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Many C functions have bytes argument (char* type) but the encoding is not documented. If would not be a problem if the encoding was always the same, but it is not. Examples:
 - format of PyUnicode_FromFormat() should be encoded as ISO-8859-1
 - filename of PyParser_ASTFromString() should be encoded as utf-8
 - filename of PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename() should be encoded to the filesystem encoding (with strict error handler, and not surrogateescape)
 - 's' argument of PyParser_ASTFromString() should be encoded as utf-8 if PyPARSE_IGNORE_COOKIE flag is set, otherwise the parser checks for #coding:xxx cookie (if there is no cookie, utf-8 is used)
Attached patch is a try to document most low level functions. I choosed to add the name of function arguments in the headers because I consider that a header can be used as a quick documentation. I only touched .c files to change argument names.
It is hard to get the right encoding, so I cannot ensure that my patch is correct. My patch is just a draft.
I don't know if "encoded to utf-8" is the right expression. Or should it be "decoded as utf-8"?