hear my speech,
Elihu calls for Job's attention, underscoring the significance of what he is about to say. In the context of the Book of Job, speeches are central to the narrative structure, as they convey the theological and philosophical arguments of the characters. The act of hearing is often associated with understanding and obedience in biblical literature, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:4, "Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one."
and listen to all my words.
Elihu emphasizes the need for Job to listen carefully to his entire argument. This reflects the Hebrew tradition of wisdom literature, where listening is a key theme. Proverbs 1:5 states, "Let the wise listen and add to their learning, and let the discerning get guidance." Elihu's insistence on listening to "all" his words suggests a comprehensive understanding is necessary, paralleling the holistic approach to wisdom and knowledge in the biblical context.
my address is on the tip of my tongue.
This expression indicates that the speaker is eager and prepared to speak. It suggests immediacy and the readiness to deliver a message that has been carefully considered. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, eloquence and the ability to speak wisely were highly valued traits. The phrase also implies that the speaker has been contemplating his words, suggesting a thoughtful and deliberate approach. This can be connected to Proverbs 16:1, which speaks of the preparation of the heart and the answer of the tongue being from the Lord, indicating divine guidance in speech.
and my lips speak sincerely
Elihu asserts that his speech is genuine and truthful. The emphasis on sincerity reflects a broader biblical principle that God desires truthfulness in communication (Proverbs 12:22, Ephesians 4:25). In the cultural context of the Ancient Near East, where rhetoric and persuasive speech were highly valued, Elihu's claim to sincerity sets him apart as someone who prioritizes truth over eloquence. This mirrors the New Testament teaching of Jesus, who emphasized the importance of honest speech (Matthew 5:37).
what I know
Elihu claims to speak from knowledge, suggesting that his insights are based on understanding and wisdom. In the context of Job, this is significant because the book deals with the limits of human understanding in the face of divine mysteries. Elihu's assertion can be seen as a reflection of the biblical theme that true wisdom comes from God (Proverbs 2:6, James 1:5). This phrase also connects to the broader narrative of Job, where the quest for understanding and the nature of divine justice are central themes. Elihu's confidence in his knowledge contrasts with the earlier dialogues, where Job's friends often spoke from assumptions rather than true understanding.
and the breath of the Almighty gives me life
This part of the verse connects to the idea of God as the sustainer of life. The "breath of the Almighty" can be seen as a reference to the life-giving power of God, similar to the breath that God breathed into Adam. The term "Almighty" is translated from the Hebrew "Shaddai," a name for God that emphasizes His power and sovereignty. This phrase suggests that life is not just a biological process but a divine gift. It also points to the sustaining power of God, as seen in Acts 17:25, where Paul states that God gives all men life and breath. Theologically, this can be connected to the concept of God's providence and His ongoing involvement in the world. Additionally, it can be seen as a type of Christ, who in John 20:22 breathes on His disciples, imparting the Holy Spirit, symbolizing new life and creation.
prepare your case
The language of preparing a case is reminiscent of legal terminology, indicating a formal dispute or debate. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, legal disputes were often settled by presenting a case before a judge or council. This phrase implies that Job should gather his arguments and evidence, much like a lawyer would prepare for a trial. The concept of preparing a case is echoed in 1 Peter 3:15, where believers are encouraged to be ready to give a defense for their faith.
and confront me.
The call to "confront" suggests a face-to-face encounter, emphasizing the seriousness and directness of the challenge. In the historical context, confrontation was a means of resolving conflicts and seeking truth. This mirrors the biblical theme of seeking justice and truth, as seen in Proverbs 27:17, where iron sharpens iron through confrontation. The idea of confrontation also points to the ultimate confrontation between humanity and God, where Jesus Christ stands as the mediator, as seen in 1 Timothy 2:5.
I was also formed from clay.
This phrase refers to the creation of man from the dust of the ground, as described in Genesis 2:7. It serves as a reminder of human mortality and frailty, echoing the sentiment found in Psalm 103:14, which acknowledges that God knows our frame and remembers that we are dust. The imagery of clay is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing the relationship between the Creator and His creation, as seen in Isaiah 64:8, where God is the potter and humans are the clay. This metaphor underscores the sovereignty of God over human life and the dependence of humanity on His will. It also points to the humility required in recognizing one's origins and limitations, a central theme in the dialogue between Job and his friends.
nor will my hand be heavy upon you.
