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This bug is probably related to issue 24560.
This:
>>> import subprocess, fcntl, os
>>>> p = subprocess.Popen(["python", "-c", 'import time; time.sleep(5)'], stdin = subprocess.PIPE, stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines= True)
>>> fcntl.fcntl(p.stderr.fileno(), fcntl.F_SETFL, os.O_NONBLOCK | fcntl.fcntl(p.stderr.fileno(), fcntl.F_GETFL))
>>> p.stderr.read()
causes this:
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/codecs.py", line 321, in decode
 data = self.buffer + input
TypeError: can't concat NoneType to bytes
I'm assuming the problem is that the underlying unbuffered stream returns None and the incremental byte decoder that's induced by universal_newlines = True isn't expecting it.

Yes, universal newlines mode uses the TextIOWrapper class to read the pipe, which isn’t really designed for non-blocking mode. This is the same problem described by Izbyshev at <https://bugs.python.org/issue13322#msg307763>.
Raising TypeError isn’t ideal. IMO it would be better to raise BlockingIOError, which is what basic calls like "os.read" would do, and what "BufferedReader.read" is supposed to do according to the documentation. (However the documentation and implementation don’t match; that is what Issue 13322 is about.)

I close this issue as a duplicate of bpo-13322 which is older and has a longer history.