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Hi Glenn, I'm not aware of a document that defines CGI better than the RFC and I don't know it enough to disgress from the published standard (even if it is not what isdone today as I don't know the current practices enough).
Here is the variables defined by nginx 1.10.3 on Debian:
 fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
 fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
 fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
 fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;
 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
 fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri;
 fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri;
 fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root;
 fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;
 fastcgi_param REQUEST_SCHEME $scheme;
 fastcgi_param HTTPS $https if_not_empty;
 fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
 fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx/$nginx_version;
 fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
 fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
 fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
 fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
 fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;
 # PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
 fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS 200;
Someone that knows CGI better than me may know the way forward