Vietnam




Vietnam

[画像:[Long Tinh (Emperors to 1863) flag 1802-1878 (Vietnam)]]
1802 - c.1885
(Emperor's Flag to 1863)

[画像:[Vietnam (reported approx. design) c.1878-c.1890]]
c.1878 - c.1890
(reported approx. design)

[画像:[1890-1920 Vietnam]]
1890 - 1920

[画像:[North Vietnam 1945-1954 (Vietnam)]]
29 Sep 1945 - 30 Nov 1955 North Vietnam

[画像:[Cochinchina 1946-1948 (South Vietnam)]]
15 Jul 1946 - 2 Jun 1948 Cochinchina

[画像:[South Vietnam, 1948-1975 (Vietnam)]]
2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975 South Vietnam

[画像:[Vietnam]]
Adopted 30 Nov 1955
(North only to 2 Jul 1976)


Map of Vietnam Hear National Anthem
"Tiến Qu穗 Ca"
(The Marching Song) Text of National Anthem
Adopted 2 Jul 1976 Constitution
(1 Jan 2014)
-----------------------------------
Former Constitution

(15 Apr 1992 - 1 Jan 2014)
Capital: Hanoi (H? N?i)
(Phong Ch穹 2809-258 BC;
Cổ Loa 257-111 BC
and 939-965 AD;
To Lich 544-602;
Hoa Lư 968-980;
La Th瀟h 980-1010;
Thăng Long [Hanoi] 1010-1428;
Đ?ng Kinh 1428-1810;
Huế 1810-1945) Currency: Dong (VND);
1978-1985 New Dong (VNN)
National Holidays: 2 Sep (1945)
Ng炸 Quốc Kh疣h
(
Independence Day)
------------------------------------
30 Apr (1975)
Ng炸 Thống nhất
(
Reunification Day)
Population: 98,721,275 (2019)
GDP: 648ドル.7 billion (2017) Exports: 214ドル.1 billion (2017)
Imports: 202ドル.6 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Kinh (Viet) 85.7%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.8%,
Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.5%, Mong 1.2%, Nung 1.1%, Hoa 1%,
other 4.3% (2009)
Total Active Armed Forces: 455,000 (2010)
Merchant marine: 1,863 ships (2019)
Religions: Buddhist 7.9%, Catholic 6.6%, Hoa Hao 1.7%, Cao Dai 0.9%, Protestant 0.9%, Muslim 0.1%, none 81.8% (2009)
International Organizations/Treaties : ADB, AIIB, APA, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, BTWC, CICA, CP, CPTPP, CTBT, CWC, EAS, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIF, OPCW, OST, PCA, RCEP, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Vietnam Index
Chronology
c.500 BC - 257 BC Văn Lang kingdom under Hung Voung dynasty.
257 BC - 207 BC ツu Lạc kingdom.
207 BC - 111 BC Nam Việt
196 BC - 111 BC Vassal of China.
111 BC Annexed by China (part of Giao Chi [Jiaozhi]
province to 203AD, then Giao Chau [Jiaozhou]).
40 AD - 43 AD Linh Nam, brief independence under the Trung sisters
(Trung Trac and Trung Nhi [b. c.12 AD-d. c.43 AD]).
544 AD - 603 AD Vạn Xu穗 independent under the Le dynasty.
603 - 939 Occupied by China. In 679, China establishes the
protectorate-general of An Nam ("Pacified South").
938 Đại Việt ("Great Viet"). Ngo Quyen (b. 897 - d. 944)
defeats the kingdom of Nam Han (Southern Han),
traditional date of Vietnamese independence.
938 - 9 Jun 1885 Vietnam a tributary to China.
965 - 968 Turmoil, divided into 12 feudal lordships under:
Ngo Xoung Xi in Binh Kieu; Do Canh Thuc
in Do Dong Giang; Tran Lam in Bo Hai Khau; Kieu
Cong Han in Phong Chau; Nguyen Khoan in Tam
Dai; Nguyen Nhat Khanh in Doung Lam; Ly Khe in
Sieu Loai; Nguyen Thu Tiep in Tien Du; Lu Doung
in Te Giang; Ngueyen Sieu in Tay Phu Liet; Kieu
Thuan in Cam Khe; and Pham Bach Ho in Dang Chau
968 Đại Cồ Việt("Great Vast Viet").
3 Nov 1054 Đại Việt quốc ("Great Viet Realm"), name of the
state is changed.
23 Mar 1400 - 17 Jun 1407 Đại Ngu quốc("Great Ngu Realm").
17 Jun 1407 Emperor captured.
5 Jul 1407 - 10 Dec 1427 Territory of the former empire of Dai Viet is
annexed to Da Ming imperial state (see China ),
as a province by decree of the emperor of Da Ming.
3 Nov 1407 Đại Việt quốc ("Great Viet Realm").
10 Dec 1427 Restoration of statehood and tributary relationship
by agreement with Da Ming (China).
29 Apr 1428 Đại Việt quốc ("Great Viet Realm").
12 Jul 1527 - 14 Feb 1593 The Mac dynastyusurps imperial power, while from
Jan/Feb 1533,the Le dynasty is revived in
opposition with support from the Trinh and Nguyen
families. The Le eventually retake the national
capital, from 1592 restricting the Mac to the
border province of Cao Bằng where they remain
under Ming China protection until 1677.
Sep/Oct 1545-Apr/May 1787 The Trinh dynasty controls the North of the country
from the capital andfrom May/Jun 1593, the Nguyen
dynasty controls the country South of Gianh River
(S?ng Gianh) from Hue (to 1777). In 1620 the
Nguyen refuse submission to Hanoi and civil war
begins in 1627(both families remain nominally
subordinate tothe imperial Le dynasty).
1776 - Jul 1802 The "Tay Son" rule first in Central part of Vietnam
ends Nguyen rule in 1777 andin Apr/May 1787 Trinh
rule. On 22 Dec 1788,a brother of the Central
rulerproclaims the imperial Le dynasty extinct
and assumes theimperial style. The two lines
continue to rule,each in part of the country,
until the junior rulerunifies the country
in Oct 1793 and rulesuntil Jul 1802.
21 Nov 1783 Nguyen Anh agrees to grant a concession at Da Nag
and cedeCon SonIsland to France inexchange for
French military assistanceagainst the "Tay Son"
by the Treaty of Versailles (not effected).
24 Mar 1804 Việt Nam quốc ("State of Vietnam")(name authorized
by China).
1832 Vietnam annexes the remnant of ancient Champa.
27 Mar 1838 Đại Nam quốc ("Great Southern State", literally
"Great Realm of the South")(name not authorized
by China).
1 Sep 1858 French forces occupy Da Nang (renamed Tourane).
18 Feb 1859 French forces occupy Saigon.
5 Jun 1862 Southern region made a French colony as Cochinchina
(Cochinchine Fran軋ise) by the Treaty of Saigon
(confirmed 14 Apr 1863).
20 Nov 1873 - 15 Mar 1874 French forces occupy Hanoi and Haiphong.
15 Mar 1874 Frances recognizes the independence of Vietnam,
while the country becomes a French protected state
(by the Second Treaty of Saigon).
27 Apr 1882 - 25 Aug 1883 French forces re-occupy Hanoi.
25 Aug 1883 Central (Annam)(Protectorat d'Annam) and Northern
(Tonkin)(Protectorat du Tonkin) regions become
French protectorates by the Treaty of Hu? (not
ratified, but laterenforcedby 2nd Treaty of Hu?
on 6 Jun 1884).
9 Jun 1885 China renounces suzerainty over Vietnam by Treaty
of Tientsin with France (ratified 28 Nov 1885).
27 Jan 1886 French Protectorate of Annam-Tonkin.
17 Oct 1887 Union of French Indochina (Union Indochinoise)
formed (Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina, Cambodia and
from 3 Oct 1893, Laos ).
16 Jun 1940 - 9 Mar 1945 Administration loyal to Vichy France.
22 Sep 1940 Japanese troops based in Northern Indochina.
24 Jul 1941 Japanese troops based in Southern Indochina.
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation.
11 Mar 1945 Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the
French protectorate and the restoration of the
independence of Vietnam (in full cooperation
with Japan).
12 Jun 1945Empire of Vietnam (Đế quốc Việt Nam).
25 Aug 1945 End of the empire; subsequently de facto
division between North and South Vietnam.
1 Sep 1945 - 1 Jan 1946 Provisional National Government of Vietnam is
established at M?ng C疂 by the Vietnam
Revolutionary Allied League, in opposition to
the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
2 Sep 1945 Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam is
proclaimed sovereign independent state at Hanoi).
Sep 1945 - Mar/Jun 1946 Allied occupation of French Indochina by China
above 16th parallel (departing Hanoi 26 Jun 1946),
and Britain below (departing Saigon 28 Mar 1946).
6 Mar 1946 France recognizes the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam (north) as a free state within the
Federation of Indochina and French Union.
1 Jun 1946 Republic of Cochinchina (autonomous at Saigon).
27 Oct 1946 - 9 Dec 1955 (South) Vietnam a member of the French Union (Union
Fran軋ise).
19 Dec 1946 - 1 Aug 1954 First Indochina (Anti-French Resistance) War.
27 May 1948 Vietnam (Saigon).
14 Jun 1949 French associated state (State of Vietnam)(at Saigon)
22 Jul 1954 Division formalized by the Geneva Accords.
5 Oct 1954 The last French troops leave Hanoi.
26 Oct 1955 Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)(at Saigon).
1 Nov 1955 ? 30 Apr 1975 Vietnam (Second Indochina) War (Paris Peace Accords
27 Jan 1973 signed).
30 Apr 1975 Republic of South Vietnam (at Saigon).
2 Jul 1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng h?a X? hội chủ
nghĩa Việt Nam); unification of Vietnam.
Empire
(1675-1945)
Tay Son Rulers
(1776-1802)
Champa
(Panduranga)

(1285-1832)
Pulo Condore
(1702-1705)
French Indochina
(1887-1956)
Tonkin-Annam
(1875-1889)
Annam
(1886-1954)
Tonkin
(1886-1953)
French Cochinchina
(1858-1953)
North Vietnam
(1945-1976)
South Vietnam
(1946-1976)

Empire

Capital: Huế
(Cổ Loa 939-967;
Hoa Lư 968-1010;
Thăng Long [Hanoi]
1010-1440;
T窕 Đ? 1400-1407;
Dai Viet: Đ?ng Kinh [Hanoi] 1428-1789; Cao Binh 1592-1677; Ph? Xu穗 1786-1802)
Currency: 1740-1883
Annam Dong (VNAD) Nguyen Royal Anthem
"D穗g D瀟 Cung"
(Melody on the Ascent to the Esplanade) 1802-1945
(lyrics from 1922)

Note: Although the monarchy dealt with imperial China as a tributary state, and the ruler was addressed by the imperial court as "king of Dai Viet," domestically a full imperial system was established, including era names. The information listed here (there sometimes is even more available) is as follows: personal name (ten [family name] + huy [tabooed personal name]) followed by temple name (miếu hiệu), posthumous style (thụy hiệu), and era name(s) (ni麩 hiệu) initiated during the respective reign; some emperors are often referred to by the ni麩 hiệu (e.g., the Bao Dai emperor).


Emperors (style Ho瀟g đế)
- Ho dynasty -
23 Mar1400-Dec1400/Jan1401 Ho Quy Ly (Le Quy Ly) (b. 1336 - d. 1407?)
tu hieu (courtesy name): Ly Nguyen
nien hieu 1400-1401: Thanh Nguyen
Dec 1400/Jan1401-17Jun1407 Ho Han Thuong (Le Han Thuong) (d. 1407)

nien hieu
1401 - 1402: Thieu Thanh
nien hieu1403 - 1407: Khai Dai
- Tran dynasty -
1 Nov 1407 - 2 Apr 1409 Tran Ngoi (b. 1375 - d. 1410)

thuy hieu: Gian Dinh de
nien hieu 1 Nov 1407 - 2 Apr 1409: Hung Khanh
2 Apr 1409 - 30 Mar 1414 Tran Quy Khoang (d. 1414)
nien hieu 2 Apr 1409 - 1413: Trung Quang
Nov/Dec 1426 - 26 Jan 1428 Tran Cao (Ho Ong) (d. 1428)

nien hieu1426 - 26 Jan 1428: Thien Khanh
- Le dynasty -

29 Apr 1428 - 5 Oct 1433 Le Loi (b. 1385 - d. 1433)
mieu hieu: Thai To / thuy hieu: Thong Thien Khai Van Thanh
Duc Than Cong Due Van Anh Vu Khoan Minh Dung Tri Hoang Nghia
Chi Minh Dai Hieu Cao Hoang de
nien hieu 29 Apr 1428 - 9 Feb 1434: Thuan Thien
20 Oct 1433 - 7 Sep 1442 Le Nguyen Long (b. 1423 - d. 1442)
mieu hieu: Thai Tong / thuy hieu: Ke Thien The Dao Hien Duc
Thanh Cong Kham Minh Van Tu Anh Due Triet Chieu Hien Kien
Trung Van Hoang de
nien hieu 9 Feb 1434 - 25 Nov 1440: Thieu Binh
nien hieu 25 Nov 1440 - 31 Jan 1443: Dai Bao
15 Sep 1442 - 28 Oct 1459 Le Bang Co (b. 1441 - d. 1459)
mieu hieu: Nhan Tong / thuy hieu: Kham Van Nhan Hieu Tuyen
Minh Thong Due Tuyen Hoang de
nien hieu 31 Jan 1443 - 29 Jan 1454: Thai Hoa
nien hieu 29 Jan 1454 - 1 Nov 1459: Dien Ninh
1 Nov 1459 - 24 Jun 1460 Le Nghi Dan (b. 1439 - d. 1460)
thuy hieu: Le Duc Hau
nien hieu 1 Nov 1459 - 25 Jun 1460: Thien Hung
26 Jun 1460 - 3 Mar 1497 Le Tu Thanh (Le Hao) (b. 1442 - d. 1497)

