Berean Study Bible

What then shall we say
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question, a common technique used by Paul to engage his audience and provoke thought. It suggests a continuation of a previous argument, inviting readers to consider the implications of what has been discussed. In the context of Romans, Paul is addressing the relationship between faith and works, particularly in the context of justification.

that Abraham, our forefather according to the flesh,
Abraham is a central figure in Jewish history, regarded as the patriarch of the Israelites. By referring to him as "our forefather according to the flesh," Paul acknowledges the physical lineage and heritage of the Jewish people. Abraham's significance is not only genealogical but also theological, as he is a model of faith. In Genesis 12-25, Abraham's life and covenant with God are detailed, establishing him as a foundational figure in the narrative of God's people. His faith and obedience are pivotal in understanding the concept of righteousness apart from the Law.

has discovered?
This phrase suggests an inquiry into what Abraham learned or experienced regarding faith and righteousness. The discovery here is not merely intellectual but experiential, as Abraham's life exemplifies the principle of being justified by faith. Genesis 15:6 states, "Abram believed the LORD, and He credited it to him as righteousness." This discovery is crucial for Paul's argument that righteousness comes through faith, not works, and it prefigures the New Testament revelation of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ. Abraham's experience serves as a type of the believer's journey, highlighting the continuity of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

If Abraham was indeed justified by works,
The concept of justification by works refers to the idea that a person can be declared righteous based on their actions or adherence to the law. In the Jewish tradition, Abraham is often seen as a model of faith and obedience. Genesis 15:6 states, "Abram believed the LORD, and He credited it to him as righteousness." This verse is foundational in understanding that Abraham's righteousness was based on faith, not works. The Apostle Paul uses Abraham as an example to argue against the notion that human efforts can achieve justification. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes faith over works, as seen in Ephesians 2:8-9.

he had something to boast about,
Boasting in the biblical context often refers to taking pride in one's own achievements or status. In the Greco-Roman world, boasting was a common practice, especially among those who achieved honor or status through their deeds. However, the biblical narrative consistently points out that true righteousness and justification come from God, not human effort. Jeremiah 9:23-24 warns against boasting in wisdom, might, or riches, but rather in understanding and knowing God. Paul emphasizes that if justification were by works, it would allow for human boasting, which contradicts the humility required before God.

but not before God.
This phrase underscores the idea that human standards of righteousness and boasting do not apply in the divine realm. God's standards are perfect and holy, and human efforts fall short of His glory, as stated in Romans 3:23. The cultural context of the time placed significant emphasis on honor and status, but Paul redirects the focus to God's perspective, where human boasting is irrelevant. This aligns with the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized humility and reliance on God's grace, as seen in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12). The ultimate example of this is Jesus Christ, who, though He had every reason to boast, humbled Himself and became obedient to death on a cross (Philippians 2:5-8).

For what does the Scripture say?
This phrase emphasizes the authority of Scripture as the ultimate source of truth. In the context of Romans, Paul is addressing Jewish and Gentile believers in Rome, highlighting the importance of returning to the Scriptures for understanding God's plan. The rhetorical question invites readers to consider the biblical foundation of faith and righteousness. This approach aligns with Jewish traditions of interpreting the Torah and underscores the continuity of God's revelation from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

“Abraham believed God,
Abraham is a central figure in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions, often referred to as the father of faith. His belief in God is foundational for understanding the concept of faith in the Bible. In Genesis 15:6, Abraham's faith is demonstrated when he trusts God's promise of numerous descendants despite his old age and Sarah's barrenness. This act of belief is not merely intellectual assent but a deep trust in God's character and promises. Abraham's faith is a prototype of the faith required for salvation, illustrating that righteousness comes through faith, not works.

and it was credited to him as righteousness.”
The concept of crediting or imputing righteousness is central to Paul's argument about justification by faith. In the cultural and historical context, this term is akin to accounting language, where something is reckoned or counted towards someone's account. Abraham's faith was counted as righteousness, meaning he was declared righteous before God not because of his actions but because of his faith. This principle is echoed in other New Testament passages, such as Galatians 3:6-9 and James 2:23, reinforcing the idea that righteousness is a gift from God, received through faith. This imputation of righteousness is a type of the righteousness believers receive through faith in Jesus Christ, who fulfills the promises made to Abraham.