Elihu promises that he will not oppress or burden Job with his words. This is important in the context of Job's suffering, as Job has felt oppressed by the accusations and harsh words of his friends. The imagery of a "heavy hand" is often used in the Bible to describe oppression or judgment, as seen in Exodus 9:3, where God's hand is heavy upon the Egyptians. Elihu's assurance can be seen as a type of Christ, who invites those who are weary and burdened to come to Him for rest (Matthew 11:28-30). This phrase highlights the contrast between human judgment and divine compassion, pointing to the ultimate relief found in God's grace.
and I have heard these very words:
Elihu claims to have accurately understood Job's statements, which is crucial for the integrity of his argument. This assertion of having heard "these very words" underscores the importance of truthfulness and accuracy in communication, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture, such as in Proverbs 12:17, which speaks of the value of truthful witness. Elihu's role can be seen as a type of Christ in that he acts as a mediator, attempting to bring clarity and understanding, much like Christ mediates between God and humanity. The emphasis on hearing and understanding also reflects the biblical call to discernment, as seen in 1 John 4:1, which advises believers to test the spirits to see whether they are from God.
I am clean,
The concept of being "clean" in the biblical sense often refers to both physical and spiritual states. In Levitical law, cleanliness was crucial for participation in religious activities (Leviticus 11-15). Job's assertion of being clean suggests he is free from any moral or ritual impurity that would separate him from God. This claim is central to the narrative, as it underscores Job's struggle to understand his suffering despite his righteousness. It also foreshadows the New Testament teaching of being cleansed from sin through Christ (1 John 1:7).
with no iniquity in me.
"Iniquity" refers to moral wrongdoing or sin. Job's declaration of having no iniquity is a bold statement of his righteousness and innocence. This phrase highlights the tension between Job's experience and the traditional belief that suffering is a direct consequence of sin. It echoes the sentiments found in Psalm 26:1-2, where the psalmist asks for vindication based on their integrity. In a broader biblical context, this phrase points to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who was without sin (Hebrews 4:15) and whose righteousness is imputed to believers (2 Corinthians 5:21).
He counts me as His enemy.
Job's feeling of being treated as an enemy by God highlights the depth of his despair and confusion. In the ancient Near Eastern context, being considered an enemy of a deity was a grave situation, often associated with divine wrath and punishment. Historically, this reflects the cultural understanding of divine-human relationships, where favor and disfavor were expressed through tangible blessings or sufferings. Biblically, this sentiment is contrasted with the New Testament revelation of reconciliation through Christ, as seen in Romans 5:10, where believers are assured of peace with God through Jesus. Job's experience can be seen as a type of Christ's own suffering, where Jesus, though innocent, was treated as an enemy of God on the cross, bearing the sins of humanity. This connection underscores the theme of innocent suffering and ultimate redemption.
He watches over all my paths.
This phrase suggests a divine surveillance or oversight, indicating that God is aware of every action and decision. In the broader biblical context, this can be seen as both comforting and daunting. Psalm 139:3 speaks of God discerning one's path, emphasizing His omniscience and intimate knowledge of human life. The idea of God watching over paths can also be connected to His guidance and protection, as seen in Proverbs 3:6, where acknowledging God in all ways leads to Him directing one's paths. For Job, however, this surveillance feels more like scrutiny, contributing to his sense of being under constant divine examination. This reflects the tension between God's omniscience and human suffering, a central theme in the Book of Job.
I will answer you,
Elihu positions himself as a mediator who seeks to clarify the situation for Job. His willingness to answer Job indicates his belief that he has insight into Job's predicament. This reflects the cultural context of ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature, where dialogue and debate were common methods for exploring theological and philosophical questions. Elihu's role as a younger voice also suggests a shift from traditional wisdom, as he offers a fresh perspective that contrasts with the older friends' views.
for God is greater than man.