mieu hieu: Thanh Tong / thuy hieu: Sung Thien Quang Van Cao
Minh Quang Chinh Chi Duc Dai Cong Thanh Van Than Vu Dat Hieu
Thuan Hoang de
nien hieu 25 Jun 1460 - 1 Feb 1470: Quang Thuan
nien hieu 1 Feb 1470 - 22 Jan 1498: Hong Duc
9 Mar 1497 - 5 Jul 1504 Le Tranh (Le Huy) (b. 1461 - d. 1504)
mieu hieu: Hien Tong / thuy hieu: The Thien Ngung Dao Mau Duc
Chi Chieu Van Thieu Vu Tuyen Triet Kham Thanh Chuong Hieu
Due Hoang de
nien hieu 22 Jan 1498 - 17 Jul 1504: Canh Thong
17 Jul 1504 - 12 Jan 1505 Le Thuan (b. 1488 - d. 1505)
mieu hieu: Tuc Tong / thuy hieu: Chieu Nghia Hien Nhan On
Cung Uyen Mac Hieu Doan Cung Kham Hoang de
nien hieu 17 Jul 1504 - 12 Jan 1505: Thai Trinh
22 Jan 1505 - 10 Jan 1510 Le Tuan (Le Huyen) (b. 1488 - d. 1510)
thuy hieu 1510: Man Le Cong / thuy hieu 1517:Uy Muc de
nien hieu 4 Feb 1505 - 13 Jan 1510: Doan Khanh
13 Jan 1510 - 8 May 1516 Le Oanh (Le Truu) (b. 1495 - d. 1516)
thuy hieu: Tuong Duc de
nien hieu13 Jan 1510 - 8 May 1516: Hong Thuan
1510 - 1511 Tran Tuan (in rebellion) (d. 1511)
7 Apr 1516 - Dec 1516 Tran Cao (Tran Hao)
nien hieu: Thien Ung
(in dissidence)
8 May 1516 - 11 May 1516 Le Quang Tri (b. 1509 - d. 1516)
28 May 1516 - 12 Nov 1525 Le Y (Le Hue) (b. 1506 - d. 1527)

mieu hieu: Chieu Tong / thuy hieu: Than Hoang de
nien hieu28 May 1516 - 12 Nov 1525: Quang Thieu
(in opposition to Le Xuan from 21 Aug 1522)
Dec 1516 - Aug 1521 Tran Thang (Tran Cung)
(d. 1521)
nien hieu: Tuyen Hoa
(in dissidence)
Sep 1518 - c.Mar 1519 Le Bang
nien hieu 1518: Dai Duc
(in dissidence)
c.Mar 1519 - Jul 1519 Le Do (Le Duu) (d. 1519)
nien hieu 1519: Thien Hien
(in dissidence)
21 Aug 1522 - 12 Jul 1527 Le Xuan (Le Khoang) (b. 1507 - d. 1527)
thuy hieu: Cung Hoang de
nien hieu21 Aug 1522 - 12 Jul 1527: Thong Nguyen
- Mac dynasty (in the north) -
12 Jul1527-Dec1529/Jan1530 Mac Dang Dong (b. 1483 - d. 1541)
mieu hieu: Thai To / thuy hieu: Nhan Minh Cao Hoang de
nien hieu 12 Jul 1527 - Feb 1530: Minh Duc
24/29Jan1530-22Feb/3Mar1540Mac Dang Doanh (b. 1500 - d. 1540)
mieu hieu: Thai Tong / thuy hieu: Kham triet Van Hoang de
nien hieu Feb 1530 - 27 Jan 1541: Dai Chinh
22Feb/3 Mar1540-5 Jun 1546 Mac Phuc Hai (Mac Duc Nguyen) (d. 1546)
mieu hieu: Hien Tong / thuy hieu: Hien Hoang de
nien hieu 22 Jan 1541 - 22 Jan 1547: Quang Hoa
5 Jun 1546 - Jan/Feb 1562 Mac Phuc Nguyen (d. 1562)
(or 18 Feb 1564) mieu hieu: Tuyen Tong / thuy hieu: Anh Nghi Due Hoang de
nien hieu 22 Jan 1547 - 10 Feb 1548: Vinh Dinh
nien hieu 10 Feb 1548 - 2 Feb 1554: Canh Lih
nien hieu 2 Feb 1554 - Feb 1562: Quang Bao
1562 - Jan/Feb 1562 Khiem Vuong Mac Kinh Dien -Regent (d. 1580)
(1st time)
Jan/Feb 1562 - c.28Dec 1592 Mac Mau Hiep (Hop) (b. 1560 - d. 1592)

(or 18 Feb 1564) mieu hieu: Anh To / thuy hieu: An Thien Huy Dia Trang
Van Can Vu Binh Dinh Hue Cuong Hieu Tinh Hoang de

nien hieu Feb 1562 - 21 Jan 1566: Thuan Phuc
nien hieu 21 Jan 1566 - Aug 1578: Sung Khang
nien hieu Aug 1578 - 18 Feb 1586: Dien Thanh
nien hieu 18 Feb 1586 - 28 Jan 1588: Doan Thai
nien hieu 28 Jan 1588 - 25 Jan 1591: Hung Tri
nien hieu 25 Jan 1591 - 28 Dec 1592: Hong Ninh
Jan/Feb 1562 - 1580 Khiem Vuong Mac Kinh Dien -Regent (s.a.)
(2nd time)
c.28 Dec 1592-14 Feb 1593 Mac Toan (Mac Tuyen) (d. 1593)

mieu hieu: Canh Tong / thuy hieu: Khai Thien Xung
Dia An Van Doat Vu Thanh Hoang de

nien hieu: 28 Dec 1592 - 14 Feb 1593: Vu An
3 Jan 1593 - 14 Feb 1593 Mac Kinh Chi (d. 1593)
mieu hieu: Man Tong / thuy hieu: Hoai Nghi Minh
Huan Trinh Hoang de

nien hieu Jan 1593 - 1 Feb 1593: Bao Dinh
nien hieu 1 Feb 1593 - 14 Feb 1593: Khanh Huu
Apr 1593 - Jun 1625 Mac Kinh Cung (d. 1625)
mieu hieu: Dai Tong / thuy hieu: Khoi Thien Dinh
Dia Khac Van Dinh Vu Linh Hoang de

nien hieu Apr 1593 - 1625: Can Thong (Kien Thong)
Aug 1623 - 1638 Mac Kinh Khoan (d. 1638)
mieu hieu: Quang To / thuy hieu: Hoa Thien Phu Dia
Do Van Khanh Vu Hue Nguyen Hoang de

nien hieu Aug 1623 - 1638: Long Thai
Apr 1638 - Sep 1677 Mac Kinh Vu (Mac Kinh Hoan)
mieu hieu: Minh Tong / thuy hieu: Trang Thien Hue
Dia Canh Van Di Vu Khai Hoang de

nien hieu Apr 1638 - Sep 1677: Thuan Duc
1677 - 1681 Mac Kinh He (Mac Nguyen Thanh)
mieu hieu: Quy Tong / thuy hieu: Hoan Thien Thanh
Dia Doat Van Duong Vu Hue Dai vuong

nien hieu 1677 - 1681: Vinh Xuong
(in China exile)

1681 - 1683 Mac Kinh Tieu (Mac Kinh Quang) (d. 1683)
mieu hieu: Duc Tong / thuy hieu: Thien Dia Dai Bao
Van Vu Do Dai vuong

(in China exile)
Emperors (style Ho瀟g đế)
- Le dynasty -
Jan/Feb 1533 - 9 Mar 1548 Le Ninh (Le Huyen) (b. 1515 - d. 1548)
mieu hieu: Trang Tong / thuy hieu: Du Hoang de
nien hieu Feb 1533 - 29 Jan 1549: Nguyen Hoa
1533 - 1536 Le Hien
nien hieu: Quang Chieu
(in rebellion)
9 Mar 1548 - 5 Mar 1556 Le Huyen (b. 1535 - d. 1556)

mieu hieu: Trung Tong / thuy hieu: Vu Hoang de
nien hieu 29 Jan 1549 - 30 Jan 1557: Thuan Binh
af.5Mar1556 - 23 Feb 1573 Le Duy Bang (b. 1532 - d. 1573)
mieu hieu: Anh Tong / thuy hieu: Tuan Hoang de
nien hieu 30 Jan 1557 - 20 Jan 1558: Thien Huu
nien hieu 20 Jan 1558 - Feb 1572: Chinh Tri
nien hieu Feb 1572 - 2 Feb 1573: Hong Phuc
(fled capital Van Lai on 25/26 Dec 1572)
af.5Mar155
6 - 2 Dec 1569 Trinh Kiem -Regent
(b. 1503 - d. 1570)
19 Sep 1570 -
25/26 Dec1572 Trinh Tung -Regent (b. 1550 - d. 1623)
2 Feb 1573 - 12 Oct 1599 Le Duy Dam (b. 1567 - d. 1599)

mieu hieu: The Tong / thuy hieu: Tich Thuan Cuong
Chinh Dung Qua Nghi Hoang de
nien hieu 2 Feb 1573 - 7 Feb 1578: Gia Thai
nien hieu 7 Feb 1578 - 14 Feb 1600: Quang Hung
1594 Vu Dang (d. 1594)
nien hieu: La Binh
(in rebellion)
1595 - May 1597 Nguyen Minh Tri

nien hieu: Dai Duc
(in rebellion)
1596 -
1597 Nguyen Duong Minh

nien hieu: Phuc Duc
(in rebellion)
15 Oct 1599 - 23 Jun 1619 Le Duy Tan (b. 1588 - d. 1619)
mieu hieu: Kinh Tong / thuy hieu: Hien Nhan Du Khanh
Tuy Phuc Hue Hoang de
nien hieu 14 Feb 1600 - 6 Dec 1600: Than Duc
nien hieu 6 Dec 1600 - 11 Jul 1619: Hoang Dinh
Jul/Aug 1619-Nov/Dec 1643 Le Duy Ky (1st time) (b. 1607 - d. 1662)
nien hieu 11 Jul 1619 - 24 Jan 1629: Vinh To
nien hieu 24 Jan 1629 - 17 Jan 1635: Duc Long
nien hieu 17 Jan 1635 - 11 Nov 1643: Duong Hoa
Jul/Aug 1619 - 17 Jul 1623 Trinh Tung -Regent (b. 1550 - d. 1623)
Jul/Aug 1623 -
Nov/Dec 1643 Trinh Trang -Regent (b. 1577 - d. 1657)
Nov/Dec 1643 - 28 Sep 1649 Le Duy Huu
(b. 1630 - d. 1649)
(or 2 Oct)1649 mieu hieu: Chan Tong / thuy hieu: Thuan Hoang de
nien hieu 11 Nov 1643 - 4 Nov 1649: Phuc Thai
Nov/Dec 1649 - 2 Nov 1662 Le Duy Ky (2nd time) (s.a.)
mieu hieu: Than Tong / thuy hieu: Uyen Hoang de
nien hieu 4 Nov 1649 - 28 Feb 1653: Khanh Duc
nien hieu 28 Feb 1653 - 4 Feb 1658: Thinh Duc
nien hieu 4 Feb 1658 - 18 Feb 1662: Vinh Tho
nien hieu 18 Feb 1662 - 10 Dec 1662: Van Khanh
Dec1662/Jan 1663-16 Nov1671 Le Duy Vu (b. 1654 - d. 1671)
mieu hieu: Huyen Tong / thuy hieu: Khoat dat Due thong Cuong
nghi Trung chinh On nhu Hoa Iac Kham minh Van tu Doan cung
Khac nhuong Muc Hoang de
nien hieu 8 Feb 1663 - 30 Jan 1672: Canh Tri
19 Dec 1671 - 27 Apr 1675 Le Duy Coi (Hoi) (b. 1661 - d. 1675)
mieu hieu: Gai Tong / thuy hieu: Khoan Minh Man Dat Nhan
Qua Huy Nhu Khac Nhan Doc Nghia My (Mi) Hoang de
nien hieu 30 Jan 1672 - 29 Oct 1674: Duong Duc
nien hieu 29 Oct 1674 - 14 Feb 1676: Duc Nguyen
3 Aug 1675 - Apr/May 1705 Le Duy Hiep (Hop) (b. 1663 - d. 1716)
mieu hieu: Hy Tong / thuy hieu: Thong man Anh qua Don
khoat Khoan du Vi do Huy cung Chuong Hoang de

nien hieu 14 Feb 1676 - 31 Jan 1680: Vinh Tri
nien hieu 31 Jan 1680 - May 1705: Chinh Hoa
Apr/May 1705 - 18 May 1729 Le Duy Duong (b. 1679 - d. 1731)
mieu hieu: Du Tong / thuy hieu: Thuan chinh Huy nhu On gian
Tu tuong Khoan hue Ton man Hoa Hoang de

nien hieu May 1705 - 8 Feb 1720: Vinh Thinh
nien hieu 8 Feb 1720 - 27 Apr 1729: Bao Thai
18 May 1729 -c.14 Oct 1732 Le Duy Phuong (Banh) (b. 1709 - d. 1735)
mieu hieu: Due Tong / thuy hieu: Thoi Hoang De
nien hieu Apr 1729 - Sep 1732: Vinh Khanh
14 Oct 1732 - 5 Jun 1735 Le Duy Tuong (b. 1699 - d. 1735)
mieu hieu: Thuan Tong / thuy hieu: Khoan hoa Don man
Nhu ton Cẩn khac Tram tiem Than di Gian Hoang de

nien hieu Sep 1732 - 7 May 1735: Long Duc
17 Jun 1735 - 14 Jun 1740 Le Duy Than (b. 1719 - d. 1759)
mieu hieu: Y Tong / thuy hieu: On gia Trang tuc Khai
de Thong man Khoan hong Uyen due Huy Hoang de

nien hieu May 1735 - Jun 1740: Vinh Huu
17 Jun 1740 - 10 Aug 1786 Le Duy Dieu (Theiu) (b. 1717 - d. 1786)
mieu hieu: Hien Tong / thuy hieu: Vinh Hoang de
nien hieu Jun 1740 - 18 Feb 1787: Canh Hung
Apr 1767 - Jan 1770 Le Duy Mat (in rebellion) (d. 1770)