Now the wages of the worker
In the context of the Roman Empire, workers were typically paid for their labor, and this payment was considered their due. The concept of wages is used here to illustrate a principle of justice and fairness. Biblically, this idea is echoed in Leviticus 19:13, which emphasizes the importance of paying workers their due wages. Theologically, this sets up a contrast between human effort and divine grace.

are not credited as a gift
The term "credited" is an accounting term, suggesting a transaction or reckoning. In the cultural context of Paul's time, a gift (Greek: "charis") was something given freely, without expectation of repayment. This phrase highlights the distinction between earning something through work and receiving something freely. This is a key theme in Paul's letters, particularly in Ephesians 2:8-9, where salvation is described as a gift from God, not a result of works.

but as an obligation
The word "obligation" implies a debt or duty that must be fulfilled. In the Roman legal system, obligations were binding and enforceable. This phrase underscores the idea that if salvation were based on works, it would be something owed, not freely given. This contrasts with the biblical teaching of grace, where God’s favor is unmerited. Theologically, this points to the futility of trying to earn God's favor through human effort, as seen in Galatians 2:16, which states that a person is not justified by works of the law but through faith in Jesus Christ.

However, to the one who does not work
This phrase emphasizes the concept of grace over works. In the context of Paul's letter to the Romans, he is addressing the Jewish understanding of the law and works as a means to righteousness. The idea that righteousness can be obtained without works was revolutionary, challenging the prevailing Jewish belief that adherence to the law was necessary for justification. This aligns with Ephesians 2:8-9, which states that salvation is by grace through faith, not by works.

but believes in Him who justifies the ungodly
The focus here is on faith in God, who justifies the ungodly. This is a radical statement, as it suggests that God declares the unrighteous as righteous through faith. This concept is rooted in the Old Testament, where Abraham's faith was credited to him as righteousness (Genesis 15:6). The term "ungodly" underscores the idea that God's grace is extended to those who are not inherently righteous, highlighting the transformative power of faith in Christ.

his faith is credited as righteousness
This phrase encapsulates the doctrine of imputed righteousness, where faith is counted as righteousness. This is a key tenet of Christian theology, emphasizing that righteousness is not earned but granted by God through faith. This concept is further supported by 2 Corinthians 5:21, which speaks of Christ becoming sin for us so that we might become the righteousness of God. The use of the term "credited" suggests a legal or accounting metaphor, indicating that righteousness is accounted to the believer's "ledger" through faith, not through personal merit.

And David speaks likewise
This phrase refers to King David, a central figure in the Old Testament, known for his deep relationship with God and his role as a prophet. David's writings, particularly in the Psalms, often reflect profound theological insights. Here, Paul is drawing a parallel between David's understanding of righteousness and the teaching of justification by faith. David's life, marked by both great faith and significant moral failures, exemplifies the need for divine grace and forgiveness.

of the blessedness of the man
The term "blessedness" indicates a state of spiritual well-being and favor with God. In the Hebrew context, being "blessed" often implies a deep sense of joy and peace that comes from a right relationship with God. This concept is echoed in the Beatitudes of Jesus (Matthew 5:3-12), where true happiness is linked to spiritual virtues rather than material wealth or human achievement.

to whom God credits righteousness
This phrase highlights the doctrine of imputed righteousness, where God accounts or reckons righteousness to a person. This is a key tenet of Christian theology, emphasizing that righteousness is not earned but granted by God. The idea of crediting righteousness is rooted in the covenantal promises made to Abraham (Genesis 15:6), where faith is counted as righteousness. This concept is foundational to understanding salvation in the New Testament.

apart from works
This phrase underscores the principle that righteousness is granted independently of human effort or adherence to the Law. It aligns with the broader Pauline teaching that salvation is by grace through faith, not by works (Ephesians 2:8-9). This was a radical departure from the prevailing Jewish belief that righteousness was achieved through strict observance of the Law. The emphasis on faith apart from works is also seen in the contrast between the Old Covenant, based on the Law, and the New Covenant, based on grace through faith in Christ.

Blessed are they
The term "blessed" in biblical context often refers to a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity. It implies a deep-seated joy and contentment that comes from being in right relationship with God. This echoes the Beatitudes in Matthew 5, where Jesus describes the blessedness of those who live according to God's will. The use of "blessed" here indicates a divine favor and approval, suggesting that those who experience forgiveness are in a privileged position before God.

whose lawless acts are forgiven
"Lawless acts" refers to transgressions against God's law, highlighting the inherent sinfulness of humanity. Forgiveness of these acts is central to the Christian message of salvation. In the Old Testament, the sacrificial system provided a temporary covering for sins, but in the New Testament, Jesus' sacrifice on the cross offers complete and permanent forgiveness. This phrase underscores the grace of God, who chooses to forgive rather than punish, aligning with passages like Ephesians 1:7, which speaks of redemption through Christ's blood.

whose sins are covered
The concept of sins being "covered" is rooted in the Old Testament sacrificial system, where the blood of animals was used to cover the sins of the people, as seen in Leviticus 16:30. This covering was a foreshadowing of Christ's ultimate sacrifice, which not only covers but removes sin entirely. The imagery of covering suggests protection and concealment from God's righteous judgment. This phrase also connects to Psalm 32:1, which speaks of the blessedness of those whose transgressions are forgiven and sins covered, emphasizing the continuity of God's plan for redemption throughout scripture.

