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I reconsidered this in the light of #21559. getargs_b requires an integer of type int in range(256). A non-int properly raises TypeError.
>>> from _testcapi import getargs_b as gb
>>> gb(1.0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#7>", line 1, in <module>
 gb(1.0)
TypeError: integer argument expected, got float
>>> import fractions
>>> gb(fractions.Fraction(1, 1))
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#12>", line 1, in <module>
 gb(fractions.Fraction(1, 1))
TypeError: an integer is required (got type Fraction)
An out-of-range int should, it seems to me, just raise ValueError("int %d not in range(256)" % n). Verification of the range:
>>> gb(255)
255
>>> gb(256)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
 gb(256)
OverflowError: unsigned byte integer is greater than maximum
>>> gb(0)
0
>>> gb(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#6>", line 1, in <module>
 gb(-1)
OverflowError: unsigned byte integer is less than minimum
The last message is wrong or contradictory. An unsigned (non-negative) int cannot be less than 0.