Aug 1786 - 30 Jan 1789 Le Duy Khiem (Le Duy Ky) (b. 1765 - d. 1793)
mieu hieu:Man Tong / thuy hieu: Man Hoang de
nien hieu 18 Feb 1787 - 1789/31 May 1802: Chieu Tong
(reputed later to have continued to 31 May 1802)
30 Jan 1789 - 1 Jun 1802 rule extinguished by Tay Son rulers
1789 - 1790 Le Duy Chi (d. 1790)
(in rebellion against Tay Son rule)
King (style Quốc vương)
-
Nguyen Phuc dynasty -
1 Jun 1802 - 28 Jun 1806 Nguyen Phuc Noan (Nguyen Phuc Anh) (b. 1762 - d. 1820)
mieu hieu: The To
Emperors (style Ho瀟g đế)(from 1884 imperial title translated by the French as king)
- Nguyen Phuc dynasty -
28 Jun 1806 - 3 Feb 1820
Nguyen Phuc Noan (s.a.)
mieu hieu: The To / thuy hieu: Khai thien Hoang dao Lap
ky Thuy thong Than van Thanh vo Tuan duc Long cong Chi
nhan Dai hieu Cao Hoang de

nien hieu 31 May 1802 - 13 Feb 1820: Gia Long
14 Feb 1820 - 20 Jan 1841 Nguyen Phuc Hieu (Nguyen Phuc Dam) (b. 1791 - d. 1841)

mieu hieu: Thanh To / thuy hieu: The thien Xuong van Chi
hieu Thuan duc Van vu Minh doan Sang thuat Dai thanh Hau
trach Phong cong Nhan Hoang de

nien hieu 14 Feb 1820 - 10 Feb 1841: Minh Meng
11 Feb 1841 - 4 Nov 1847 Nguyen Phuc Dung (b. 1807 - d. 1847)
(Nguyen Phuc Mien Tong)
mieu hieu: Hien To / thuy hieu: Thieu thien Long van Chi
thien Thuan hieu Khoan minh Due doan Van tri Vu cong
Thanh triet Chuong Hoang de

nien hieu 11 Feb 1841 - 4 Feb 1848: Thieu Tri
10 Nov 1847 - 19 Jul 1883 Nguyen Phuc Thi (b. 1829 - d. 1883)
mieu hieu:Duc Tong / thuy hieu: The (Ke) thien Hanh van
Chi thanh Dat hieu The kien Don nhan Khiem cung Minh
luoc Due van Anh Hoang de

nien hieu 5 Feb 1848 - 27 Jan 1884: Tu Duc
19 Jul 1883 - 2 Dec 1883 Regency Council
- Tran Tien Thanh (to Sep 1883) (b. 1813 - d. 1883)
- Nguyen Van Tuong (b. 1824 - d. 1886)
- Ton That Thuyet (b. 1835 - d. 1913)
20? Jul 1883 - 23 Jul 1883 Nguyen Phuc Ung Chan (b. 1852 - d. 1883)
mieu hieu:Cung Tong / thuy hieu: Khoan nhan Due
triet Tinh minh Hue Hoang de

nien hieu 20? Jul 1883 - 23 Jul 1883:Duc Duc
30 Jul 1883 - 29 Nov 1883 Nguyen Phuc Thang (b. 1847 - d. 1883)
(Nguyen Phuc Hong Dat)
thuy hieu: Trang Cung Van Lang quan vuong
nien hieu30 Jul 1883 - 29 Nov 1883: Hiep Hoa
2 Dec 1883 - 31 Jul 1884 Nguyen Phuc Hao (b. 1869 - d. 1884)
(Nguyen Phuc Ung Ho; Nguyen Phuc Ung Dang)
mieu hieu: Gian Tong / thuy hieu: Thieu duc Chi hieu
Uyen nhue Nghi hoang de

nien hieu 28 Jan 1884 - 14 Feb 1885: Kien Phuc
2 Dec 1883 - 2 Aug 1884 Regency Council
- Nguyen Van Tuong (s.a.)
- Ton That Thuyet (s.a.)
- Prince Nguyen Phuc Huong Huu, (b. 1835 - d. 1885)
Gia-huong Vuong
2 Aug 1884 - 23? Jul 1885 Nguyen Phuc Minh (b. 1871 - d. 1944)
(Nguyen Phuc Ung Lich)
nien hieu 15 Feb 1885 - 6 Nov 1885: Ham Nghi
(continues in rebellion to 14 Nov 1888)
2 Aug 1884 - 5 Jul 1885 Regency Council
- Nguyen Van Tuong (s.a.)
- Prince Nguyen Phuc Huong Huu, (s.a.)
Gia-huong Vuong
(to 21 Oct 1884)
- Prince Nguyen Phuc Mien Lam, (b. 1832 - d. 1897)
Duke of Hoai Duc
(from Nov 1884)
15 Jul 1885 - Jul 1885 Prince Nguyen Phuc Mien Dinh, (b. 1810 - d. 1886)
Tho-Xuan Vuong -Regent
19 Sep 1885 - 28 Jan 1889 Nguyen Phuc Bien (b. 1864 - d. 1889)
(Nguyen Phuc Ung Duong; Nguyen Phuc Ung Thi)
mieu hieu: Canh Tong / thuy hieu: Tu thien Gia van Thanh minh
Than tri Nhan hieu Thanh kinh Di mo Thua liet Tuyen Hoang de

nien hieu 7 Nov 1885 - 31 Jan 1889: Dong Khanh
1 Feb 1889 - 3 Sep 1907 Nguyen Phuc Buu Lan (b. 1879 - d. 1954)
thuy hieu: Hoai Trach cong
nien hieu 1 Feb 1889 - 4 Sep 1907: Thanh Thai
1 Feb 1889 - 27 Sep 1897 Regency Council
- Prince Nguyen Phuc Mien Trinh,
Tuy-Ly Vuong (b. 1820 - d. 1897)
- Prince Nguyen Phuc Mien Lam,
Duke of Hoai Duc (s.a.)
- Nguyen Trong Hiep (b. 1834 - d. 1902)
(to 4 Sep 1896 [effectively Mar 1897])
- Truong Quang Dan (to Apr 1896) (b. 1833 - d. 1914)
- Nguyen Than (from Apr 1896) (b. 1840 - d. 1914)
- Bui An Nien (= Biu Van Di) (b. 1833 - d. 1895)
(from Apr 1890)
- Hoang Cao Khai (from Jul 1897) (b. 1850 - d. 1933)
29 Jul 1907 - 18 May 1916 Truong Nhu Cuong (b. 1843 - d. 1923)
(president of the Regency Council)
5 Sep 1907 - 3 May 1916 Nguyen Phuc Vinh San (b. 1900 - d. 1945)
(Nguyen Phuc Hoang)
nien hieu 5 Sep 1907 - 17 May 1916: Duy Tan
18 May 1916 - 6 Nov 1925 Nguyen Phuc Tuan (b. 1885 - d. 1925)
(Nguyen Phuc Buu Dao)
mieu hieu: Hoang Tong / thuy hieu: Tu Thien Gia Van Thanh Minh
Thuan Tri Nhan Hieu Thanh Kinh Di Mo Thua Liet Tuyen Hoang de

nien hieu 18 May 1916 - 12 Feb 1926: Khai Dinh
6 Nov 1925 - 10 Sep 1932 Ton That Han (b. 1854 - d. 1944)
(president of the Regency Council)
8 Jan 1926 - 24 Aug 1945 Nguyen Phuc Vinh Thuy (b. 1913 - d. 1997)
nien hieu 13 Feb 1926 - 30 Aug 1945: Bao Dai
(transfer of state authority to provisional
government at Hue on 30 Aug 1945)

Chief ministers of the Supreme Privy Council
1923 - 1932 Nguyen Huu Bai (b. 1863 - d. 1935) Non-party
11 Nov 1932 - 11 Mar 1945 Pham Quynh (b. 1892 - d. 1945) Non-party

Prime minister
1
7 Apr 1945 - 23 Aug 1945 Tran Trong Kim (b. 1883 - d. 1953) Non-party

Japanese Supreme Adviser

11 Mar 1945 - 25 Aug 1945 Masayuki (Seiko) Yokoyama (b. 1892 - d. 1978) Non-party


Provisional National Government of Vietnam

1 Sep 1945 Provisional National Government of Vietnam (Quốc gia l穃
thời Việt Nam), established at M?ng C疂 in areas around
Lạngsơn and Hangay by the Vietnam Revolutionary Allied Society;
supported by Chinese occupation forces, in opposition to the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

1 Jan 1946 Nguyen Hai Than becomes vice president in the government
of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam .

President
1 Sep 1945 - 1 Jan 1946 Nguyen Hai Than (b. 1869 - d. 1954) VRAL
(= Vu Hai Thu)

Party abbreviation: VRAL = Việt Nam C當h Mệnh Đồng minh Hội - "Việt C當h" (Vietnam Revolutionary Allied League "Viet Cach", formed by Việt Nam Quốc d穗 Đảng - "Việt Quốc" [Vietnam Nationalist Party "Viet Quoc"], Đại Việt Quốc d穗 Đảng - Dai Việt [Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam "Dai Viet"], Việt Nam Phục quốc Đồng minh Hội - "Phục quốc Hội" [Vietnam National Restoration of the Allied Powers Association "Phuc Quoc Hoi"], anti-French, supported by Chinese Kuomintang, 1 Oct 1942 - 1946)


The Trinh and Nguyen Rulers

Note: The Trinh family ruled the North from the imperial capital at or near present-day Hanoi; the Nguyen (properly Nguyen Phuc) family ruled the South (present-day Center) from their capital at or near present-day Hue. The Trinh are assigned honorifics (tước hiệu) with the Sino-Viet royal style vương. The Nguyen rulers not only acquired royal honorifics during their reign, but the full royal/imperial temple name (miếu hiệu) and posthumous style (thụy hiệu), changing in time from Sino-Viet vương (king) to ho瀟g đế (emperor) after the family became the imperial rulers after 1802. This record shows a limited choice of these often very long names and styles.

Capital (Trinh): Đ?ng Kinh (1597-1787);
(Nguyen): Ph? Xu穗 (1687-1777) ,
(Kim Long 1636-1687, Thừa Thi麩 1558-1636)
Population: N/A

- Trinh dynasty (in the North) -

Commander-in-chief of all forces by sea and land, Chief Administrator
of important military and state affairs, internal and external

Sep/Oct 1545 - 2 Dec 1569 Trinh Kiem (b. 1503 - d. 1570)
mieu hieu: The To / thuy hieu: Trung Huan
tuoc hieu: Minh khang Nhan tri Vu trinh Hung luoc thai vuong
Commanders-in-chief of the forces by sea and land
2 Dec 1569 - 19 Sep 1570 Trinh Coi (d. 1584)

tuochieu: Trung Quan cong
thuy hieu: Tuan Duc Hau / Dat Nghia cong
19 Sep 1570 -
Oct/Nov 1570 Trinh Tung (b. 1550 - d. 1623)
mieu hieu: Thanh To
Commander-in-chief of all forces by sea and land
Oct/Nov 1570-af.2 Feb 1573 Trinh Tung (s.a.)
mieu hieu: Thanh To
tuochieu: Cung hoa Khoan chinh Triet vuong
Commander-in-chief of all forces by sea and land, Chief Administrator
of important military and state affairs, internal and external
af.2 Feb 1573 - 1 May 1599
Trinh Tung (s.a.)
mieu hieu: Thanh To
Head of State Affairs
1 May 1599
- 17 Jul 1623 Trinh Tung (s.a.)
mieu hieu: Thanh To

Commander-in-chief of all forces by sea and land, Chief Administrator
of important military and state affairs, internal and external

Jul/Aug 1623 - 1 Jan 1624 Trinh Trang (b. 1577 - d. 1657)
mieu hieu: Van To
tuoc hieu: Nghi vuong

Chief of State Affairs

1 Jan 1624 - 28 May 1657 Trinh Trang
(s.a.)
mieu hieu: Van To / thuy hieu: Long Tu
tuoc hieu: Nghi vuong
Manager of State Affairs (ex officio)
28 May 1657 - 24 Sep 1682 Trinh Tac (b. 1606 - d. 1682)
mieu hieu: Hoang To / thuy hieu: Thong Tien
tuoc hieu: Duong vuong
Intendant of State Affairs
19 Aug 1674 - Nov/Dec 1684 Trinh Can (b. 1633 - d. 1709)

mieu hieu: Chieu To
tuoc hieu
:
Dinh Nam vuong
Head of State Affairs

Nov/Dec 1684 - 25 Jun 1709
Trinh Can (s.a.)
mieu hieu: Chieu To / thuy hieu: Dung Doan
tuoc hieu:
Dinh Nam vuong
Imperial Commissioner Commanding-in-chief of all forces by sea and land,
heading the government machinery
(ex officio)
25 Jun 1709 - Oct/Nov 1709 Trinh Cuong (b. 1686 - d. 1729)

mieu hieu: Hi To
tuoc hieu:
Nhan vuong
Head of State Affairs
Oct/Nov 1709 - 17 Nov 1729 Trinh Cuong (s.a.)
(or 16 Jan 1730) mieu hieu: Hi To / thuy hieu: Y Luoc
tuoc hieu:
Nhan vuong
Imperial Commissioner Commanding-in-chief of all forces by sea and land,
holding the government machinery
(ex officio)
17 Nov 1729 - May/Jun 1730 Trinh Giang (b. 1711 - d. 1762)

(or 16 Jan 1730) mieu hieu: Du To
tuoc hieu: Thuan vuong

Head of State Affairs
May/Jun 1730 - 16 Oct 1732
Trinh Giang (1st time) (s.a.)
mieu hieu: Du To
tuoc hieu: Thuan vuong
Chief of State Affairs
16 Oct 1732 - Oct/Nov 1734
Trinh Giang (s.a.)
mieu hieu: Du To
tuoc hieu: Thuan vuong

Heads of State Affairs
Oct/Nov 1734 - 4 Jan 1740
Trinh Giang (2nd time) (s.a.)
mieu hieu: Du To / thuy hieu: Di Muc
tuoc hieu: Thuan vuong
4 Jan 1740 - 15 Feb 1767
Trinh Doanh (b. 1720 - d. 1767)
mieu hieu: Nghi To
/ thuy hieu: Thieu Co
tuoc hieu: Tu vuong

Imperial Commissioner Commanding-in-chief of all forces by sea and land,
managing the government machinery
(ex officio)
15 Feb 1767 - 31 May 1767 Trinh Sam (b. 1739 - d. 1782)

tuoc hieu:
Tinh vuong
Heads of State Affairs
31 May 1767 - 19 Oct 1782 Trinh Sam (s.a.)
mieu hieu: Thanh To
tuoc hieu:
Thinh vuong

19 Oct 1782 - 29 Nov 1782 Trinh Can (b. 1777 - d. 1782)
thuy hieu: Xung Man
tuoc hieu: Cung
Quoc cong
29 Nov 1782
- 20 Jul 1786 Trinh Tong (b. 1763 - d. 1786)
tuoc hieu: Linh vuong

3 Oct 1786
- Apr/May 1788 Trinh Bong (b. 1749 - d. 1791)
tuoc hieu: Yen Do vuong

- Nguyen Phuc dynasty (in the South) -

Managing Chief Supervisor to the Left of the Chief Supervisor's Office for the Army
of the Middle

