hard disk drives and CD-ROM drives. It is less expensive than SCSI, -but offers slightly less in terms of performance. +but offers slightly less performance. @item ISO @cindex ISO @@ -194,19 +194,19 @@ International Standards Organization. @cindex ISO 13346 ISO 13346 / ECMA-167 is a filesystem framework for data exchange on -overwriteable or pseudo-overwritable media. It serves as base of UDF. +overwriteable or pseudo-overwritable media. It serves as the base of UDF. @item ISO 13490 @cindex ISO 13490 -ISO 13490 / ECMA-168 is an attempt to replace ISO 9660 by a format that +ISO 13490 / ECMA-168 is an attempt to replace ISO 9660 with a format that allows finer write granularity and representation of typical disk file properties. It resembles ECMA-167 which led to UDF. @item ISO 9660 @cindex ISO 9660 -ISO 9660 / ECMA-119 is an operating-system independent filesystem format +ISO 9660 / ECMA-119 is an operating-system-independent filesystem format originally intended for CD-ROM media. It was standardized in 1988 and replaced the High Sierra standard for the logical format on CD-ROM media (ISO 9660 and High Sierra are identical in content, but the exact format is @@ -234,14 +234,14 @@ characters. See @uref{http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/jolspec.html} for the Joliet Specification. -The name Joliet comes from the city in Illinois (U.S) that the +The name Joliet comes from the city in Illinois (U.S) where the standard was defined. @item LBA @cindex LBA Logical Block Addressing. Mapped integer numbers from CD Red Book -Addressing MSF. The starting sector is -150 and ending sector is +Addressing MSF. The starting sector is -150 and the ending sector is 449849, which correlates directly to MSF: 00:00:00 to 99:59:74. Because an LBA is a single number it is often easier to work with in programming than an MSF. @@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ the ATIP groove on the disk. For example: @cindex LSN Logical Sector Number. Mapped integer numbers from CD Red Book -Addressing MSF. The starting sector is 0 and ending sector is 449699, +Addressing MSF. The starting sector is 0 and the ending sector is 449699, which correlates to MSF: 00:00:00 to 99:59:74. Because an LSN is a single number it is often easier to work with in programming than an MSF. Because it starts at 0 rather than -150 as is the case of an LBA @@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ it can be represented as an unsigned value. @item MCN @cindex MCN -Media Catalog Number. A identification number on an audio CD. Also +Media Catalog Number. An identification number on an audio CD. Also called a UPC. Another identification number is ISRC. @item @anchor{MMC}MMC @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ called a UPC. Another identification number is ISRC. MMC (Multimedia Commands). MMC are raw commands for communicating with CDROM drives, -CD-Rewriters, DVD-Rewriters, etc. The are subset of the larger SCSI +CD-Rewriters, DVD-Rewriters, etc. They are a subset of the larger SCSI command set. See also @pxref{SCSI,,@acronym{SCSI}}. Many manufacturers have adopted this standard and it also applies to @@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ ATAPI versions of their drives. The documents @code{libcdio} makes use of are described in the Multi-Media Commands standard (MMC). This document generally has a -numeric level number appended. For example MMC-6 refers to +numeric level number appended. For example, MMC-6 refers to ``Multi-Media Commands - 6. @item @anchor{models-profiles}Media models and profiles @@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ They can assume three states: @item "Appendable" is readable and after the readable part still writeable @item "Closed" is only readable @end table -CD-RW and DVD-RW can be brought back to blank state, +CD-RW and DVD-RW can be brought back to a blank state, or they can be formatted to become overwritable. Overwritable profiles allow random read-write access with a @@ -363,26 +363,26 @@ POSIX operations lseek(), read(), write() of the operating system. @item BD-RE 0x43 (single or double layer) @end table BD-R profile 0x42 is defined by MMC but not implemented by the consumer -priced Blu-ray burners as of year 2010. +priced Blu-ray burners as of the year 2010. @item Mixed Mode CD @cindex Mixed Mode CD A Mixed Mode is a CD that contains tracks of differing CD-ROM Mode -formats. In particular the first track may contain both computer data +formats. In particular, the first track may contain both computer data (Yellow Book) CD ROM data while the remaining tracks are audio or video data. Video CD's can be Mixed Mode CDs. @item Multisession @cindex Multisession -A way of writing to a CD , DVD or Blu-ray Disc that allows more data to be +A way of writing to a CD, DVD, or Blu-ray Disc that allows more data to be added to readable discs at a later time. The media must not have been closed -by the previous write session. This applies originally to unformatted CD-R, +by the previous writing session. This applies originally to unformatted CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R, and sequential BD-R which all can record more -than one session. They hold a table-of-content with sessions and tracks. +than one session. They hold a table of contents with sessions and tracks. Formatted CD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD+RW, DVD-RW, and BD-RE have only one track. -Multisession on these media needs help by the recorded data formats. +Multisession on these media needs help from the recorded data formats. Multisession can be used to add a changeset to an existing ISO 9660 filesystem. Typically the add-on session contains a whole new filesystem tree @@ -390,16 +390,16 @@ with old and new files. It also contains the data blocks of the newly introduced or freshly overwritten files. The convention for mounting multisession ISO 9660 images is to load the superblock from the start of the first track in the last session as listed -in the