Blessed is the man
The term "blessed" in biblical context often refers to a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity, not necessarily material wealth. It echoes the Beatitudes in Matthew 5, where Jesus describes the blessedness of those who are poor in spirit, mourn, and are meek. This blessing is a divine favor that transcends earthly circumstances, indicating a deep, abiding joy and peace that comes from a right relationship with God.

whose sin
Sin, in the biblical sense, is any action, thought, or attitude that falls short of God's perfect standard. Romans 3:23 states that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, highlighting the universal nature of sin. The concept of sin is rooted in the Old Testament, where it is often associated with missing the mark or rebellion against God's law. Understanding sin is crucial to grasping the need for redemption and the significance of Christ's atoning work.

the Lord
The Lord here refers to Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God of Israel, who is both just and merciful. In the New Testament, the Lord is also a title for Jesus Christ, emphasizing His divine authority and role in salvation. The use of "the Lord" underscores the divine initiative in forgiveness and the sovereignty of God in the process of justification.

will never count
The phrase "will never count" is a legal term, often translated as "impute" or "reckon." It signifies the act of not attributing sin to someone's account. This concept is central to the doctrine of justification by faith, where believers are declared righteous before God not because of their own works, but because of their faith in Jesus Christ. This is a key theme in Paul's letters, particularly in Romans and Galatians.

against him.”
The assurance that sin will not be counted against the believer is a profound statement of God's grace and forgiveness. It reflects the new covenant promise found in Jeremiah 31:34, where God declares that He will forgive iniquity and remember sin no more. This assurance is made possible through the sacrificial death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, who bore the penalty for sin on behalf of humanity. It provides believers with confidence and peace, knowing that their standing before God is secure.

Is this blessing only on the circumcised, or also on the uncircumcised?
This question addresses the universality of God's promise and blessing. In the Jewish context, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants (Genesis 17:10-14). It symbolized belonging to God's chosen people. However, Paul challenges the notion that this blessing is exclusive to the Jews. By questioning whether the blessing is only for the circumcised, Paul emphasizes that righteousness through faith is available to all, Jew and Gentile alike. This reflects the inclusive nature of the gospel, as seen in Galatians 3:28, where Paul states that there is neither Jew nor Greek in Christ. The early church grappled with this issue, as seen in Acts 15, where the Jerusalem Council debated the necessity of circumcision for Gentile believers.

We have been saying that Abraham’s faith was credited to him as righteousness.
This phrase refers to the foundational principle of justification by faith, which Paul elaborates on in Romans 4:3, quoting Genesis 15:6. Abraham's faith, not his works or adherence to the law, was the basis for his righteousness. This predates the law given to Moses and the institution of circumcision, underscoring that righteousness is a matter of faith, not legalistic observance. This concept is central to Paul's argument in Romans and Galatians, where he contrasts faith and works. It also connects to the broader biblical narrative of salvation by faith, as seen in Hebrews 11, which highlights the faith of Old Testament figures. Abraham is a type of Christ in that he is the father of many nations, and through his seed, all nations are blessed (Genesis 22:18), pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ.

In what context was it credited?
This phrase refers to the righteousness credited to Abraham by faith. The context is crucial because it highlights the principle that righteousness comes through faith, not works or adherence to the law. This is a foundational concept in Paul's argument that salvation is available to all, Jew and Gentile alike, through faith in Jesus Christ. The crediting of righteousness to Abraham is first mentioned in Genesis 15:6, where Abraham believed God's promise, and it was counted to him as righteousness. This sets a precedent for understanding faith as the means of being justified before God.

Was it after his circumcision, or before?
This question addresses the timing of when Abraham was declared righteous. Circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham, introduced in Genesis 17. However, Abraham was declared righteous in Genesis 15, before the covenant of circumcision was established. This distinction is significant because it underscores that righteousness by faith precedes and is independent of the law or any physical sign. It emphasizes that the promise of righteousness through faith is not limited to those who are circumcised, but is available to all who believe.