May/Jun 1593 - 20 Jul 1613 Nguyen Hoang (b. 1525 - d. 1613)
(Tien Chu [Chua])
mieu hieu: Thai To /thuy hieu: Trieu co Thuy thong Kham
minh Cung y Can nghia Dat li Hien ung Chieu huu Dieu linh
Gia du Hoang de
Commander of the forces by sea and land, Chief Administrator of important military and
state affairs, internal and external

20 Jul 1613 - 19 Nov 1635 Nguyen Phuc Nguyen (b. 1563 - d. 1635)

(Phat Chu [Chua])
mieu hieu: (Hi) Hy Tong (
Tuyen To)/thuy hieu: Hien mo Quang
liet On cung Minh due Duc thien Tuy du Hieu van Hoang de
Commanders-in-chief of the forces by sea and land, Chief Administrators of important military
and state affairs, internal and external
19 Nov 1635 - 19 Mar 1648 Nguyen Phuc Lan (b. 1601 - d. 1648)
(Thuong Chu [Chua])
mieu hieu: Than Tong /thuy hieu: Thua co Toan thong
Cuong minh Hung nghi Uy doan Anh vo hieu chieu Hoang de

19 Mar 1648 - 30 Apr 1687 Nguyen Phuc Tan (b. 1620 - d. 1687)
(Hien Chu [Chua])
mieu hieu: Thai Tong /thuy hieu: Tuyen uy Kien vu Anh
minh Trang chinh Thanh duc Than cong Hieu triet Hoang de
30 Apr 1687 - 7 Feb 1691 Nguyen Phuc Tran (b. 1650 - d. 1691)

(Nguyen Phuc Thai, Nguyen Phuc Ngan)
mieu hieu: Anh Tong /thuy hieu: Thieu huu Toan nghiep
Khoan hong Bac hau On hue Tu tuong Hieu nghia Hoang de
7 Feb 1691 - 1 Jun 1725 Nguyen Phuc Chu (b. 1675 - d. 1725)

(Quoc Chu [Chua])
mieu hieu: Hien Tong / thuy hieu: Anh mo Hung luoc Thanh
van Tuyen dat Khoan tu Nhan thu Hieu minh Hoang de

1 Jun 1725 - 7 Jun 1738 Nguyen Phuc Chu (b. 1697 - d. 1738)

(Nguyen Phuc Vuong)
mieu hieu: Tuc Tong /thuy hieu:Tuyen quang Thiau liet
Tuan triet Tinh uyen Kinh van Vi Vo Hieu ninh Hoang de

7 Jun 1738 - 23 May 1744 Nguyen Phuc Khoat (b. 1714 - d. 1765)
(Nguyen Phuc Hieu)
mieu hieu: The Tong
Kings (title Quốc Vượng)
23 May 1744 - 7 Jul 1765 Nguyen Phuc Khoat (s.a.)

mieu hieu: The Tong / thuy hieu: Kien Cuong Uy Doan
than Nghi Thanh Du Nhan Tu Due Tri Hieu Vu Hoang de

7 Jul 1765 - 14 Dec 1776 Nguyen Phuc Thuan (b. 1753 - d. 1777)
(
Nguyen Phuc Han)
mieu hieu: Due Tong / thuy hieu: Thong minh Khoan hau
Anh man Hue hoa Hieu dinh Hoang de

14 Dec 1776 - 19 Sep 1777 Nguyen Phuc Duong (b. c.1750 - d. 1777)
thuy hieu: (Cung man Anh doan Huyen mac Vi van?) Muc vuong


The Tay Son period

Capital: Ph? Xu穗
(Quy Nhơn 1778-1793)
Population: N/A

Note: The rule by the "Tay Son" dynasty (family name Nguyen, changed from Ho) begins in 1776 in the Central part of the country, restricting the imperial Le line to a small area. On 22 Dec 1788, a brother of the Central ruler proclaims the Le rule extinct and assumes the imperial style. The two lines continue to rule, each in part of the country, until the junior ruler
unifies the country in 1793 and rules until Jul 1802.

Ruler (title Vương; from 1778, Thi麩 vương; from Jun 1787, Trung ương Ho瀟g đế)(in South)
1776 - Oct 1793 Nguyen Van Nhac (b. 1743 - d. 1793)
(Ho Nhac; Nguyen Dinh Nhac)
thuy hieu: Minh Duc Hoang de
nien hieu 1778 - Oct 1793: Thai Duc

Rulers (title Đại Việt Ho瀟g đế)
(in North only to Oct 1793)
22 Dec 1788 - 16 Sep 1792 Nguyen Hue (b. 1753 - d. 1792)
(Ho Thom; Nguyen Quang Binh)
mieu hieu: Thai To / thuy hieu: Vo Hoang de
nien hieu 22 Dec 1788 - 11 Feb 1793: Quang Trung
16 Sep 1792 - Jul 1802 Nguyen Quang Toan (Nguyen Trat) (b. 1782 - d. 1802)
nien hieu 11 Feb 1793 - Aug 1801: Canh Thinh
nien hieu Aug 1801 - Jul 1802: Bao Hung
16 Sep 1792 - 1795 Bui Doc Tuyen -Regent (d. 1795)


Champa (Panduranga)

Note: Vietnamese sources on Champa dry up at the end of the 17th century. The royal chronicle of Pangdarang (Pali: Panduranga) claims that the polity of this name is the true continuation of Champa, and there is some meager evidence that that is the case, at least for the final portion of the chronicle (which claims to deal with events beginning in 1000).

Map of Champa
Capital: Bal Canar [Ban Canan] (1613-1832)
(Panduranga [Phan Rang]
1471-1613; Vijaya [Quy Nhơn]
982 - 1471; Indrapura [Dan Nang] 875-982; Simhapura [Tr? Kiệu] 4th cent.- 875)
Population: N/A

192 AD Lin Yi kingdom founded in the southern part of modern Vietnam.
877 Kingdom of Hoang Vương became Champa Thanh.
c.986 Cham abandon Indrapura.

1044 - 1084 Vassal of Dai Viet.
1145 - 1149 Occupied by Khmer (Cambodia).
1193 - 1218 Annexed by Khmer (Cambodia).
1283 - 1285 Mongol (Yuan) vassal.
21 Mar 1471 Vietnam annexes the major portions of the Champa Kingdom.
1653 Tributary to Vietnam.
1627 - 1822
Pangdarang (Pali: Panduranga) a vassal of Vietnam.
1692 - 1695 Occupied by Vietnam.
1822 Kingdom extinguished by Vietnam, but retains some autonomy.
1832
Autonomy ended, fully incorporated into Vietnam (as B?nh Thuận
province)
.
1834 - 1835 Ja Thak Va (d. 1835) uprising.

Kings(title Raja)
-
Champa -
1285 - 1307 Jaya Simhavarman III (Che Man)
1307 - 1312 Jaya Simhavarman IV (Che Chi)
1312 - 1318 Jaya Simhavarman V (Che Nang)
1318 - 1342 Jaya Ananda (Che A Nan)
1342 - 1360 Maha Sawa (Tra Hoa)
1360 - 1390 Jaya R'cam B'nga (Che Bong Nga)
1390 - 1400 Jaya Simhavarman VI (La Ngai)
1400 - 1441 Indravarman VI (Ba Dich Lai)
1441 - 1446 Maha Vijaya (Bai Cai)
1446 - 1449 Maha Kali (Quy Lai)
1449 - 1458 Maha Kaya (Quy Do)
1458 - 1460 Maha Saya (Tra Duyet)
1460 - 1471 Maha Sajan (Tra Toan)
1471 - 1474 Maha Sajai (Tra Toai)
- Panduranga -
1281 - 1306 Po Dobatasuar (Ba Diep)
1306 - 1328 Po Patarsuar (Ba Buc)
1328 - 1373 Po Binnasuar (Ba Binh)
1373 - 1397 Po Parican (Ba Phat)
1433 - 1460 Po Kasit (Ba Khiet)
1460 - 1494
Po Kabrah (Ba Ke)
1494 - 1530 Po Kabih (Ba Cap)
1530 - 1536 Po Karutdrak (Ba Khu)
1536 - 1541 Maha Sarak (Tra Loc)
1541 - 1553 Po Kunarai (Ba Bai)
1553 - 1579 Po At (Ba At)
1579 - 1603 Po Klong Halau
(Ba Khac-luong Khat-luu)
1603 - 1613 Po Nit (Ba Nhiep)
1613 - 1618 Po Jai Paran (Ba Thai)
1618 - 1622 Po Aih Khang (Ba Ung)
1622 - 1627 Po Klong M'hnai (Maha Taha) (d. 1627)
(Ba Khac-luong Nhu-lai)
1627 - 1651 Po Rome
(Ba Lam) (d. 1651)
1651 - 1653 Po Nraop (Ba Tham)
1654 - 1657 Po Saktiraydapaghoh (Ba Tich)
1657 - 1659 Po Jatamah
(Ba Chat)
1659 - 1692 Po Saot (Ba Tranh) (d. 1693)
1692 - 1695Vacant
1695 - 1727 Po Saktiraydapatih (Ba Tu) (d. 1727)
1727 - 1730 Po Ganuhpatih (Ba Thi)
1730 - 1732 Po Thuntiraidaputih (Nguyen Van Thuan)
1732 - 1763 Po Rattiraydaputao (Nguyen Van Dat)
1763 - 1765 Po Tisundimahrai (Nguyen Van Thiet)
1765 - 1768 Vacant
1768 - 1780 Po Tisuntiraydapaghoh
(Nguyen Van Tich)
1780 - 1781 Po Tisuntiraidapuran (1st time) (d. 1793)
(Nguyen Van Ta)
1781 - 1783 Vacant
1783 - 1786 Chei Krei Brei (Nguyen Van Chieu)
1786 Po Chongchan (Nguyen Van Tong)(1st time)
1786 - 1793 Po Tisuntiraidapuran (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1793 - 1799 Po Ladhunpaghuh (d. 1799)
(Nguyen Van Hao)
1796 - 1799 Po Chongchan (2nd time)
(in rebellion, supported by the Tay Son)
1799 - 1822 Po Saong Nyung Ceng (d. 1822)
(Nguyen Van Chan)
1822 Po Bait Lan (Nguyen Van Lan)
1822 - 1828 Po Klan Thu (d. 1828)
(
Nguyen Van Vinh)
1828 - 1832 Po Phaok The (d. 1835)

(Nguyen Van Thua)
1834 - 1835 Po War Palei (Ba Hoa Bai-lai) (d. 1835)
(in rebellion)


Pulo Condore

[画像:[Flag of Great Britain 1606]]

16 Jun 1702 English East India company founds Pulo Condore factory on island
of Poulo Condor (C?n Sơn) in the C?n Đảo archipelago off the
Southern Vietnam coast.

2 Mar 1705 Garrison and settlement destroyed by mercenaries hired from
Borneo.

Factor
16 Jun 1702 - 2 Mar 1705 Allen Catchpole (Ketchpole) (b. 16.. - d. 1705)


Sedang

[画像:[Kingdom of Sedang 1888-1890 (Cochinchina)]]

3 Jun 1888 Kingdom of Sedang (Royaume des Sedangs/Vương quốc Xơ Đăng), an
ephemeral kingdom, is declared by French a adventurer at Kon Gung
(also called Pelei Agna, now in Đắk Mar commune) incorporating the
Bahnar (Ba-Na), Rengao, and Sedang (Xơ Đăng) ethnic groups in the
central highlands of Indo-China (modern Kon Tum province, Vietnam).
11 Nov 1890 Marie dies under mysterious circumstances at Pulau Tioman.

King (roi des Sedangs)
3 Jun 1888 - 11 Nov 1890 Marie I (b. 1842 - d. 1890)
(= Marie-Charles David de Mayr駭a)



French Union of Indochina

[画像:[France]]
1886 - Mar 1945, Aug 1945-1954
[画像:[flag of French Protectorate of Indochina c.1923-1945]]
c.1923 - 9 Mar 1945

Map of French Indochina
Capital: Hano?
(Sa?gon 1887- 1 Jan 1902,
1945-1956; Dalat [Da Lat]
1939-1945)
Population: 23,030,000 (1936)
Currency: 1887-1954 French Indochina Piastre (ICFP);
1945 Indochina Gumpyo
Yen (ICFG) Exports: 135ドル million (1953);
39ドル.8 million (1933) Imports: 304ドル.7 million (1953);
35ドル.7 million (1933)
Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 72%, Khmer 13%, Lao and other Thai 6%, Austronesian peoples 4%, Chinese 1%, other 4% (1936) Religions: Buddhist and other 97%, Roman Catholic 3% (1921)

17 Oct 1887 Union of French Indochina (Union Indochinoise Fran軋ise)
formed (Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina, Cambodia and
from 3 Oct 1893, Laos).
3 Oct 1888 Erection of the French concessions of Hanoi, Haiphong (Hai Phong),
and Tourane (Da Nag)(Concessions fran軋ises des terrains de Hanoi,
Haiphong et Tourane) with the same colonial governance as
Cochinchina (by Annam royal decree No. 1 of 1 Oct 1888).
5 Jan 1900 - 28 Feb 1946 Kouang-Tch駮u-Wan (Guangzhouwan [
Kwangchowan ]) port in
China leased territory administratively joined to
French Indochina (and subordinated to Tonkin ).
16 Jun 1940 - 9 Mar 1945 Administration loyal to Vichy France (nominal after 20 Aug 1944).
22 Sep 1940 Japanese troops based in Northern Indochina (in Hanoi and
Haiphong from 26 Sep 1940).
24 Jul 1941 Japanese troops based in Southern Indochina.
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation and administration (Futsuin).
22 Jul 1954 Division of Vietnam formalized by the Geneva Accords.
9 Oct 1954 French evacuate Hanoi (from Saigon 20 May 1955).
28 Apr 1956 Last French forces left Vietnam.
21 Jul 1956 Dis-establishment.

