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zlibmodule.c doesn't define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN, and uses lots of "int" variables for length values internally.
Besides, the zlib itself uses "uInt" and "uLong" variables in its z_stream structure (rather than something guaranteed to be at least the width of a pointer).
On large input data, this will conspire to produce bogus results or crashes. For example:
>>> s = 'x' * (4 * 1024**3 + 100)
>>> t = zlib.compress(s, 1)
>>> len(t)
12
>>> len(zlib.decompress(t))
100