It was not after, but before.
This statement confirms that Abraham's righteousness was credited before he was circumcised. This order of events is crucial in Paul's argument to the Roman church, as it demonstrates that the Gentiles, who are not circumcised, can also be justified by faith. It reinforces the idea that faith, not adherence to the law or physical rituals, is the basis for righteousness. This principle is echoed in Galatians 3:7-9, where Paul explains that those who have faith are children of Abraham and are blessed along with him. This teaching aligns with the broader biblical narrative that God's plan of salvation through faith was always intended for all nations, fulfilling the promise that all peoples on earth will be blessed through Abraham.

And he received the sign of circumcision
Circumcision was a physical sign given to Abraham as part of the covenant between God and his descendants (Genesis 17:10-11). It was a mark of identity and separation for the Jewish people, signifying their unique relationship with God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, covenants often included physical signs or rituals to confirm the agreement. This practice was not unique to Israel but was given a distinct theological significance in the biblical narrative.

as a seal of the righteousness
A seal in ancient times was used to authenticate documents or agreements, much like a signature today. Here, circumcision is described as a seal, indicating that it confirmed or authenticated the righteousness that Abraham already possessed. This righteousness was not based on works or adherence to the law, but on faith. The concept of a seal also points to the permanence and assurance of God's promises.

that he had by faith
Abraham's righteousness was credited to him because of his faith, as stated earlier in Romans 4:3, referencing Genesis 15:6. This emphasizes the principle that righteousness before God is based on faith, not on works or physical signs. This foundational truth is central to Paul's argument in Romans, highlighting the continuity of God's plan of salvation from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

while he was still uncircumcised
Abraham was declared righteous before he was circumcised, which is crucial to Paul's argument that righteousness is apart from the law. This historical fact underscores that the covenantal relationship with God is based on faith, not on ethnic or ritualistic identity. It also prefigures the inclusion of Gentiles into the people of God, as they too can be justified by faith without adhering to Jewish ceremonial laws.

So then, he is the father of all who believe but are not circumcised
Abraham is presented as the spiritual father of all believers, not just those who are physically descended from him or who follow Jewish customs. This expands the scope of God's promise to include Gentiles, fulfilling the promise that all nations would be blessed through Abraham (Genesis 12:3). This spiritual fatherhood is based on shared faith, not on physical lineage or ritual observance.

in order that righteousness might be credited to them
The purpose of Abraham's example is to show that righteousness is credited to all who have faith, regardless of their cultural or religious background. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative of salvation by grace through faith, as seen in Ephesians 2:8-9. It also reflects the prophetic vision of a diverse people of God, united not by law but by faith in Christ, who is the ultimate fulfillment of the promises made to Abraham.

And he is also the father of the circumcised
This phrase refers to Abraham as the patriarch of the Jewish people, who were given the covenant of circumcision as a sign of their unique relationship with God (Genesis 17:10-14). Circumcision was a physical mark of the covenant, distinguishing the Israelites from other nations. Abraham's role as "father" emphasizes his foundational position in the faith and covenantal history of Israel.

who not only are circumcised
This highlights that mere physical circumcision is not sufficient for righteousness. The Jewish people, while marked by this sign, are called to a deeper spiritual reality. The Apostle Paul often argues that true righteousness comes from faith, not just adherence to the law or physical signs (Romans 2:28-29).

but who also walk in the footsteps of the faith
This phrase underscores the importance of living a life of faith, following Abraham's example. Abraham's faith was demonstrated by his actions, such as leaving his homeland and trusting God's promises (Hebrews 11:8-10). Walking in faith implies an active, ongoing trust in God, beyond mere ritual observance.

that our father Abraham had before he was circumcised
Abraham's faith was credited to him as righteousness before he received the sign of circumcision (Genesis 15:6). This order is significant because it shows that faith, not circumcision, is the basis of righteousness. It establishes Abraham as the spiritual father of all who believe, both Jew and Gentile, emphasizing the universality of the gospel message (Galatians 3:7-9).