Governors-general
9 Nov 1887 - 22 Apr 1888 Jean Antoine Ernest Constans (b. 1833 - d. 1913)
(provisional)
22 Apr 1888 - 30 May 1889 ノtienne Antione Guillaume Richaud (b. 1841 - d. 1889)
(interim to 8 Sep 1888)
31 May 1889 - 13 Apr 1891 Jules Georges Piquet (b. 1839 - d. 1923)
13 Apr 1891 - 26 Jun 1891 Fran?ois Marie L駮n Bideau (acting)(b. 1837 - d. 1894)
26 Jun 1891 - 29 Dec 1894 Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan (b. 1843 - d. 1919)
10 Mar 1894 - 26 Oct 1894 L駮n Jean Laurent Chavassieux (b. 1848 - d. 1895)
(acting for Lanessan)
29 Dec 1894 - 15 Mar 1895 Fran輟is Pierre Rodier (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
15 Mar 1895 - 10 Dec 1896 Paul Armand Rosseau (b. 1835 - d. 1896)
21 Oct 1895 - 14 Mar 1896 Paul Julien Auguste Four鑚 (b. 1853 - d. 1915)
(acting for Rosseau)
10 Dec 1896 - 13 Feb 1897 Paul Julien Auguste Four鑚 (acting)(s.a.)
13 Feb 1897 - 14 Mar 1902 Joseph Athanase Paul Doumer (b. 1857 - d. 1932)
29 Sep 1898 - 24 Jan 1899Paul Julien Auguste Four鑚 (s.a.)
(acting for Doumer)
16 Feb 1901 - 20 Aug 1901 ノdouard Alfred Marie Broni (b. 1874 - d. 1928?)
(acting for Doumer)
14 Mar 1902 - 14 Oct 1902 ノdouard Alfred Marie Broni (acting)(s.a.)
15 Oct 1902 - 28 Feb 1908 Jean-Baptiste Paul Beau (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
28 Feb 1907 - 23 Sep 1908 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (acting) (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
24 Sep 1908 - 17 Feb 1911 Antony Wladislas Klobukowski (b. 1855 - d. 1934)
13 Jan 1910 - 10 Jun 1910 Albert Jean George Marie Louis (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
Picqui? (acting for Klobukowski)
17 Feb 1911 - 14 Nov 1911 Louis Paul Luce (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1931)
15 Nov 1911 - 22 Nov 1913 Albert Pierre Sarraut (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1962)
22 Nov 1913 - 3 Mar 1915 Joost van Vollenhouven (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1918)
3 Mar 1915 - 22 May 1916 Ernest Nestor Roume (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
23 May 1916 - 21 Jan 1917 Jean Fran輟is dit Eug鈩e Charles (b. 1865 - d. 1946)
(acting)
22 Jan 1917 - 9 Dec 1919 Albert Pierre Sarraut (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 May 1919 - 19 Feb 1920 Maurice Antoine Fran輟is (b. 1874 - d. 1945)
Montguillot (1st time)(acting)
20 Feb 1920 - 15 Apr 1922 Maurice Long (b. 1866 - d. 1923)
18 Nov 1920 - 31 Mar 1921 Joseph Maurice Le Gallen (b. 1873 - d. 1956)
(acting for Long)
15 Apr 1922 - 9 Aug 1923 Fran輟is Marius Baudoin (acting) (b. 1867 - d. 1957)
9 Aug 1923 - 27 Jul 1925 Martial Henri Merlin (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
23 Apr 1925 - 18 Nov 1925 Maurice Antoine Fran輟is (s.a.)
Montguillot (2nd time)
18 Nov 1925 - 22 Aug 1928 Alexandre Varenne (b. 1870 - d. 1947)
4 Oct 1926 - 16 May 1927 Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier (b. 1877 - d. 1934)
(acting for Varenne)
1 Nov 1927 - 7 Aug 1928 Maurice Antoine Fran輟is (s.a.)
Montguillot (3rd time)
(acting for Varenne)
7 Aug 1928 - 26 Dec 1928 Eug鈩e Jean Louis Ren? Robin (b. 1872 - d. 1954)
(1st time)(acting)
26 Dec 1928 - 15 Jan 1934 Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier (s.a.)
1 Dec 1930 - 30 Jun 1931 Eug鈩e Jean Louis Ren? Robin (s.a.)
(acting for Pasquier)
15 Jan 1934 - 23 Jul 1934 Maurice Fernand Graffeuil (b. 1882 - d. 1941)
(acting)
23 Jul 1934 - 13 Sep 1936 Eug鈩e Jean Louis Ren? Robin (s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Sep 1936 - 14 Jan 1937 Achille Louis Auguste Silvestre (b. 1879 - d. 1937)
(acting)
14 Jan 1937 - 20 Aug 1939 Joseph Jules Br騅i? (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
20 Aug 1939 - 25 Jun 1940 Georges Catroux (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
25 Jun 1940 - 9 Mar 1945 Jean Decoux (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
(interim to 29 Aug 1940)
(Japanese prisoner 9 Mar - Aug 1945)
10 Sep 1944 - 9 Mar 1945 Eug鈩e Mordant (b. 1885 - d. 1959)
("Free" French delegate-general for Indochina)
(Japanese prisoner 9 Mar - Aug 1945)
Japanese Governor-general

9 Mar 1945 - 28 Aug 1945 Yūitsu Tsuchihashi (acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1975)
(commander of the Japanese 38th Army)
French Delegate of the Government of the Republic in Indochina
10 Apr 1945 - Sep 1945 Camille Ange Gabriel Sabattier (b. 1892 - d. 1966)
(in opposition to Japanese occupation)
Commander of Allied (Chinese) Occupation Force (First Army) for Indochina

-above 16th parallel -
14 Sep 1945 - 14 May 1946 Lu Han (China) (b. 1895 - d. 1974)
Chairman of the Allied Control Commission and Commander
Allied Land Forces, French Indochina (ALFFIC)

- below 16th parallel -
13 Sep 1945 - 28 Mar 1946 Douglas David Gracey (U.K.) (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
High Commissionersof the French Republic in Indochina
23 Sep 1945 - 5 Oct 1945 Jean Marie Ars鈩e C馘ile (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
5 Oct 1945 - 1 Nov 1945 Philippe Fran?ois Marie de (b. 1902 - d. 1947)
Hauteclocque, dit Leclerc (acting)
2 Nov 1945 - 27 Mar 1947 Georges Louis Marie Thierry (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
d'Argenlieu
Nov 1946 - Dec 1946 Jean ノtienne Valluy (b. 1899 - d. 1970)
(acting for d'Argenlieu)
27 Mar 1947 - 20 Oct 1948 ノmile Bollaert (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1978)

20 Oct 1948 - 17 Dec 1950 L駮n Marie Adolphe Pascal Pignon (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
17 Dec 1950 - Dec 1951 Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de (b. 1889 - d. 1952)
Lattre de Tassigny
Dec 1951 - 11 Jan 1952 Georges Armand L駮n Gautier (b. 1901 - d. 1987)
(acting)
11 Jan 1952 - 18 Apr 1952 Raoul Albin Louis Salan (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
18 Apr 1952 - 27 Apr 1953 Jean Letourneau (b. 1907 - d. 1986)
(minister in Charge of Relations with the Associated States)
Commissioners-general
of the French Republic in Indochina
27 Apr 1953 - 23 Jul 1953 Jean Letourneau (provisional) (s.a.)
23 Jul 1953 - 2 Jun 1954 Maurice Ernest Dejean (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
3 Jun 1954 - 2 Jun 1955 Paul Henri Romuald ノly (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
Ambassador Extraordinary and High Commissioner of France to the Republic of Vietnam
2 Jun 1955 - 21 Jul 1956 Henri Hoppenot (b. 1891 - d. 1977)

Heads of the Japanese Observation Delegation, French Indochina
29 Jun 1940 - 28 Sep 1940 Issaku Nishihara (b. 1893 - d. 1945)
28 Sep 1940 - Oct 1941 Raishiro (Haikushiro) Sumida (b. 1890 - d. 1979)
Nov 1941 - 1942 Isamu Chō (b. 1895 - d. 1945)
(head, Southern Army Special Agency)
Japanese Ambassadors Plenipotentiary to French Indochina
29 Jul 1941 - Nov 1944 Kenkichi Yoshizawa (b. 1874 - d. 1956)
24 Nov 1944 - 9 Mar 1945 Shun'ichi Matsumoto (b. 1897 - d. 1987)
Director-general of the Governor-general's Government
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Takeshi Tsukamoto (b. 1896 - d. 19..)
Japanese Military Commanders in Indochina

7 Sep 1940 - 5 Jul 1941 Takuma Nishimura (b. 1889 - d. 1951)
(commander Indochina Expeditionary Army)
10 Nov 1942 - 22 Nov 1944 Viscount Kazumoto Machijiri (b. 1889 - d. 1950)
(commander Indochina Garrison Army)
22 Nov 1944 - 28 Aug 1945 Yūitsu Tsuchihashi (s.a.)
(commander Indochina Garrison Army to
20 Dec 1944, then Japanese 38th Army)


Annam - Tonkin

French Charg駸 d'Affaires (at Hu?)
30 Jul 1875 - 13 Dec 1876 Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1902)
(provisional)
14 Dec 1876 - 3 Jul 1879 Paul Louis F駘ix Philastre (b. 1837 - d. 1907)

3 Jul 1879 - 5 Oct 1880 Pierre Paul Rheinart (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Oct 1880 - 17 Aug 1881 Louis Eug鈩e Palasme de Champeaux (b. 1840 - d. 1889)
18 Aug 1881 - 28 Mar 1883 Pierre Paul Rheinart (3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Jul 1883 - 24 Dec 1885 Fran輟is Jules Harmand (b. 1845 - d. 1921)
(commissioner-general)
Residents-general
(at Hu?)
11 Jun 1884 - 1 Oct 1884 Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time) (s.a.)
(provisional)
1 Oct 1884 - 31 May 1885 Victor Gabriel Lemaire (b. 1839 - d. 1907)
31 May 1885 - 31 Jan 1886 Philippe Marie Andr? Roussel (b. 1827 - d. 1887)
de Courcy
31 Jan 1886 - 8 Apr 1886 Charles Auguste Louis Warnet (b. 1828 ? d. 1913)
(interim)
8 Apr 1886 - 11 Nov 1886 Paul Bert (b. 1833 - d. 1886)
11 Nov 1886 - 28 Jan 1887 Paulin Fran輟is Alexandre Vial (b. 1831 - d. 1907)
(interim)
29 Jan 1887 - 17 Nov 1887 Paul Louis Georges Bihourd (b. 1846 - d. 1914)
17 Nov 1887 - 25 Jun 1888 Raoul Berger (interim)
25 Jun 1888 - 8 Sep 1888 Eus鐫e Ir駭馥 Parreau (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1922)
(interim)
8 Sep 1888 - 10 Feb 1889 Pierre Paul Rheinhart (2nd time) (s.a.)
Residents-general in Annam-Tonkin (at Hu?)
10 Feb 1889 - 4 May 1889
Pierre Paul Rheinhart (s.a.)
4 May 1889 - 29 May 1889 Eus鐫e Ir駭馥 Parreau (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)

Annam

Map of Annam
Capital: Hu?
(Huế)
Population: 5,656,000 (1936)
Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 86%, Austronesian peoples 12%, other 2% (1936)

Resident sup駻ieurs in Annam (at Hu?)
31 Jan 1886 - 17 May 1886 Charles Dillon (b. 1842 - d. 1889)
17 May 1886 - 4 May 1889 S駻aphin Hector (1st time) (b. 1846 - d. 1925)
(acting)
4 May 1889 - 10 May 1889 L駮n Jean Laurent Chavassieux (s.a.)
(acting)
10 May 1889 - 27 Oct 1891 S駻aphin Hector (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Oct 1891 - 11 Apr 1894 Ernest Albert Bri鑽e (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1904)
11 Apr 1894 - 27 Nov 1894 L駮n Jules Pol Boulloche (1st time)(b. 1859 - d. 1922)
(acting)
28 Nov 1894 - 26 Apr 1895 Charles Fr?d?ric Baille (acting) (b. 1848 - d. 1910)
27 Apr 1895 - 1 Jan 1897 Ernest Albert Bri鑽e (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Feb 1897 - 7 Mar 1898 Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne (b. 1859 - d. 1942)
(1st time) (acting)
7 Mar 1898 - 1900 L駮n Jules Pol Boulloche (2nd time)(s.a.)
22 Feb 1900 - 1902 Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting to 9 May 1901)
1902 - 1903 Louis Paul Luce (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1931)
1903 - Aug 1904 Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne (s.a.)
(3rd time)
23
Jun 1904 - 20 Apr 1906 Bernard Pierre Oscar Mouli? (b. 1857 - d. 19..)
(acting (for Auvergne to 29 Aug 1904])
1906 - Jul 1908 Ernest Fernand L?vecque (b. 1852 - d. 1927)
Jul 1908 - 1910 ノlie Jean-Henri Groleau (b. 1859 - d. 1932)
1910 - 1 Jan 1912 Henri Victor Sestier (b. 1857 - d. 1918)
1 Jan 1912 - 15 May 1913 Georges Marie Joseph Mah? (b. 1860 - d. 1926)
16 May 1913 - 16 May 1916 Jean-Fran輟is dit Eug鈩e Charles (b. 1865 - d. 1946)
(1st time)(acting to 17 May 1914)
16 May 1916 - 27 Jan 1917 Henri Le Marchant de Trigon (b. 1867 - d. 1918)
(interim)
27 Jan 1917 - May 1919 Jean-Fran輟is dit Eug鈩e Charles (s.a.)
(2nd time)
7 Jun 1919 - 5 May 1921 Honor? Louis Joseph Tissot (b. 1868 - d. 1940)
(interim)

5 May 1921 - 13 Feb 1927 Pierre Marie Antonie Pasquier (s.a.)
20 May 1922 - 11 Sep 1922 Jules Fri鑚 (acting for Pasquier) (b. 1874 - d. 1957)
13 Jan 1924 - 28 Sep 1924 Aristide Eug鈩e Le Fol (b. 1878 - d. 1967)
(acting for Pasquier)
1 Oct 1926 - 13 Feb 1927 Jean Charles Joseph d'Elloy (b. 1872 - d. 1944)
(interim)
13 Feb 1927 - 5 Jan 1929 Jules Fri鑚 (s.a.)
5 Jan 1929 - 11 Jun 1931 Aristide Eug鈩e Le Fol (s.a.)
23 May 1929 - 28 Feb 1930 Pierre Charles Edmond Jabouille (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
(acting for Le Fol)
11 Jun 1931 - 25 Feb 1933 Yves Charles Ch穰el (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
(acting to 21 Nov 1931)
25 Feb 1933 - 27 Jul 1934 L駮n Emmanuel Thibaudeau (interim) (b. 1883 - d. 1946)

