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> Is it always correct to decode a filename with the locale encoding
> on Unix?
Do you know something better than the locale encoding? I don't.
> Can’t each filesystem have its own encoding?
Yes, but how do you get the encoding of each filesystem? I think that few or no application support such case without mojibake. Backup programs can use the "raw" (bytes) API of Python 3 to avoid all encoding issues.
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As wrote R. David Murray, read issue #9992 if you would like to know more about this problem and the different proposed solutions. I voted for removal of PYTHONFSENCODING which fix most issues.