For the promise to Abraham and his offspring
The promise to Abraham is foundational in biblical theology, first articulated in Genesis 12:1-3, where God promises to make Abraham a great nation and bless all the families of the earth through him. This promise is reiterated in Genesis 15 and 17, emphasizing the covenantal relationship between God and Abraham. The term "offspring" refers not only to Isaac and the physical descendants of Abraham but also to a spiritual lineage, as seen in Galatians 3:29, where believers in Christ are considered Abraham's seed.

that he would be heir of the world
This phrase expands the scope of the promise beyond the land of Canaan to a more universal inheritance. The concept of being "heir of the world" suggests a future fulfillment in the messianic kingdom, where Christ, as the ultimate descendant of Abraham, reigns over all. This is echoed in Psalm 2:8, where God promises the nations as an inheritance to His Anointed One. The idea of inheritance is central to the New Testament, where believers are co-heirs with Christ (Romans 8:17).

was not given through the law
The law, given to Moses at Sinai, came 430 years after the promise to Abraham (Galatians 3:17). This distinction underscores that the promise was based on God's grace and not on human effort or adherence to the law. The law served a different purpose, acting as a tutor to lead people to Christ (Galatians 3:24), but it was never the means by which the promise was fulfilled.

but through the righteousness that comes by faith
This phrase highlights the principle of justification by faith, a central theme in Paul's writings. Abraham's faith was credited to him as righteousness (Genesis 15:6), setting a precedent for how individuals are made right with God. This righteousness is not based on works but on faith in God's promises, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ. Romans 3:22 and Philippians 3:9 further elaborate on this righteousness that comes through faith in Christ, apart from the law.

For if those who live by the law are heirs
This phrase addresses the Jewish understanding of the law as the means to righteousness and inheritance of God's promises. In the context of Romans, Paul is challenging the belief that adherence to the Mosaic Law is the path to becoming heirs of God's promises. Historically, the Jewish people were given the law at Mount Sinai, which became central to their identity and relationship with God. However, Paul argues that if inheritance were based solely on the law, it would exclude the necessity of faith. This connects to Galatians 3:18, where Paul states that the inheritance comes by promise, not by law.

faith is useless
Here, Paul emphasizes the futility of faith if the law is the means to inheritance. Faith, in the biblical sense, is trust and reliance on God and His promises. If the law could secure the promises, then faith would have no role or purpose. This reflects the broader biblical narrative that faith has always been the means by which people are justified before God, as seen in the example of Abraham in Genesis 15:6, where he believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.

and the promise is worthless
The promise refers to God's covenantal promises, particularly those made to Abraham regarding his descendants and the blessing to all nations. If the law were the means to obtain these promises, then the promise itself would be nullified, as it would depend on human effort rather than God's grace. This ties into the theme of grace versus works, a central tenet in Paul's letters, and is echoed in Ephesians 2:8-9, which states that salvation is by grace through faith, not by works. The promise being worthless would contradict the nature of God's unchanging and faithful character, as seen throughout Scripture.

because the law brings wrath.
The phrase "because the law brings wrath" highlights the purpose and effect of the Mosaic Law. In the biblical context, the law was given to the Israelites as a covenant through Moses at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19-20). It served as a guide for righteous living and a means to reveal God's holiness. However, the law also exposed human sinfulness, as it set a standard that no one could fully meet (Romans 3:20). The "wrath" mentioned here refers to God's righteous judgment against sin, which the law reveals and condemns. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes the need for a savior, as the law alone cannot bring salvation but rather highlights humanity's need for grace through faith (Galatians 3:24).

And where there is no law, there is no transgression.
This phrase underscores the relationship between law and sin. In the absence of law, there is no transgression, meaning that sin is not accounted as a legal violation without a defined law. This does not imply that sin does not exist without the law, but rather that it is not imputed in the same way (Romans 5:13). Historically, before the law was given, sin was still present in the world, as seen in the narrative of Adam and Eve (Genesis 3) and the subsequent generations. However, the law made sin explicit and accountable. This concept is crucial in understanding the role of the law in God's redemptive plan, as it points to the necessity of faith in Jesus Christ, who fulfills the law and offers righteousness apart from it (Romans 3:21-22).

Therefore, the promise comes by faith
The promise refers to God's covenant with Abraham, which is foundational in understanding the relationship between God and His people. Faith, rather than works or adherence to the law, is emphasized as the means by which this promise is received. This aligns with Genesis 15:6, where Abraham's belief in God is credited to him as righteousness. The concept of faith as the vehicle for receiving God's promises is central to Paul's argument in Romans, contrasting with the Jewish emphasis on the law.

so that it may rest on grace
Grace is unmerited favor from God, highlighting that the promise is a gift rather than something earned. This underscores the New Testament teaching that salvation is by grace through faith (Ephesians 2:8-9). The idea of grace ensures that the promise is accessible to all, not limited by human effort or status.