media table-of-content. Formatted media are assumed to have a single +in the media table of contents. Formatted media are assumed to have a single track starting at block 0. So ISO 9660 multisession on formatted media has to overwrite the volume descriptors at block 16 ff. with every new session. A chain of recognizable sessions can be achieved by starting the first -ISO 9660 image at block 32 so that its descriptors get not overwritten later. +ISO 9660 image at block 32 so that its descriptors are not overwritten later. @item Nero NRG format file @cindex Nero NRG, CD-Image format -A proprietary CD image file format use by a popular program for +A proprietary CD image file format used by a popular program for Microsoft Windows, Ahead Nero. The specification of this format is not to our knowledge published. @@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ not to our knowledge published. An extension to the ISO-9660 standard which adds POSIX information to files. It allows long file names, owner, group, access permissions @code{ugo+-rwx}, -inode numbers, hard-link count, file types other than directory or regular +inode numbers, hard-link count, and file types other than directory or regular file. Rock Ridge is described by unapproved standard IEEE P1282 / RRIP-1.12 and based on unapproved IEEE P1281 / SUSP-1.10. It has become a de-facto standard on X/Open systems like GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, et.\ al. @@ -421,9 +421,9 @@ interfaces (originally developed at Apple Computer) that allow personal computers to communicate with peripheral hardware such as CD-ROM drives, disk drives, printers, etc. -Although the original hardware is outdated since years, the SCSI command +Although the original hardware has been outdated for years, the SCSI command set nowadays controls most storage devices including all optical disc drives. -The contemporary electronic technologies which transport SCSI commands +The contemporary electronic technologies that transport SCSI commands to optical drives are P-ATA, SATA, and USB. A SCSI programming specification made by the SCSI committee T10 @@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ organization @url{http://www.t10.org/}. The documents @code{libcdio} makes use of are described in SCSI standards documents SCSI Primary Commands (SPC), SCSI Block Commands (SBC), and Multi-Media Commands (MMC). These documents generally have -a numeric level number appended. For example SPC-3 refers to +a numeric level number appended. For example, SPC-3 refers to ``SCSI Primary Commands - 3'. In year 2025, the current versions were SPC-7 (@url{https://www.t10.org/members/w_spc7.htm}), SBC-5 (@url{https://www.t10.org/members/w_sbc5.htm}), MMC-6 (@url{https://t10.org/members/w_mmc6.htm}). @@ -478,10 +478,10 @@ See @uref{https://www.videohelp.com/glossary?S#SVCD} (Compact Disc) Table of Contents. The TOC contains a list of sessions and their tracks. For sessions, it records the starting track -number and the last track number. For tracks it records starting time +number and the last track number. For tracks, it records starting time block address, size, copy protection, linear audio preemphasis, track format (CDDA or data) in that order. -Session and track information is also available on sequential DVD and +Session and track information is also available on sequential DVDs and Blu-ray Discs. Several track properties are fixed to equivalents of CD data. @item Track @@ -491,16 +491,16 @@ A unit of data of a CD. The size of a track can vary; it can occupy the entire contents of the CD. Most CD standards however require that tracks have a 150 frame (or ``2 second'') lead-in gap. -An abstraction of tracks for CD, DVD and Blu-ray Discs is the Logical Track +An abstraction of tracks for CD, DVD, and Blu-ray Discs is the Logical Track as of MMC specs. Overwritable media have a single logical track, sequential media can have one or more logical tracks which they describe in their TOC. @item UDF @cindex UDF -Universal Disc Format was designed as successor of ISO 9660. It allows -to record long file names and advanced file properties. Although intended -as format for data exchange its main importance is with DVD video players. +Universal Disc Format was designed as the successor of ISO 9660. It allows recording +long file names and advanced file properties. Although intended +as a format for data exchange its main importance is with DVD video players. Video DVDs have to bear a simple UDF filesystem with a prescribed set of files. @@ -510,8 +510,8 @@ of files. The Video Compact Disc (@dfn{Video CD} or @dfn{VCD}) is a standardized digital video storage format. It is based on the commonly available Compact Disc technology, which allows for low-cost video authoring. -Video CD's can be played in most @acronym{DVD} standalone player, -dedicated VCD players and finally, modern Personal Computers with +Video CD's can be played in most @acronym{DVD} standalone players, +dedicated VCD players, and finally, modern Personal Computers with multimedia support. A Video CD is made up of @acronym{CD-ROM XA} sectors, @@ -533,13 +533,13 @@ configurations.} The ASPI interface specification was developed by Adaptec for sending commands to a SCSI host adapter (such as those controlling CD -and DVD drives) and used on Window 9x/NT and later. Emulation for -ATAPI drives was added so that the same sets of commands worked those +and DVD drives) and used on Windows 9x/NT and later. Emulation for +ATAPI drives was added so that the same sets of commands worked in those even though the drives might not be SCSI nor might there even be a SCSI controller attached. -However in Windows NT/2K/XP, Microsoft provides their Win32 ioctl -interface, and has take steps to make using ASPI more inaccessible +However, in Windows NT/2K/XP, Microsoft provides their Win32 ioctl +interface, and has taken steps to make using ASPI more inaccessible (e.g. requiring administrative access to use ASPI). See also @pxref{MMC,,@acronym{MMC}}. |