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I had a same problem with UNO R3 (CH340G) MEGA328P for Arduino UNO R3

On Ubuntu 14.04 I checked the whether the USB chip not recognized, but it looks ok:

~$ dmesg | tail -n 6
[ 3350.417900] usb 2-2: new full-speed USB device number 5 using xhci_hcd
[ 3350.546759] usb 2-2: New USB device found, idVendor=1a86, idProduct=7523
[ 3350.546763] usb 2-2: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=2, SerialNumber=0
[ 3350.546764] usb 2-2: Product: USB2.0-Serial
[ 3350.547255] ch341 2-2:1.0: ch341-uart converter detected
[ 3350.547996] usb 2-2: ch341-uart converter now attached to ttyUSB0

But the upload went wrong like this:

~$ avrdude -C/usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -v -v -v -v -patmega328p -cstk500v1 -P/dev/ttyUSB0 -Uflash:w:/home/oliver/Arduino_Build/Blink/Blink.hex:i
avrdude: Version 6.0.1, compiled on Oct 21 2013 at 15:55:32
 Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Brian Dean, http://www.bdmicro.com/
 Copyright (c) 2007-2009 Joerg Wunsch
 System wide configuration file is "/usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf"
 User configuration file is "/home/oliver/.avrduderc"
 User configuration file does not exist or is not a regular file, skipping
 Using Port : /dev/ttyUSB0
 Using Programmer : stk500v1
avrdude: Send: 0 [30] [20] 
avrdude: Send: 0 [30] [20] 
avrdude: Send: 0 [30] [20] 
avrdude: ser_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 1 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: Send: 0 [30] [20] 
....

After reading bunch of articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 it turned out my bad Chinese Arduino clones does not have bootloader installed on the Atmel microcontroller ship. To solve this problem you need a working Arduino and the clone Arduino we want to fix.

Walk trough who to burn the bootloader: http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-fix-bad-Chinese-Arduino-clones/

Shortly: Burn the bootloader

Arduino as ISP

1. You need a working Arduino
2. Connect the working Arduino with a usb to the computer
3. Upload Examples->ArduinoISP on working Arduino
4. Connect the wires from the working Arduino to the clone as follows:

• Pin 10 goes to reset pin
• Pin 11 -> 11, 12 -> 12, 13 -> 13
• 5v to 5v and ground to ground

5. Go to Tools->Board and select the chinese board that is not working. in my case it's an Arduino Uno.
6. Go to Tools->Programmer and select Arduino as ISP.
7. Go to Tools again and select "Burn Bootloader".
8. Your clone should work just fine now, but don't forget to restore Programmer (set back to ArduinoISP or AVRISP).

My clone board does not had integrated LED on 13 pin :) you need to connect it for Blinking test.