and may be guaranteed to all Abraham’s offspring
The guarantee of the promise extends beyond ethnic Israel to include all who share the faith of Abraham. This broadens the scope of God's covenant, fulfilling the prophecy that Abraham would be the father of many nations (Genesis 17:4-5). It reflects the inclusivity of the gospel message, which breaks down barriers between Jew and Gentile.

not only to those who are of the law
This phrase refers to the Jewish people who received the law through Moses. While the law was given to guide and set apart Israel, Paul argues that it is not the means by which the promise is secured. This challenges the prevailing Jewish thought of the time, which held the law as central to righteousness and covenantal relationship with God.

but also to those who are of the faith of Abraham
Here, Paul includes Gentiles who, like Abraham, believe in God and His promises. This faith-based inclusion fulfills the promise that all nations would be blessed through Abraham (Genesis 12:3). It emphasizes the universality of the gospel and the breaking down of ethnic and religious barriers.

He is the father of us all
Abraham is presented as the spiritual father of all believers, both Jew and Gentile. This spiritual lineage is based on faith, not ethnicity or adherence to the law. It reflects the unity of believers in Christ, as seen in Galatians 3:28-29, where Paul states that all are one in Christ Jesus and heirs according to the promise. This concept of spiritual fatherhood underscores the continuity of God's redemptive plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

As it is written:
This phrase indicates a reference to the Old Testament, underscoring the continuity and fulfillment of God's promises. It emphasizes the authority of Scripture as the foundation for the argument being made. The phrase often introduces a direct quotation from the Hebrew Scriptures, highlighting the importance of the written word in Jewish and early Christian tradition.

“I have made you a father of many nations.”
This is a direct quote from Genesis 17:5, where God changes Abram's name to Abraham, signifying his role as the progenitor of many nations. This promise is foundational to the Abrahamic covenant, which is central to Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions. It underscores the idea that God's promises transcend ethnic and national boundaries, pointing to a spiritual lineage that includes all who share Abraham's faith.

He is our father in the presence of God,
Abraham is considered the spiritual father of all believers, not just the biological ancestor of the Jewish people. This phrase highlights the intimate relationship between Abraham and God, suggesting that his faith was recognized and affirmed in God's presence. It also implies that true kinship is based on faith rather than mere ancestry, aligning with the New Testament theme of spiritual adoption.

in whom he believed,
Abraham's faith is central to his righteousness and his role as the father of many nations. His belief in God is portrayed as unwavering and is the basis for his justification. This sets a precedent for the New Testament teaching that righteousness comes through faith, not works, as seen in Romans 4:3 and Galatians 3:6-9.

the God who gives life to the dead
This phrase reflects the power of God to bring life from death, a theme that resonates with the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It also alludes to the miraculous birth of Isaac, born to Abraham and Sarah when they were beyond childbearing years, symbolizing God's ability to fulfill His promises against all odds. This concept is foundational to Christian hope in the resurrection and eternal life.

and calls into being what does not yet exist.
This highlights God's creative power, reminiscent of the creation account in Genesis, where God speaks the universe into existence. It underscores the idea that God's word is powerful and effective, capable of bringing about His purposes. This creative authority is also seen in the prophetic declarations throughout Scripture, where God announces future events as though they are already accomplished, affirming His sovereignty and faithfulness.

Against all hope
This phrase highlights the seemingly impossible situation Abraham faced. Despite his old age and Sarah's barrenness, Abraham's faith transcended human logic. This reflects the biblical theme of God working beyond human limitations, as seen in other instances like the parting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14) and the virgin birth of Jesus (Matthew 1:18-25).

Abraham in hope believed
Abraham's faith is a central theme in the Bible, often cited as a model for believers. His belief was not based on visible evidence but on trust in God's promise. This mirrors Hebrews 11:1, which defines faith as confidence in what we hope for and assurance about what we do not see. Abraham's faith is also a precursor to the New Testament teaching of justification by faith (Romans 4:3).

and so became the father of many nations
This phrase fulfills God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 17:4-5, where God declares that Abraham will be the father of many nations. This promise is not only biological, through Isaac and Ishmael, but also spiritual, as believers in Christ are considered Abraham's descendants (Galatians 3:29). The phrase underscores the global scope of God's covenant with Abraham.

just as he had been told
This refers to God's specific promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:5, where God tells him to look at the stars and promises that his offspring will be as numerous. This assurance from God is a testament to His faithfulness and the reliability of His word, a theme echoed throughout Scripture (Isaiah 55:11).

“So shall your offspring be.”
This quote from Genesis 15:5 emphasizes the certainty of God's promise. It also points to the future fulfillment in Christ, through whom all nations are blessed (Galatians 3:8). The phrase serves as a reminder of the continuity of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament, culminating in the salvation offered through Jesus Christ.