This statement underscores a central theological theme of the Book of Job: the transcendence and sovereignty of God. It serves as a reminder of the vast gulf between human and divine understanding. This echoes other biblical passages, such as Isaiah 55:8-9, where God's thoughts and ways are described as higher than those of humans. The assertion of God's greatness also prefigures the divine speeches later in the book, where God emphasizes His creation and governance of the world. This phrase invites readers to trust in God's greater wisdom and purposes, even when they are beyond human comprehension.
that He answers nothing
This part of the verse highlights the perceived silence of God in response to human questioning. Throughout the Bible, there are instances where God seems silent, such as in the Psalms (Psalm 22:2) and during the intertestamental period. This silence can be a test of faith or a call to deeper trust. Theologically, it suggests that God's ways and timing are beyond human understanding, and His silence does not equate to absence or indifference.
a man asks?
The phrase underscores the human perspective in seeking answers from God. It reflects the limited understanding of humanity compared to divine wisdom. In the broader biblical narrative, God often answers in unexpected ways or through His actions rather than direct responses (Job 38-41). This can be seen as a type of Christ, where Jesus, the ultimate answer to human suffering and sin, came in a manner that was unexpected by many (John 1:10-11). The historical context of Job, set in a patriarchal society, emphasizes the humility required in approaching God with questions.
yet no one notices
This part of the verse reflects the human tendency to overlook or ignore God's messages. In the cultural and historical context of Job, people often expected divine communication to be dramatic or miraculous, yet God frequently speaks in subtle ways. This can be seen in the story of Elijah, where God was not in the wind, earthquake, or fire, but in a gentle whisper (1 Kings 19:11-13). The phrase serves as a reminder of the importance of spiritual discernment and attentiveness to God's voice. It also points to the spiritual blindness that can occur due to sin or distraction, a theme echoed in the New Testament when Jesus speaks of those who have ears but do not hear (Matthew 13:13-15).
when deep sleep falls upon men
The phrase "deep sleep" is reminiscent of the deep sleep that God caused to fall upon Adam in Genesis 2:21 when He created Eve. This state of deep sleep signifies a moment when human consciousness is subdued, allowing God to work or communicate without human interference. It underscores the idea that God can reach individuals in their most vulnerable and unguarded states, highlighting His omnipotence and the intimate nature of His communication.
as they slumber on their beds
The bed is a place of rest and vulnerability, where individuals are removed from the distractions of daily life. In biblical times, the bed was often a simple mat or a raised platform, reflecting the modest living conditions of many. The mention of slumbering on beds suggests a universal human experience, transcending time and culture. It is during these quiet, restful moments that God chooses to reveal His messages, emphasizing His desire to connect with humanity in personal and profound ways. This setting also reflects the peace and stillness required to receive divine revelation, as seen in Psalm 46:10, "Be still, and know that I am God."
and terrifies them with warnings
The use of "terrifies" indicates the seriousness and urgency of God's communication. In the ancient Near Eastern context, dreams and visions were common means through which deities communicated with people, often with messages that were both awe-inspiring and fear-inducing. The warnings mentioned here can be seen as acts of divine mercy, intended to prevent individuals from continuing on a destructive path. This reflects the biblical principle that "the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom" (Proverbs 9:10), where fear is understood as a reverent acknowledgment of God's power and authority. The warnings serve as a call to repentance and alignment with God's purposes, similar to the prophetic messages found throughout the Old Testament, such as those delivered by Isaiah and Jeremiah.
and keep him from pride
Pride is often depicted in the Bible as a root of many sins, leading to a fall (Proverbs 16:18). In Job's context, Elihu suggests that God uses various means to humble individuals, preventing them from becoming self-reliant or arrogant. Pride was the sin that led to Satan's fall (Isaiah 14:12-15) and is frequently warned against throughout Scripture. Jesus exemplified humility, as seen in Philippians 2:5-8, where He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to death on a cross. This phrase underscores the importance of humility in maintaining a right relationship with God, as pride can create a barrier to receiving His guidance and grace.
and his life from perishing by the sword
This part of the verse emphasizes God's protection from violent death or judgment. The "sword" is often a metaphor for war, divine judgment, or personal calamity. In the historical context of the Ancient Near East, where Job is set, warfare and violence were common threats. This phrase reassures that God has the power to protect individuals from such dangers. It echoes the promise found in Psalm 91:7, where a thousand may fall at your side, but it will not come near you. This protection can also be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's role as the Good Shepherd, who lays down His life for the sheep, ensuring their ultimate safety and salvation.
