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It doesn't solve the case when an identifier or number is used as a function:
 >>> import os
 >>> gettext.c2py("n()")(lambda: os.system("sh"))
 $ 
 0
 >>> gettext.c2py("1()")(0)
 Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 File "<string>", line 1, in <lambda>
 TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
This is more of an unintended behavior than a security issue.
Xiang Zhang: I've created a patch based on yours which handles the above case. I've also added a corresponding test case.
Imo it would be even better if we could avoid eval. One possible (and safe) way would be to construct a safe subset of Python using the ast module. This would however still require that the C-style syntax is translated to Python. As you mention, there are issues parsing and translating nested ternary operators, and I doubt it will be possible to cover all cases with the regex replace utilized today.