Without weakening in his faith
Abraham's faith is a central theme in this passage, highlighting his unwavering trust in God's promises despite seemingly impossible circumstances. This faith is a model for believers, as seen in Hebrews 11:8-12, where Abraham's faith is commended. His faith did not falter even when faced with humanly insurmountable obstacles, reflecting the essence of true faith as described in Hebrews 11:1, which is the assurance of things hoped for and the conviction of things not seen.

He acknowledged the decrepitness of his body
Abraham's recognition of his own physical limitations underscores the miraculous nature of God's promise. At nearly a hundred years old, his body was naturally beyond the age of fathering children. This acknowledgment is not a sign of doubt but rather an honest assessment of his situation, which makes his faith even more remarkable. It parallels the human condition of recognizing our limitations and relying on divine intervention, as seen in 2 Corinthians 12:9, where God's power is made perfect in weakness.

(since he was about a hundred years old)
This detail emphasizes the improbability of Abraham fathering a child at such an advanced age, reinforcing the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. Genesis 17:17 records Abraham's initial reaction to God's promise, where he laughs at the idea of having a child at such an age. This historical context highlights the cultural understanding of old age and childbearing, making the fulfillment of God's promise even more significant.

And the lifelessness of Sarah’s womb
Sarah's barrenness is a recurring theme in the narrative of Abraham's life, first mentioned in Genesis 11:30. Her inability to conceive is a significant obstacle to the fulfillment of God's promise to make Abraham a great nation. This situation sets the stage for God's intervention, demonstrating His power to bring life where there is none. It also serves as a type of the virgin birth of Jesus Christ, where God brings about life in a miraculous way, as seen in Luke 1:34-35.

Yet he did not waver through disbelief in the promise of God
This phrase highlights Abraham's unwavering faith. In the context of Genesis 15:6, Abraham believed God's promise of numerous descendants despite his and Sarah's old age. This steadfastness is a model of faith, contrasting with the Israelites' frequent disbelief during their wilderness journey (Numbers 14:11). Abraham's faith is also a precursor to the New Testament call to live by faith, as seen in Hebrews 11:1, which defines faith as confidence in what we hope for and assurance about what we do not see.

but was strengthened in his faith
Abraham's faith grew stronger over time, even as the fulfillment of God's promise seemed impossible. This strengthening is akin to the process described in James 1:2-4, where trials test and develop perseverance, leading to maturity. The Greek term used here implies an active empowerment, suggesting that faith is not static but dynamic, growing through reliance on God. This concept is echoed in Philippians 4:13, where Paul speaks of being able to do all things through Christ who strengthens him.

and gave glory to God
Abraham's response to God's promise was to glorify Him, acknowledging His power and faithfulness. This act of giving glory is central to the Christian life, as seen in 1 Corinthians 10:31, which instructs believers to do everything for the glory of God. Abraham's life exemplifies the ultimate purpose of humanity: to glorify God and enjoy Him forever, as stated in the Westminster Shorter Catechism. His faith and actions foreshadow the ultimate glorification of God through Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled God's promises and brought salvation to humanity.

being fully persuaded
This phrase highlights the depth of Abraham's faith. In the biblical context, faith is not merely intellectual assent but a deep-seated conviction. Abraham's faith is a model for believers, as seen in Hebrews 11:1, which defines faith as the assurance of things hoped for. This persuasion is rooted in trust and confidence in God's character and promises.

that God was able
The focus here is on God's omnipotence. Throughout Scripture, God's ability to fulfill His promises is emphasized, such as in Jeremiah 32:17, which declares that nothing is too hard for God. This reflects the belief in God's sovereignty and power over all creation, reinforcing the idea that He is capable of accomplishing His will.

to do what He had promised
This refers to the specific promise made to Abraham regarding his descendants and the land (Genesis 12:2-3, 15:5). The fulfillment of God's promises is a central theme in the Bible, demonstrating His faithfulness. This also connects to the New Testament, where God's promises are fulfilled in Christ (2 Corinthians 1:20). Abraham's faith in God's promise is a type of the faith believers are called to have in the promises of salvation through Jesus Christ.

This is why
This phrase refers back to the preceding verses in Romans 4, where Paul discusses Abraham's faith. The context is crucial, as Paul is explaining how Abraham was justified by faith before the law was given and before he was circumcised. This sets a precedent for understanding justification by faith apart from works or adherence to the law. The "why" points to the reason for Abraham's righteousness being credited to him, emphasizing faith as the key component.