with pain
Pain is a common tool used by God throughout Scripture to draw individuals closer to Him or to bring about repentance. In the context of Job, pain serves as a test of faith and character. Theologically, pain can be seen as a consequence of the fallen world, yet God uses it for His purposes. This is echoed in Romans 8:28, where all things, including suffering, work together for the good of those who love God. Pain in this context is not merely physical but can also be emotional or spiritual, serving as a catalyst for spiritual growth.
and constant distress in his bones,
The mention of "bones" indicates a deep, penetrating suffering that affects the very core of a person. In biblical literature, bones often symbolize strength and vitality, as seen in Proverbs 3:8, "It will be healing to your flesh and refreshment to your bones." The constant distress suggests an ongoing, relentless trial, which can be likened to the perseverance required in the Christian walk. This phrase also foreshadows the suffering of Christ, who endured physical and spiritual agony, fulfilling the prophecy of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53. The distress in bones can be seen as a type of Christ's own suffering, pointing to the ultimate redemption and healing found in Him.
and his soul loathes his favorite food
The phrase "his soul loathes his favorite food" suggests a profound inner turmoil that affects one's appetite and desire for pleasure. In biblical terms, the soul often represents the entire being, encompassing emotions, desires, and spiritual life. This loathing of favorite food signifies a loss of joy and satisfaction in life, a common theme in Job's lamentations. Culturally, food was not only for sustenance but also a source of joy and community in ancient times. The loss of appetite for favorite foods underscores the severity of Job's affliction. This can be seen as a type of Christ, who in His suffering, experienced deep anguish and rejection, as prophesied in Isaiah 53:3, where He is described as "a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief."
and his hidden bones protrude
This phrase emphasizes the severity of the physical condition, where even the bones, typically hidden beneath flesh, become visible. This can symbolize the exposure of one's innermost being and vulnerabilities during times of extreme distress. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, such a condition would be seen as a sign of divine displeasure or judgment, as health and prosperity were often associated with divine favor. The protruding bones can also be seen as a type of Christ, who, in His crucifixion, was marred beyond human likeness (Isaiah 52:14) and whose bones were not broken (John 19:36), fulfilling prophecy. This imagery serves as a reminder of the frailty of human life and the need for divine intervention and redemption.
and his life to the messengers of death
The "messengers of death" can be understood as agents or forces that bring about death, possibly referring to disease, calamity, or divine judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, death was often personified, and its messengers could be seen as supernatural beings or circumstances that lead to one's demise. This phrase highlights the vulnerability of human life and the ever-present reality of mortality. It also reflects the belief in divine sovereignty over life and death, as seen in Deuteronomy 32:39, where God declares His control over both. Theologically, this can be connected to the New Testament understanding of Christ's victory over death, as in 1 Corinthians 15:54-57, where death is ultimately defeated through Jesus' resurrection.
one mediator in a thousand
The phrase "one mediator in a thousand" suggests rarity and uniqueness. In the ancient Near Eastern context, mediators were often seen as rare individuals who could intercede on behalf of others, whether in legal, social, or spiritual matters. This scarcity highlights the preciousness of having someone who can effectively communicate God's will and intercede for humanity. Biblically, this points to the singular role of Jesus Christ as the one true mediator between God and mankind (1 Timothy 2:5), fulfilling the need for a perfect intercessor.
to tell a man what is right for him
This phrase underscores the purpose of the mediator: to convey divine wisdom and guidance. In the wisdom literature of the Bible, such as Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, the importance of understanding what is right and just is a recurring theme. The mediator's role is to provide clarity and direction, aligning with the biblical principle that true wisdom comes from God (James 1:5). This also reflects the prophetic role of Christ, who came to reveal God's truth and righteousness to humanity (John 14:6), guiding them in the path of salvation and right living.
