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The hash randomization change conflates 'pydebug' builds (which define the 'Py_DEBUG' preprocessor symbol) and asserts (which use 'NDEBUG' instead.) While Py_DEBUG automatically unsets NDEBUG, the inverse is not true (and should not be true.)
In random.c (and Include/object.h), _Py_HashSecret_Initialized is defined as static or global depending on the value of Py_DEBUG. But in (at least) Objects/stringobject.c and Objects/unicodeobject.c, unguarded asserts are used that check the value of _Py_HashSecret_Initialized. This causes builds that define neither NDEBUG nor Py_DEBUG to fail. Either the guard used around the declaration and definition should be '#ifndef NDEBUG' instead of '#ifdef Py_DEBUG', or there should be a Py_DEBUG guard around the two assert statements.
(I would submit a patch but my development environment died during a nasty power outage yesterday.)