27 Jul 1934 - 25 May 1941 Maurice Fernand Graffeuil (b. 1882 - d. 1941)
15 May 1936 - 16 Apr 1937 Eug鈩e Guillemain (b. 1885 - d. 1974)
(acting for Graffeuil)
18 Jun 1941 - 23 Aug 1944 ノmile Louis Fran輟is Grandjean (b. 1888 - d. 1986)
23 Aug 1944 - 9 Mar 1945 Jean Maurice Norbert Haelewyn (b. 1901 - d. 1945)
(Japanese prisoner 9 Mar - 23 Aug 1945)
Japanese Supreme Adviser
to Annam
Mar 1945 - Aug 1945 Masayuki Yokoyama (b. 1892 - d. 1978)
French Commissioners of the French Republic in Central Vietnam
(subordinated to the High Commissioners of France in Indochina)
24 Aug 1945 - Oct 1946
Jean Marie Ars鈩e C馘ile (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
Oct 1946 - 20 May 1947 Georges ノdouard Jules Marie (b. 1898 - d. 1977)
Saint-Mleux (interim)
20 May 1947 - 8 Aug 1949 Henri Pierre Joseph Marie Lebris (b. 1886 - d. 1962)
(interim)
8 Aug 1949 - 22 Aug 1949 Claude L
?on Raoul Vally (acting) (b. 1897 - d. 1971)
22 Aug 1949 - 1951 Henri Augustin Lorillot
(b. 1901 - d. 1985)
(provisional)(commissioner of the Republic and
commander of French forces in Central Vietnam)
1951 - 27 Apr 1953 Georges ノmile LeBlanc (b. 1896 - d. 1989)
Oct 1953 - 1954
Gabriel Louis Marie Bourgund (b. 1898 - d. 1993)


Tai Federation

Map of Tai Federation
Capital: Lai Ch穹
(Muong Lay)
(1948-1954)
Population: 228,000 (1936)
Constitution
(15 Jul 1948)

7 Apr 1889 The then 12 (sip song) Tai states are incorporated into the French
protectorate of Tonkin.
1 Mar 1948 Tai Federation (F馘駻ation Tha?/Phen Din Tai/Khu tự trị Th疂)
consisting of the 19 Tai states in then three Vietnamese provinces
of Lai Ch穹, Sơn La and Phong Thổ), intended to be an independent
component of the French Union.
15 Apr 1950 Tai Federation is made a "crown domain" (an autonomous area) of
Vietnamese Emperor Bao Dai, but not a fully an integrated part of
the State of Vietnam.
21 Jul 1954 Dissolved after the Geneva Accords.

President of the Tai Executive
1948 - 1954 Đ鑰 Văn Long (b. 1887 - d. 1975)
(evacuated 7 May 1954)

Tonkin

Map of Tonkin
Capital: Hano?
(H? N?i) Population: 8,700,000 (1936)
Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 88%, Thai peoples 8%, other 4% (1936)

Resident sup駻ieurs in Tonkin (at Hanoi; subordinated to Resident-superior in Annam to 1888)
8 Apr 1886 - Nov 1886 Paulin Fran輟is Alexandre Vial (s.a.)
20 Nov 1886 - 29 Jan 1887 Jean Thomas Raoul Bonnal (1st time)(b. 1847 - d. 1925)
1887 - 1888 Antony Wladislas Klobukowski (b. 1855 - d. 1934)
(acting)
29 Apr 1888 - 10 May 1889 Eus鐫e Ir駭馥 Parreau (b. 1842 - d. 1922)
29 May 1889 - 6 Apr 1890 Ernest Albert Bri鑽e (1st time) (s.a.)
7 Apr 1890 - 3 Feb 1891 Jean Thomas Raoul Bonnal (2nd time)(s.a.)
(acting)
3 Feb 1891 - 27 Oct 1891 Ernest Albert Bri鑽e (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Oct 1891 - 20 Jul 1893 L駮n Jean Laurent Chavassieux (s.a.)
(1st time)
20 Jul 1893 - 30 Mar 1895 Fran輟is Pierre Rodier (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
(acting to 15 Oct 1894)
30 Mar 1895 - 13 May 1895Louis Paul Luce (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1931)
13 May 1895 - 18 Jun 1895 L駮n Jean Laurent Chavassieux (s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting)
18 Jul 1895 - 9 Mar 1897Paul Julien Auguste Four鑚 (s.a.)
(1st time)
1897 L駮n Jules Pol Boulloche (b. 1859 - d. 1922)

26 Jul 1897 - 30 Aug 1905 Paul Julien Auguste Four鑚 (s.a.)
(2nd time)
30 Aug 1905 - 2 Apr 1907
ノlie Jean Henri Groleau (acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1932)
Apr 1907 - Jul 1907 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (b. 1865 - d. 1909)
Jul 1907 - Apr 1909 Louis Jules Morel (b. 1853 - d. 1911)
Apr 1909 - Sep 1909 Marie Joseph Ulderic de Miribel (b. 1858 - d. 1911)
(acting)
Sep 1909 - Aug 1912 Paul Simoni (b. 1863 - d. 1931)
20 Aug 1912 - 15 Dec 1912 Jean-Fran輟is dit Eug鈩e Charles (b. 1865 - d. 1946)
(acting)
16 Dec 1912 - 8 Jun 1915 L駮n Louis Jean Georges Destenay (b. 1861 - d. 1915)
8 Jun 1915 - 1917 Maurice Joseph Le Gallen (b. 1873 - d. 1956)
4 Dec 1917 - 1919 Jean Baptiste ノdouard Bourcier (b. 1870 - d. 1941)
de Saint-Chaffray
22 Aug 1919 - 1921 Louis F?lix Marie Edouard Rivet (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
(acting)
27 Feb 1921 - 1924 Maurice Antoine Fran輟is (s.a.)

Monguillot
5 Jul 1924 - 10 Nov 1924 Jean Adrien Gaston Poulin (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1924)
13 Nov 1924 - 2 Dec 1925 Jean F駘ix Krautheimer (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
2 Dec 1925 - 1930 Eug鈩e Jean Louis Ren? Robin (b. 1872 - d. 1954)
28 Feb 1927 - 7 Aug 1928 Maurice Fernand Graffeuil (b. 1882 - d. 1941)
(acting for Robin)
7 Aug 1928 - 26 Dec 1928 Jules Marie Douguet (b. 1880 - d. 1956)
(acting for Robin)
25 Nov 1930 - 1937 Auguste Eug鈩e Ludovic Tholance (b. 1878 - d. 1938)

28 Aug 1932 - 3 May 1933 Pierre Andr? Michel Pag鑚 (b. 1893 - d. 1980)
(acting for Tholance)
27 Jul 1933 - 10 Sep 1933 Joseph Jules Bride (b. 1871 - d. 1963)
(acting for Tholance)
13 Apr 1937 - 1937 Pierre Abel Delsalle (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1955)
1937 - 1939 Yves Charles Ch穰el
(b. 1865 - d. 1944)
8 Feb 1939 - 25 Aug 1939 Maurice
mile Henry de Tastes (b. 1883 - d. 1940)
(acting)
25 Aug 1939 - 16 Nov 1940 Henri Georges Rivoal (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1963)
16 Nov 1940 - 18 Jun 1941 ノmile Louis Fran輟is Grandjean (b. 1888 - d. 1986)

(interim to 11 Dec 1940)
18 Jun 1941 - 21 Nov 1942 ノdouard Andr? Delsalle
(b. 1893 - d. 1945)
21 Nov 1942 - 23 Aug 1944 Jean-Marie Norbert Haelewyn (b. 1901 - d. 1945)
(interim to 16 Mar 1943)
23 Aug 1944 - 9 Mar 1945 Paul Louis Gabriel Chauvet (acting)(b. 1904 - d. 2007)

(Japanese prisoner 9 Mar - Aug 1945)
Japanese Adviser to the Imperial Delegate
of Tonkin
Mar 1945 - Aug 1945 Kumao Nishimura (b. 1899 - d. 1980)
Vietnamese Imperial Delegates in Tonkin
17 Apr 1945 - 17 Aug 1945 Phan Ke Toai (b. 1892 - d. 1973)
17 Aug 1945 - 25 Aug 1945 Nguyen Xuan Chu (b. 1898 - d. 1967)
Commander of Allied Occupation Force for Indochina (Chinese First Army)
14 Sep 1945 - 14 May 1946 Lu Han (China) (b. 1895 - d. 1974)
French Commissioners of the French Republic in Tonkin

(subordinated to the High Commissioners of France in Indochina)
18 Aug 1945 - 4 Oct 1945 Pierre Messmer (acting) (b. 1916 - d. 2007)

4 Oct
1945 - 1946 Jean Roger Sainteny (b. 1907 - d. 1978)
(delegate of the high commissioner for Tonkin and North Annam)
11 Apr 1946 - Jul 1946 Jean ノtienne Valluy (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1970)
Jul 1946 - 27 Sep 1946 Jean Cr駱in (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1996)
27 Sep 1946 - Jan 1947 Louis Constant Morli鑽e (acting) (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
Jan 1947 - Feb 1947 Pierre Louis Deb鑚 (acting) (b. 1900 - d. 1947)
18 Feb 1947 - 2 Dec 1947 Miguel Joaquim de Pereyra (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
(delegate of the high commissioner for Tonkin and North Annam)
2 Dec 1947 - 8 Aug 1949 Yves Jean Digo (b. 1897 - d. 1974)
(acting to 20 Mar 1948)
8 Aug 1949 - 28 Nov 1949 Raymond Gilbert F駘ix Koch (acting)(b. 1896 - d. 1978)
28 Nov 1949 - 10 Nov 1950 Marcel Jean Marie Alessandri (b. 1895 - d. 1968)

(commissioner of the Republic in North Vietnam)
10 Nov 1950 -
6 Jan 1951 Pierre Georges Jacques Marie Boyer (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
de La Tour du Moulin
6 Jan 1951 - 7 Feb 1951 Raoul Albin Louis Salan (interim) (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
7 Feb 1951 - 27 Apr 1953 Fran輟is Jean Antonin Marie Am馘馥 (b. 1897 - d. 1955)
Gonzales de Linar鑚
High Commissioner of the French Republic to Vietnam

27 Apr 1953 - 1954
Georges Armand L駮n Gautier (b. 1901 - d. 1987)

Vietnamese Crown Representatives(Kinh lược Bắc kỳ) for Tonkin
1880 - 1883 Nguyen Huu Do (b. 1813 - d. 1888)
1890 - 1897 Hoang Cao Khai (b. 1850 - d. 1933)


French Cochinchina

[画像:[France]]
18 Feb 1859 - 9 Mar 1945

Map of Cochinchina
Capital: Sa?gon
(Tourane [Da Nang]
1858-1860)
Currency: 1862-1954
French Indochina
Piastre (ICFP); 1941-44
French Indochina Military Yen (ICF)
Population: 4,616,000 (1936)
---------------------------
Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 86%, Khmer 7%, Chinese 4%, other 3% (1936)

1698 - 1770 Nam Kỳregion gradually annexed to Vietnam from Cambodia.
1 Sep 1858 French occupy Đ? Nẵng (renamed Tourane).
18 Feb 1859 French occupy Saigon (Sai Gon) and three southern Vietnamese
provinces
(Bi麩 H?a, Gia Định and Định Tường) and from 28 Nov
1861, C?n Sơn
(Poulo Condor [Grande-Condore]) Island
(Cochinchine Fran軋ise [Xứ thuộc địa Nam Kỳ])
.

5 Jun 1862 Southern region made a French colony (Cochinchine) by the
First Treaty of Saigon (confirmed by the Treaty of Hu? on
14 Apr 1863).
20-24 Jun 1867 France occupies An Giang, H? Ti麩 and Vĩnh Long provinces, adding
them to Cochinchina.
15 Mar 1874 Vietnam recognizes the full sovereignty of France over Cochinchina
and adds to it the three provinces occupied in 1867 (by Second
Treaty of Saigon).
25 Aug 1883 B?nh Thuận province added to Cochinchina by the Harmand (Hue)
Treaty (ratified 1 Jan 1884).
16 Nov 1887 Becomes a territory within the Union of French Indochina .
21 Dec 1933 Spratly Islands are annexed to French Cochinchina.
28 Jul 1941 Japanese troops based in French Cochinchina (de facto occupation).
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation (see under Indochina ).
15 Aug 1945 Japan transfers Cochinchina, renamed Nam Bo, to Empire of Vietnam.
6 Sep 1945 - 28 Mar 1946 British occupation (s.a.)
1 Jun 1946 Republic of Cochinchina proclaimed in Saigon (see below).
23 Apr 1949 Territorial Assembly of Cochinchina approved unification with
(South) Vietnam.
4 Jun 1949 Cochinchina formally becomes part of (South) Vietnam in accordance
with a law passed by the National Assembly of France.