‘Spare him from going down to the Pit;
The "Pit" is often understood as a metaphor for Sheol or the grave, a place of death and separation from the living. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the Pit was feared as a place of no return, emphasizing the finality of death. The plea to "spare him" reflects a desire for deliverance and redemption, themes that resonate throughout Scripture. This echoes the psalmist's cry in Psalm 16:10, "For You will not abandon my soul to Sheol, nor will You let Your Holy One see decay," which is also seen as a messianic prophecy fulfilled in Christ's resurrection. The sparing from the Pit can be seen as a type of salvation, prefiguring the ultimate salvation offered through Jesus Christ.
I have found his ransom,’
The concept of a "ransom" is pivotal in biblical theology, symbolizing the price paid for redemption. In the Old Testament, ransom often involved a payment to free someone from slavery or debt, as seen in Leviticus 25:48-49. This idea is further developed in the New Testament, where Jesus is described as the ultimate ransom for humanity's sins, as in Mark 10:45, "For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life as a ransom for many." The notion of God finding a ransom for Job points to the divine initiative in salvation, foreshadowing the redemptive work of Christ, who is the fulfillment of all Old Testament types and shadows.
he returns to the days of his youth.
This phrase emphasizes a complete rejuvenation, not just physically but also in terms of vigor and potential. In the ancient Near Eastern context, youth was associated with strength, opportunity, and the prime of life. Theologically, this can be seen as a metaphor for the restoration of one's relationship with God, akin to the renewal of the covenant relationship between God and Israel (Isaiah 40:31). It also foreshadows the ultimate restoration and eternal life promised in the New Testament, where believers are promised a new, glorified body (1 Corinthians 15:42-44). The return to youth can be seen as a type of resurrection, pointing to the hope of eternal life through Christ.
he sees God’s face and shouts for joy,
Seeing God's face is a metaphor for experiencing His presence and favor. In the ancient Near Eastern context, seeing the face of a king was a sign of acceptance and favor. Similarly, in biblical terms, it signifies a close and personal relationship with God. The joy that follows is a natural response to the assurance of God's presence and approval. This echoes the joy expressed in Psalm 16:11, where being in God's presence is associated with fullness of joy.
and God restores His righteousness to that man.
Restoration of righteousness implies a return to a state of right standing with God. In the context of Job, this suggests that God is willing to forgive and restore those who repent and seek Him. This restoration is not based on human merit but on God's grace. Theologically, this points to the concept of justification, where God declares a sinner righteous through faith, as seen in Romans 3:22-24. This also foreshadows the work of Jesus Christ, who restores righteousness to believers through His sacrificial death and resurrection.
‘I have sinned and perverted what was right;
This confession acknowledges personal sin and wrongdoing. The use of "perverted" indicates a deliberate twisting or distortion of what is right, aligning with the biblical understanding of sin as a deviation from God's standards. This mirrors the confessions found in Psalms, such as Psalm 51, where David acknowledges his sin before God. Theologically, this reflects the necessity of recognizing one's sinfulness as a step towards repentance and restoration.
yet I did not get what I deserved.
This phrase highlights the concept of divine mercy and grace. Biblically, the wages of sin is death (Romans 6:23), yet here, the individual acknowledges that they have not received the full punishment their sins warrant. This is a profound expression of God's grace, which is a central theme throughout Scripture. It also foreshadows the ultimate expression of grace through Jesus Christ, who took upon Himself the punishment for sin, allowing believers to receive mercy instead of judgment. This aligns with the message of Ephesians 2:8-9, emphasizing salvation as a gift of grace, not earned by works.
and I will live to see the light.
This phrase speaks to the hope and restoration that follows redemption. "Seeing the light" is a metaphor for experiencing life, truth, and divine presence. In biblical literature, light often represents God's favor and guidance (Psalm 27:1, John 8:12). The promise of living to see the light suggests a transformation from death to life, darkness to illumination, which is a recurring theme in Scripture. This transformation is not only physical but also spiritual, indicating a renewed relationship with God. The phrase can be seen as a type of Christ's resurrection, where He, the Light of the World, overcomes death and offers eternal life to believers (John 1:4-5). Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of life and death, where light was associated with life and divine blessing.
