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Downloaded Python 3.6.1 source code onto CentOS 7.3 (64 bit), Fedora 25 (64 bit), Ubuntu 16.10 (64 bit) and Raspberry Pi 8.0 (32 bit).
Configured with
./configure --enable-shared --enable-optimizations --enable-loadable-sqlite-extensions --disable-ipv6 --with-system-expat --with-system-ffi --with-threads
On every platform, when running the profile generation code, test_asyncio fails with this error message:
0:06:45 [ 25/405] test_asyncio
Executing <Task finished coro=<CoroutineTests.test_async_def_wrapped.<locals>.start() done, defined at /home/pi/Source/Python-3.6.1/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_pep492.py:150> result=None created at /home/pi/Source/Python-3.6.1/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py:446> took 2.106 seconds
0:13:11 [ 26/405] test_asyncore -- test_asyncio failed in 6 min 27 sec

There have been other reports (e.g. Issue29712) of failures when using --enable-optimizations with --enable-shared. Can you see if removing --enable-shared makes a difference for your configurations?

I changed the configuration flags to be:
pi@pi3:~/Source/Python-3.6.1 $ ./configure --enable-optimizations --enable-loadable-sqlite-extensions --disable-ipv6 --with-system-expat --with-system-ffi --with-threads
The profiling filed again with:
0:04:47 [ 25/405] test_asyncio
Executing <Task finished coro=<CoroutineTests.test_async_def_wrapped.<locals>.start() done, defined at /home/pi/Source/Python-3.6.1/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_pep492.py:150> result=None created at /home/pi/Source/Python-3.6.1/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py:446> took 1.187 seconds
0:08:45 [ 26/405] test_asyncore -- test_asyncio failed in 3 min 59 sec
But at least it failed 2.5 minutes faster. :)

Does the build fail, or just the test in the profile generation?

The build succeeds, but the profile generation fails (only the test_asyncio portion fails), then does a new profiled build after the profiling run completes which succeeds.
Then, when doing a 'make install', it builds the entire thing again and runs another profile generation run which also fails, then a new profiled build. Possibly because the first profile run failed?
On an RPi, this is exceedingly painful as a build/profile/build cycle takes about 10 hours. So doing it twice is double-unfun.

> Then, when doing a 'make install', it builds the entire thing again and runs another profile generation run which also fails, then a new profiled build. Possibly because the first profile run failed?
This is a known issue. Some build commands always clear the environment and rebuild. See #29243.

Can someone test again with a development branch? The bpo-29243 has been fixed in 2.7, 3.5, 3.6 and master (3.7) branches thanks to Tomas Orsava!

Confirm: no problems on master (Ubuntu 17.10).
Closing the issue.