Commander-in-chief of the Naval Division of R騏nion and Indo-Chine, and
Commander-in-chief of the Expeditionary Corps of the Chinese Seas

1 Sep 1858 - 1 Nov 1859 Charles Rigault de Genouilly (b. 1807 - d. 1873)
Commander-in-chief of the Naval Division of the Chinese Seas
1 Nov 1859 - 6 Feb 1861 Th駮g鈩e Fran輟is Page (b. 1807 - d. 1867)
Governors
- in Tourane (Da Nang) -
1 Sep 1858 - 18 Feb 1859 Charles Rigault de Genouilly (s.a.)
19 Oct 1859 - 23 Mar 1860 Th駮g鈩e Fran輟is Page (s.a.)
- in Saigon -
18 Feb 1859 - 1859 Charles Rigault de Genouilly (s.a.)
Mar 1859 - 1 Apr 1860 Jean Bernard Jaur馮uiberry (acting)(b. 1815 - d. 1887)
1 Apr 1860 - 6 Feb 1861 Th駮g鈩e Fran輟is Page (s.a.)
1 Apr 1860 - 6 Feb 1861 Joseph Hyacinthe Louis Jules (b. 1813 - d. 1878)
d'Ari鑚 (acting for Page)
6 Feb 1861 - 30 Nov 1861 L駮nard Victor Joseph Charner (b. 1797 - d. 1869)
30 Nov 1861 - 16 Oct 1863 Louis Adolphe Bonard (b. 1805 - d. 1867)
16 Oct 1863 - 31 Mar 1865 Pierre Paul Marie de La Grandi鑽e (b. 1807 - d. 1876)
(1st time)
1 Apr 1865 - 28 Nov 1865 Pierre Gustave Roze (interim) (b. 1812 - d. 1883)
28 Nov 1865 - 4 Apr 1868 Pierre Paul Marie de La Grandi鑽e (s.a.)
(2nd time)
4 Apr 1868 - 10 Dec 1869 Marie Gustave Hector Ohier (b. 1814 - d. 1870)
(acting)
10 Dec 1869 - 9 Jan 1870 Joseph Faron (interim) (b. 1819 - d. 1881)
9 Jan 1870 - 1 Apr 1871 Alphonse Jean Claude Ren? Th駮dore (b. 1811 - d. 1886)
de Cornulier-Lucini鑽e
1 Apr 1871 - 16 Mar 1872 Marie Jules Dupr? (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1881)
16 Mar 1872 - 16 Dec 1872 Charles Joseph Basher d'Arbaud (b. 1816 - d. 1876)
(acting)
16 Dec 1872 - 15 Mar 1874 Marie Jules Dupr? (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Mar 1874 - 30 Nov 1874 Jules Fran輟is ノmile Krantz (b. 1821 - d. 1914)
(acting)
30 Nov 1874 - 31 Jan 1876 Victor Auguste, baron Duperr? (b. 1825 - d. 1900)
(1st time)
1 Feb 1876 - 6 Jul 1876 Henri Ga?tan Ernest Bossant (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
(acting)
7 Jul 1876 - 16 Oct 1877 Victor Auguste, baron Duperr? (s.a.)
(2nd time)
16 Oct 1877 - 7 Jul 1879 Louis Charles Georges Jules Lafont (b. 1824 - d. 1908)
7 Jul 1879 - 7 Nov 1882 Charles Le Myre de Vilers (b. 1833 - d. 1918)
4 Mar 1881 - 31 Oct 1881 Arthur de Trentinian (b. 1822 - d. 1885)
(acting for de Vilers)
7 Nov 1882 - 27 Jul 1885 Charles Antoine Fran輟is Thomson (b. 1845 - d. 1898)
27 Jul 1885 - 19 Jun 1886 Charles Auguste Fr馘駻ic B?gin (b. 1835 - d. 1901)
20 Jun 1886 - 22 Oct 1887 Ange Michel Filippini (b. 1834 - d. 1887)
23 Oct 1887 - 2 Nov 1887 Marie Jacques No?l Pardon (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1910)
3 Nov 1887 - 15 Nov 1887 Jules Georges Piquet (acting) (b. 1839 - d. 1928)
Lieutenant-governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina)
16 Nov 1887 - 13 Jan 1888 Jean Antoine Ernest Constans (b. 1833 - d. 1913)
13 Jan 1888 - 2 Aug 1888 Auguste Eug鈩e Navelle (b. 1846 - d. 19..)
Directors of Local Service

3 Aug 1888 - 25 Aug 1888 Auguste Eug鈩e Navelle (acting) (s.a.)
25 Aug 1888 - 16 May 1889 Paul Louis Maxime C?loron de (b. 1831 - d. 1889)
Blainville
Lieutenant-governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina)
21 May 1889 - 9 Aug 1889 Augustin Julien Four鑚 (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1915)
(acting)
9 Aug 1889 - 11 Sep 1892 Henri ノloi Danel (b. 1850 - d. 1900)
11 Sep 1892 - 25 Mar 1894 Augustin Julien Four鑚 (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 21 Oct 1892)
25 Mar 1894 - 15 Sep 1894Auguste Eug鈩e Navelle (acting) (s.a.)
15 Sep 1895 - 18 Jul 1895 Augustin Julien Four鑚 (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Jul 1895 - 22 Mar 1896 Alexandre Antoine ノtienne Gustave (b. 1851 - d. 1907)
Ducos (1st time)
22 Mar 1896 - 19 Nov 1896 Gustave Guillaume Sandret (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1909)
19 Nov 1896 - 9 May 1897 Alexandre Antoine ノtienne Gustave (s.a.)
Ducos (2nd time)
10 May 1897 - 1 Jan 1898 Ange Eug鈩e Nicolai (acting) (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
1 Jan 1898 - 11 Apr 1899 ノdouard Picanon (1st time) (b. 1854 - d. 1939)
11 Apr 1899 - 1 Nov 1900 Ferdinand Georges Jules Bocquet (b. 1849 - d. 19..)
(acting)
1 Nov 1900 - 28 Jul 1901 ノdouard Picanon (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1901 - 3 Sep 1901 Louis Paul Luce (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1931)
5 Sep 1901 - 18 Sep 1902 Henri F駘ix de Lamothe (b. 1843 - d. 1926)
18 Sep 1902 - 10 Mar 1906 Fran輟is Pierre Rodier (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
(1st time)
10 Mar 1906 - Feb 1907 Olivier Charles Arthur de Lalande (b. 1853 - d. 1910)
de Calan (acting)
Feb 1907 - 13 Jul 1907 Fran輟is Pierre Rodier (s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Jul 1907 - 28 Feb 1908 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
28 Feb 1908 - 24 Sep 1908 Ernest Antoine Outrey (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1941)
(acting)
24 Sep 1908 - 9 Jan 1909 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jan 1909 - 16 Jun 1909 Ernest Antoine Outrey (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
16 Jun 1909 - Dec 1911 Jules Maurice Gourbeil (b. 1867 - d. 1948)
Governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina)
Dec 1911 - 22 Mar 1912 Jules Maurice Gourbeil (1st time) (s.a.)
22 Mar 1912 - 13 Dec 1912 L?on Louis Jean George Destenay (b. 1861 - d. 1915)
(acting)
13 Dec 1912 - Jan 1914 Jules Maurice Gourbeil (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Jan 1914 - 7 Jul 1914 Maurice Joseph Le Gallen (1st time)(b. 1873 - d. 1956)
(acting)
7 Jul 1914 - 25 Apr 1916 Jules Maurice Gourbeil (3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Apr 1916 - 9 Oct 1917 Louis F駘ix Marie ノdouard Rivet (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
(acting)
9 Oct 1917 - 22 Jun 1920 Maurice Joseph Le Gallen (2nd time)(s.a.)
22 Jun 1918 - 20 Feb 1920 Georges Ren? Gaston Masp駻o (b. 1872 - d. 1942)
(acting for Le Gallen)
20 Feb 1920 - 12 Nov 1920 Maurice Joseph Le Gallen (3rd time)(s.a.)
(acting)
12 Nov 1920 - 14 Feb 1922 Paul Achille Michel Quesnel (b. 1871 - d. 1945)
(acting to 18 Nov 1920)
14 Feb 1922 - 19 Apr 1926 Maurice Cognacq (b. 1870 - d. 1949)
(acting to 12 Apr 1922)
24 May 1924 - 17 Dec 1924 Auguste Eug鈩e Ludovic Tholance (b. 1878 - d. 1938)
(acting for Cognacq)
19 Apr 1926 - 30 Dec 1926 Aristide Eug鈩e Le Fol (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1967)
30 Dec 1926 - 12 Jan 1929 Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
de la Brosse
12 Jan 1929 - 6 Mar 1929 Eug鈩e Henri Roger Eutrope (b. 1881 - d. 1953)
(interim)
6 Mar 1929 - 20 May 1934 Jean F駘ix Krautheimer (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
21 Nov 1931 - 11 Nov 1932 Eug駭e Henri Eutrope (s.a.)
(acting for Krautheimer)
20 May 1934 - 12 May 1939 Pierre Andr? Michel Pag鑚 (b. 1893 - d. 1980)
1 Mar 1936 - 12 Oct 1936 Henri Georges Rivoal (b. 1886 - d. 1963)
(acting for Pag鑚)
12 May 1939 - 16 Nov 1940 Ren? Veber (b. 1888 - d. 1972)
16 Nov 1940 - 21 Nov 1942 Henri Georges Rivoal (s.a.)
(acting to 11 Dec 1940)
21 Nov 1942 - 9 Mar 1945 Ernest Thimoth馥 Hoeffel (b. 1900 - d. 1952)
(interim to 16 Mar 1943)
(Japanese prisoner 9 Mar-Aug 1945)
Japanese Governor
(subordinated to the Japanese Governor-general of Indochina)
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Fujio Minoda
(b. 1894 - d. 19..)
Vietnamese Imperial Delegate in the South
15 Aug 1945 - 25 Aug 1945 Nguyen Van Sam (b. 1898 - d. 1947) VQD
Chairman of the Provisional Southern Executive Committee
25 Aug 1945 - 22 Sep 1945 Tran Van Giau (b. 1911 - d. 2010) DCSD
Commander-in-Chief Allied Land Forces, French Indochina
13 Sep 1945 - 28 Mar 1946 Douglas David Gracey (U.K.) (b. 1894 - d. 1964) Mil
Chairman of the Allied Control Commission
in French Indochina
13 Sep 1945 - 28 Mar 1946 Douglas David Gracey (U.K.) (s.a.) Mil
French Commissioners of the French Republic in Cochinchina
(subordinated to the High Commissioners of France in Indochina)
24 Aug 1945 - 20 May 1947
Jean Marie Ars鈩e C馘ile (b. 1908 - d. 1984)

(commissioner of the Republic for Cochinchina and South Annam)
20 May 1947 - 6 Aug 1947 Robert Jean Dufour (acting) (b. 1896 - d. 1974)

6
Aug 1947 - 6 Jun 1949 Pierre Boyer De La Tour du Moulin (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
(interim)

President of the Council of the South (Cochinchina)
21 Jul 1945 - 25 Aug 1945 Tran Van An (b. 1906 - d. 2002) VPDH


South Vietnam
Map of South Vietnam
Hear National Anthem
"Tiếng Gọi C?ng D穗"
(Call to the Citizens)
(2 Jun 1948-30 Apr 1975)
Hear National (NLF) Anthem
"Giải ph?ng miền Nam"
(Liberate the South)
(30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976)
Constitutions
(1 Apr 1967 - 30 Apr 1975;
20 Oct 1964 - 1967;
16 Aug 1964 - 1964;
26 Oct 1956 - 4 Nov 1963)
Capital: Saigon (S瀛 G?n)
(from 30 Apr 1975,
Ho Chi Minh City
[Th瀟h phố Hồ Ch? Minh])
Currency: Viet Nam
South Dong (VNS)
(22 Sep 1975-2 May 1978);
South Vietnam Dong (VNR) (1953-1975); French
Indochina Piastre (ICFP)
(1946-1954)
National Holiday:
26 Oct (1956)
Ng炸 Quốc Kh疣h
(National Day)
(also called Constitution Day
from 1967, Republic Day)
----------------------------------
in Mar/Apr
(10th day of 3 month in
the Lunar calendar)
"Giỗ Tổ H?ng Vương"
(Hero King's Temple Festival)
Population: 19,370,000 (1973)
16,258,334 (1968)
GNP: 3ドル billion (1965)
Exports: 40ドル million (1965)
Imports: 300ドル million (1965)
Ethnic groups: Kinh (Viet) 80%, Chinese (Hoa), Montagnard (Degar), French, Mon-Khmer, Cham, Malay, Eurasians, and others 20% (1970)
Total Armed Forces (ARVN): 1,000,000 (1971)
National Police: 120,700 (1972)
U.S. Forces: 525,000 (1968)
Free World Military Assistance Forces (FWMF): 67,44 (1970)
Merchant marine: 39 ships (1974)
Religions: majority Buddhist, Roman Catholic 10%,
Protestant, Cao-Dai, Hoa Hao, Taoist, animists, others (1970)
International Organizations/Treaties (1946-1976): ACCT, ADB, ASPAC, BTWC (signatory), CP, FAO, G-77 (to 1975), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM (1975-76), NPT, SEATO (observer), UN (observer 1952-76), UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

1 Jun 1946 Republic of Cochinchina (Cộng h?a Nam Kỳ)(literally, "Republic
of the Southern
Part", in French: R駱ublique de Cochinchine).
Also in official use 1948-1949:
South Vietnam (Nam phần Việt
Nam
, literally "Southern Region of Vietnam", in French: Sud
Vi黎 Nam
/R駱ubliqueautonome de Cochinchine) proclaimed in Saigon.

27 Oct 1946 - 9 Dec 1955 (South) Vietnam a member of the French Union (Union
Fran軋ise).

23 May 1948 Vietnam (Việt Nam)
4 Jun 1949 Cochinchina formally becomes part of (South) Vietnam.
14 Jun 1949 State of Vietnam (Quốc gia Việt Nam),
a French associated state.
21 Jul 1954 Division formalized by Geneva Accords.
26 Oct 1955 Republic of Vietnam (Việt Nam Cộng h?a)(aka South Vietnam).
27 Jan 1973 Paris Peace Accords signed.
30 Apr 1975 Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng h?a Miền Nam Việt Nam), NFL
forces
occupy Saigon.
2 Jul 1976 Unification with North Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Presidents of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Cochinchina
1 Jun 1946 - 10 Nov 1946 Nguyen Van Thin (b. 1888 - d. 1946) IDP
15 Nov 1946 - 7 Dec 1946 Nguyen Van Xuan (b. 1892 - d. 1989) Mil
7 Dec 1946 - 8 Oct 1947 Le Van Hoach (b. 1896 - d. 1978) Non-party
President of the Provisional Government of South Vietnam
8 Oct 1947 - 23 May 1948 Nguyen Van Xuan (s.a.) Mil

President of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
23 May 1948 - 14 Jun 1949 Nguyen Van Xuan (s.a.) Mil
Heads of State
14 Jun 1949 - 26 Oct 1955 duc Bao Dai (b. 1913 - d. 1997) Non-party
(= Nguyen Vinh Thuy)
30 Apr 1955 - 26 Oct 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem (acting for Bao Dai) (b. 1901 - d. 1963) CL+NRM
(= Jean-Baptiste Ngo Dinh Diem)
26 Oct 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem (s.a.)
CL+NRM
President

26 Oct 1955 - 2 Nov 1963 Ngo Dinh Diem (s.a.) CL+NRM
Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee
2 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964 Duong Van Minh (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2001) Mil

Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council
30 Jan 1964 - 8 Feb 1964 Nguyen Khanh (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 2013) Mil

Head of State
8 Feb 1964 - 16 Aug 1964 Duong Van Minh (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil

President (Chairman)
16 Aug 1964 - 27 Aug 1964 Nguyen Khanh (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil

Chairman of the Provisional Leadership Committee for the Nation and Armed Forces
27 Aug 1964 - 8 Sep 1964
Provisional Leadership Committee
- Nguyen Khanh (s.a.) Mil
- Duong Van Minh (s.a.) Mil

- Tran Thien Khiem (b. 1925 - d. 2021) Mil
8 Sep 1964 - 26 Oct 1964 Duong Van Minh (3rd time) (s.a.) Mil
Head of State
26 Oct 1964 - 14 Jun 1965 Phan Khac Suu (b. 1905 - d. 1970) Non-party

Chairman of the National Leadership Committee
14 Jun 1965 - 31 Oct 1967 Nguyen Van Thieu (b. 1923 - d. 2001) Mil

