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Attached datetime_check_args.patch fixes the issue: move argument checks into time(), date() and datetime() constructors of the _datetime module.
The patch requires the fix of the issue #29140 (time_hash bug), otherwise unit tests fail.
This issue is a regression introduced the implementation of the PEP 495. In Python 3.5, datetime_from_timet_and_us() calls datetime constructor which checks argument. In Python 3.6, datetime_from_timet_and_us() calls directly new_datetime_ex2() which doesn't check arguments anymore.
datetime_check_args.patch makes the _datetime module generally safer, not only for the report bug, because new_datetime_ex2() can be called by different ways, for example from the C API: "PyDateTime_CAPI".
The bug always shows a major lack of unit test in datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp() on dates out of the 0001年01月01日 .. 9999年12月31日 range. In Python 3.6, datetime.fromtimestamp() can create invalid datetime object greater than datetime.max!
$ python3.6 -c 'import datetime; print(datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(2**38))'
10680-07-14 08:09:04
TODO: add unit tests.