God does to a man
This highlights the personal nature of God's dealings with individuals. The phrase underscores the belief that God is not distant or detached but is intimately involved in the lives of people. This is consistent with the biblical narrative that portrays God as a personal deity who knows and cares for each person, as seen in Psalm 139:1-4. The use of "a man" can be understood as representative of humanity, indicating that God's actions are not limited to a select few but are part of His universal dealings with mankind.
two or even three times
This suggests the repeated nature of God's interventions and the persistence of His efforts to reach and teach individuals. The number "two or even three" is symbolic of completeness and sufficiency in biblical literature, as seen in passages like 2 Corinthians 13:1, which speaks of establishing a matter by the testimony of two or three witnesses. This repetition indicates God's patience and His desire for people to understand and respond to His guidance. It reflects the theme of divine mercy and the opportunity for repentance and correction, as God gives multiple chances for individuals to align with His will.
that he may be enlightened with the light of life
The imagery of light is frequently used in Scripture to denote understanding, truth, and divine presence. In this context, "the light of life" suggests a restoration to a state of spiritual vitality and communion with God. This phrase echoes the prologue of John's Gospel, where Jesus is described as the "light of men" (John 1:4). The light metaphor also connects to the wisdom literature's emphasis on enlightenment and understanding as gifts from God (Proverbs 6:23). Historically, light was a powerful symbol in the ancient Near East, often associated with life, purity, and divine favor. This phrase underscores the hope of transformation and renewal that God offers, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible, culminating in the promise of eternal life through Christ (John 8:12).
be silent,
The instruction to "be silent" is a common biblical motif when preparing to receive wisdom or revelation. Silence is often associated with reverence and the readiness to receive divine instruction (e.g., Habakkuk 2:20, "But the LORD is in His holy temple; let all the earth be silent before Him"). In the context of Job, this silence is also a pause from Job's lamentations and arguments, allowing space for reflection and the possibility of new understanding.
and I will speak.
Elihu's assertion that he will speak indicates his confidence in the validity and importance of his message. This phrase can be seen as a foreshadowing of God's own speeches later in the book, where God will address Job directly. Elihu's role as a speaker can be viewed as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate mediator and speaker of God's truth (Hebrews 1:1-2). Elihu's speech serves as a transition from human reasoning to divine revelation, preparing the way for God's voice to be heard.
answer me
Elihu's request for an answer underscores the importance of accountability and the exchange of ideas. In the biblical narrative, answering is often associated with giving a defense or explanation, as seen in 1 Peter 3:15, where believers are encouraged to be ready to give an answer for their hope. This reflects the judicial and communal practices of the time, where dialogue was a means of resolving disputes and seeking justice.
speak up
The call to "speak up" highlights the value of boldness and clarity in communication. In the context of Job, it suggests that Job should not remain silent but should express his thoughts and feelings. This aligns with the biblical principle found in Ephesians 4:15, which encourages speaking the truth in love. The cultural expectation in ancient times was for individuals to articulate their positions clearly, especially in matters of personal integrity and justice.
for I would like to vindicate you
Elihu's desire to vindicate Job indicates a willingness to see Job justified or proven right. This reflects the biblical theme of justice and righteousness, as seen in passages like Isaiah 54:17, where God promises vindication for His servants. The concept of vindication is central to the narrative of Job, as Job seeks to be declared righteous before God and his friends. This also foreshadows the ultimate vindication found in Christ, who justifies believers through His sacrifice, as seen in Romans 5:1.
be quiet,
The call to "be quiet" is an invitation to silence and reflection, which is necessary for true understanding. In the biblical context, silence before God or His messengers is often associated with reverence and humility (Habakkuk 2:20). This reflects the cultural practice of showing respect to those who are speaking wisdom or divine truth. It also underscores the importance of setting aside one's own thoughts and defenses to truly hear and comprehend what is being taught.
and I will teach you wisdom.”
Elihu's promise to "teach you wisdom" aligns with the broader biblical theme of wisdom as a divine gift and a path to understanding God's ways (James 1:5). In the context of Job, wisdom is not just intellectual knowledge but a deeper understanding of God's character and purposes. This teaching moment foreshadows the ultimate revelation of wisdom that comes from God Himself later in the book. The concept of wisdom as a teacher is also seen in the person of Jesus Christ, who is described as the embodiment of divine wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:24).