“it was credited to him
The concept of something being "credited" or "counted" is an accounting term, implying that righteousness was not inherent in Abraham but was accounted to him by God. This reflects the doctrine of imputed righteousness, where believers are considered righteous because of their faith, not because of their own merit. This idea is foundational in Christian theology, highlighting the grace of God in salvation.

as righteousness.”
Righteousness here refers to being in right standing with God. In the Jewish context, righteousness was often associated with adherence to the law. However, Paul uses Abraham's example to show that righteousness comes through faith. This connects to Genesis 15:6, where it is first stated that Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness. This sets a typological precedent for the New Testament believer, where faith in Jesus Christ results in righteousness being credited to them. This also ties into the broader biblical narrative of salvation history, where faith is consistently shown as the means by which individuals are justified before God.

Now the words “it was credited to him”
This phrase refers to Genesis 15:6, where God credits righteousness to Abraham because of his faith. The concept of crediting righteousness is foundational in understanding justification by faith. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, covenants and promises were often sealed by faith and trust, rather than by works or deeds. This sets a precedent for the New Testament teaching that righteousness is imputed to believers through faith in Christ, not by adherence to the law.

were written not only for Abraham,
This indicates that the account of Abraham's faith was recorded for a purpose beyond his own life. The historical context shows that the Jewish people revered Abraham as the patriarch of their faith, and his example was meant to instruct future generations. This phrase connects to the broader biblical narrative that God's promises and actions are not limited to one individual or time but have implications for all believers. It also aligns with the New Testament teaching that the Old Testament scriptures were written for our instruction (Romans 15:4), showing that the principles of faith and righteousness apply universally.

but also for us
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the promise of righteousness. The Apostle Paul is extending the example of Abraham's faith to all believers, not just to the Jewish people. This reflects the universal nature of the gospel, as seen in Galatians 3:28, where Paul states that there is neither Jew nor Greek in Christ. The promise of righteousness through faith is available to all who believe, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries.

to whom righteousness will be credited
The concept of righteousness being credited is central to Paul's argument about justification by faith. This is a legal term, implying that righteousness is accounted or imputed to believers, not based on their works but through faith. This mirrors Genesis 15:6, where Abraham's faith was credited to him as righteousness. It underscores the doctrine of imputed righteousness, where believers are seen as righteous before God because of their faith in Christ, not because of their own merit.

for us who believe in Him
Faith is the key component here, specifically faith in God. This belief is not a general faith but a specific trust in the God who fulfills His promises. The focus on belief aligns with Hebrews 11:6, which states that without faith, it is impossible to please God. This faith is active and personal, requiring a response to the revelation of God in Christ.

who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead
The resurrection is the cornerstone of Christian faith, as it validates Jesus' divinity and the efficacy of His atoning work. The phrase highlights God's power and faithfulness, as He raised Jesus, confirming the truth of Jesus' claims and the hope of eternal life for believers. This connects to 1 Corinthians 15:17, where Paul argues that if Christ has not been raised, faith is futile. The resurrection is also a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. The resurrection assures believers of their future resurrection and eternal life with Christ.

He was delivered over to death for our trespasses
This phrase emphasizes the sacrificial nature of Jesus Christ's death. The term "delivered over" suggests a divine plan, aligning with Isaiah 53:10, which states it was the Lord's will to crush Him. The concept of substitutionary atonement is central here, where Jesus takes the place of sinners, bearing the punishment for humanity's sins. This is consistent with the Old Testament sacrificial system, where a spotless lamb was offered for the sins of the people (Leviticus 16). The phrase "for our trespasses" highlights the reason for His death—our sins, echoing 1 Corinthians 15:3, which states Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures. This underscores the gravity of sin and the necessity of a perfect sacrifice to restore the broken relationship between God and humanity.

and was raised to life for our justification
The resurrection of Jesus is pivotal in Christian theology, signifying victory over sin and death. The phrase "raised to life" confirms the fulfillment of prophecy, as seen in Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:11, which speak of the Messiah's triumph over the grave. This act validates Jesus' divine nature and His teachings, as He predicted His own resurrection (Matthew 16:21). The term "for our justification" indicates that His resurrection is not just a demonstration of power but serves a purpose in the believer's salvation. Justification is a legal term, meaning to be declared righteous. Romans 5:18 further explains that through one act of righteousness, justification and life came to all men. The resurrection assures believers that their faith is not in vain (1 Corinthians 15:17) and that they are justified before God, having been acquitted of all charges due to Christ's atoning work.