Presidents
31 Oct 1967 - 21 Apr 1975 Nguyen Van Thieu (s.a.) Mil;1968 NSDF
21 Apr 1975 - 28 Apr 1975 Tran Van Huong (b. 1903 - d. 1982) Non-party

28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975 Duong Van Minh (4th time) (acting) (s.a.) Mil
Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Government
30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976 Huynh Tan Phat (b. 1913 - d. 1989) NLF
(in rebellion from 8 Jun 1969)

Chief of the Provisional Government
26 Mar 1946 - 30 May 1946 Nguyen Van Thin (s.a.) IDP
Prime ministers
13 Jun 1949 - 21 Jan 1950 Bao Dai (s.a.) Non-party
21 Jan 1950 - 26 Apr 1950 Nguyen Phan Long (b. 1888 - d. 1960) DLH
27 Apr 1950 - 6 Jun 1952 Tran Van Huu (b. 1896 - d. 1984) Non-party
6 Jun 1952 - 17 Dec 1953 Nguyen Van Tam (b. 1895 - d. 1990) VNQ
12 Jan 1954 - 16 Jun 1954 Prince Nguyen Phuoc Buu Loc (b. 1914 - d. 1990) Non-party
16 Jun 1954 - 26 Jun 1954 Phan Huy Quat (1st time)(acting) (b. 1909 - d. 1979) DVP
26 Jun 1954 - 26 Oct 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem (s.a.) NRM
26 Oct 1955 - 4 Nov 1963 Post abolished
4 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964 Nguyen Ngoc Tho (b. 1908 - d. 1976) Non-party
8 Feb 1964 - 29 Aug 1964 Nguyen Khanh (1st time) (s.a.) Mil
29 Aug 1964 - 3 Sep 1964 Nguyen Xuan Oanh (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 2003) Non-party
(acting)
3 Sep 1964 - 4 Nov 1964 Nguyen Khanh (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
4 Nov 1964 - 28 Jan 1965 Tran Van Huong (1st time) (s.a.) Mil
28 Jan 1965 - 15 Feb 1965 Nguyen Xuan Oanh (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
(acting)
16 Feb 1965 - 8 Jun 1965 Phan Huy Quat (2nd time) (s.a.) DVP
19 Jun 1965 - 31 Oct 1967 Nguyen Cao Ky (b. 1930 - d. 2011) Mil
31 Oct 1967 - 17 May 1968 Nguyen Van Loc (b. 1922 - d. 1992) Mil
28 May 1968 - 1 Sep 1969 Tran Van Huong (2nd time) (s.a.) NSDF
1 Sep 1969 - 4 Apr 1975 Tran Thiem Khiem (s.a.) DVP+NSDF
4 Apr 1975 - 24 Apr 1975 Nguyen Ba Can (b. 1930 - d. 2009) DC
28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975 Vu Van Mau (b. 1914 - d. 1998) NRF
Chairman of the Presidium of the Consultative Council
30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976 Nguyen Huu Tho (b. 1910 - d. 1996) NLF
(in rebellion from 8 Jun 1969)

French High Commissioners (at Saigon)
14 Aug 1945 - 27 Apr 1953 the High Commissioners of French Indochina
French Commissioners of the French Republic in (South) Vietnam
6 Jun 1949
- 21 Nov 1949 Pierre Boyer De La Tour du Moulin (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
(interim)
21 Nov 1949 - 31 Jul 1951 Charles Marie Chanson (b. 1902 - d. 1951)
1 Aug 1951 - 27 Sep 1951 Raoul Albert Louis Salan (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
(acting)
27 Sep 1951 - 27 Apr 1953 Paul Louis Bondis (b. 1895 - d. 1986)
Commissioners-general

27 Apr 1953 - 21 Jul 1956 the Commissioners-general of French Indochina

Commanders, United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (COMUSMACV)
8 Feb 1962 - 20 Jun 1964 Paul Donal Harkins (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
20 Jun 1964 - 22 Mar 1968 William Childs Westmoreland (b. 1914 - d. 2005)
22 Mar 1968 - 30 Jun 1972 Creighton Williams Abrams, Jr. (b. 1914 - d. 1974)
30 Jun 1972 - 29 Mar 1973 Frederick Carlton Weyand (b. 1916 - d. 2010)

Party abbreviations: CL = Cần lao Nh穗 vị C當h Mạng ミảng (Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party, "Can Lao", personalist, anti-communist, 8 Aug 1954-1 Nov 1963); DC = Đảng D穗 chủ (Democratic Party, democratic socialist, 1973-1975); DLH = D Lập hiến/Parti Constitutionnaliste (Constitutional Party, 1923-1939); DVP = Đại Việt Quốc d穗 Đảng (Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam, "Dai Viet", nationalist, anti-communist, 1939-1975);IDP = Parti D駑ocrate Indochinois/Đảng D穗 chủ Đ?ng Dương (Democratic Party of Indochina, nationalist, 1937-1947); NLF = Mặt trận D穗 tộc Giải ph?ng miền Nam Việt Nam (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, "Viet Cong", communist, 20 Dec 1960-4 Feb 1977, merged into Vietnamese Fatherland Front [Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam]); NRF = Lực lượng H?a giải h?a hợp d穗 tộc (National Reconciliation Force, pacificist, Buddhist, 1974-1975); NRM = Phong Tr瀰 C當h Mạng Quốc (National Revolutionary Movement, pro-Dinh Diem party, 1954-1963); NSDF = Mặt trận Quốc gia D穗 chủ X? hội (National Social Democratic Front, anti-communist, center-right, Nguyen Van Thieu ledcoalition of 6 parties: Greater Union Force, Social Humanist Party [successor to CL], Revolutionary Dai Viet, the Social Democratic Party, United Vietnam Kuomintang, and People's Alliance for Social Revolution, 1967-1975);VNQ = Việt Nam Quốc D穗 Đảng (Vietnam Nationalist Party, "Viet Quoc", democratic socialist, 1927-1975); VPDH = Việt Nam Phục quốc Đồng minh Hội (League for the National Restoration of Vietnam, constitutional monarchist, 1939-1951);VQD = Việt Nam Quốc gia Độc lập Đảng (Vietnam National Independence Party, Vietnamese nationalist, 10 Mar - Aug 1945); Mil = Military


Alternative Government: Provisional Revolutionary Government of Republic of South Vietnam

Capital: T窕 Ninh (1969-1972);
Lộc Ninh (1972-1973);
Cam Lộ (1973-1975)
Currency: South Vietnam Dong (VNR)(1969-1975
------------------------------
Total Armed Forces (PLAF [VC]): 200,000 (1968)
Hear National Anthem
"Giải ph?ng miền Nam"
(Liberate the South)
Adopted by NLF 1969

8 Jun 1969 Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of
South Vietnam (Ch?nh phủ C當h mạng L穃 thời Cộng h?a miền
Nam Việt Nam
) established, in rebellion against
the
Republic of Vietnam (Saigon) government.
30 Apr 1975 NLF takes control of South Vietnam.

Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Government
8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975 Huynh Tat Phat (b. 1913 - d. 1989) NLF

Chairman of the Presidium of the Consultative Council
8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975 Nguyen Huu Tho (b. 1910 - d. 1996) NLF

Party abbreviation: NLF = Mặt trận D穗 tộc Giải ph?ng miền Nam Việt Nam (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, "Viet Cong", South Vietnam insurgent communist, 20 Dec 1960-4 Feb 1977, merged into Vietnamese Fatherland Front [Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam])



North Vietnam
Map of North Vietnam Hear National Anthem
"Tiến Qu穗 Ca"
(The Marching Song) Text of National Anthem
Adopted 9 Nov 1946
(in use from 17 Aug 1945)
Constitutions
(1 Jul 1960-1980;
9 Nov 1946 - 1960)
Capital: Hanoi
(H? Nội) Currency: 1958-1978 North Vietnam New Dong (VDD);
1953-1958 North Vietnam
Piastre Dong (VDD); 1946-1953 Viet Minh Piastre Dong Viet (VDP)
National Holiday: 2 Sep (1945)
Ng炸 Quốc Kh疣h
(Independence Day)
Population: 23,930,000
(1973 est.)
15,916,955 (1960)
GNP: 2ドル billion (1965)
Exports: 50ドル-60 million (1965)
Imports: 110ドル-220 million (1965)
Ethnic groups: Kinh (Viet), minority groups (Chinese [Hoa], Tay, Muong, Thai, Nung, Meo, Zhao, others) 14.8% (1960)
Total Armed Forces (PAVN [NVA]): 685,000 (1975)
Merchant marine: 5 ships (1974)
Religions: Buddhist, Roman Catholic, animists, atheist
International Organizations/Treaties (1946-1976): Comecon (observer 1956-1978), ICRM, LORCS, UN (observer 1975-76), WFTU, WHO, WMO

27 Aug 1945 Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
2 Sep 1945 Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Việt Nam D穗 chủ Cộng h?a),
Vietnam is proclaimed independent and sovereign state).
9 Sep 1945 - 6 Mar 1946 Allied (Chinese) occupation (see under
French Indochina ).
2 Jul 1976 Unification with South Vietnam as
Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Chairman of the Central Committee of the Indochinese Communist Party
(from 19 Feb 1951, Vietnam Workers' Party)

Oct 1930 - 2 Sep 1969 Ho Chi Minh (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
(= Nguyen Sinh Cung [changed to Nguyen Tat Thanh],
pseudonyms Nguyen Ai Quoc, Ly Thuy)

First Secretaries
of the Central Committee of the Vietnam Workers' Party
(top party post from 2 Sep 1969)

May 1941 - 1 Nov 1956 Truong Chinh (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
1 Nov 1956 - 10 Sep 1960 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.)
10 Sep 1960 - 20 Dec 1976 Le Duan (b. 1907 - d. 1986)

Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
27 Aug 1945 - 2 Mar 1946 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD
Chairman of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
2 Mar 1946 - 19 Aug 1948 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD
State Presidents
of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
19 Aug 1948 - 2 Sep 1969 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD;1951 DLDV
3 Sep 1969 - 2 Jul 1976 Ton Duc Thang (b. 1888 - d. 1980) DLDV
(acting to 23 Sep 1969)

Prime ministers
30 Aug 1945 - 20 Sep 1955 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD;1951 DLDV
20 Sep 1955 - 2 Jul 1976 Pham Van Dong (b. 1908 - d. 2000) DLDV

Party abbreviation:DCSV = Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, Marxist-Lenninst communist, only legal party in North Vietnam; original nameVietnamese Communist Party [Đảng Cộng Sản Việt Nam][DCSV] Feb 1930-Oct 1930, successive names were: Indochinese Communist Party [Đ?ng Dương Cộng sản Đảng][DCSD], Oct 1930-Feb 1951, which was officially dissolved 11 Nov 1945 and merged into League for the Independence of Vietnam [Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội] "Viet Minh", although DCSD continuedin secret to 1951; Vietnam Workers's Party [Đảng Lao động Việt Nam][DLDV] Feb 1951-Dec 1976; and from 20 Dec 1976 renamed DCSV)


Socialist Republic of Vietnam


2 Jul 1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng h?a X? hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam),
(unification of Vietnam).

First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Vietnam Workers' Party
2 Jul 1976 - 20 Dec 1976 Le Duan (b. 1907 - d. 1986)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
20 Dec 1976 - 10 Jul 1986 Le Duan (s.a.)
14 Jul 1986 - 18 Dec 1986 Truong Chinh (= Dang Xuan Khu) (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
18 Dec 1986 - 27 Jun 1991 Nguyen Van Linh (b. 1915 - d. 1998)
27 Jun 1991 - 29 Dec 1997 Do Muoi (= Nguyen Duy Cong) (b. 1917 - d. 2018)
29 Dec 1997 - 22 Apr 2001 Le Kha Phieu (b. 1931 - d. 2020)
22 Apr 2001 - 19 Jan 2011 Nong Duc Manh (b. 1940)
19 Jan 2011 - 19 Jul 2024 Nguyen Phu Trong (b. 1944 - d. 2024)
18 Jul 2024 - To Lam (b. 1957)
(acting [for Nguyen to 19 Jul 2024] to 3 Aug 2024)

State Presidents
2 Jul 1976 - 30 Mar 1980 Ton Duc Thang (s.a.) DLDV;1976 DCSV
30 Mar 1980 - 4 Jul 1981 Nguyen Huu Tho (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1996) DCSV
Chairmen of the Council of State
4 Jul 1981 - 18 Jun 1987 Truong Chinh (s.a.) DCSV
18 Jun 1987 - 23 Sep 1992 Vo Chi Cong (= Vo Toan) (b. 1913 - d. 2011) DCSV
State Presidents
23 Sep 1992 - 24 Sep 1997 Le Duc Anh (b. 1920 - d. 2019) DCSV
24 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006 Tran Duc Luong (b. 1937) DCSV
27 Jun 2006 - 25 Jul 2011 Nguyen Minh Triet (b. 1942) DCSV
25 Jul 2011 - 2 Apr 2016 Truong Tan Sang (b. 1949) DCSV
2 Apr 2016 - 21 Sep 2018 Tran Dai Quang (b. 1956 - d. 2018) DCSV
21 Sep 2018 - 23 Oct 2018 Dang Thi Ngoc Thinh (f)(acting) (b. 1959) DCSV
23 Oct 2018 - 5 Apr 2021 Nguyen Phu Trong (s.a.) DCSV

5 Apr 2021 - 18 Jan 2023 Nguyen Xuan Phuc (b. 1954) DCSV
18 Jan 2023 - 2 Mar 2023 Vo Thi Anh Xuan (f)(1st time) (b. 1970) DCSV
(acting)
2 Mar 2023 - 21 Mar 2024 Vo Van Thuong (b. 1970) DCSV
21 Mar 2024 - 22 May 2024 Vo Thi Anh Xuan (f)(2nd time) (s.a.) DCSV
(acting)
22 May 2024 -
21 Oct 2024 To Lam (s.a.) DCSV
21 Oct 2024 - Luong Cuong (b. 1957) DCSV

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
2 Jul 1976 - 18 Jun 1987 Pham Van Dong (s.a.) DLDV;1976 DCSV
18 Jun 1987 - 10 Mar 1988 Pham Hung (b. 1912 - d. 1988) DCSV
10 Mar 1988 - 22 Jun 1988 Vo Van Kiet (1st time) (acting) (b. 1922 - d. 2008) DCSV
22 Jun 1988 - 8 Aug 1991 Do Muoi (s.a.) DCSV
8 Aug 1991 - 24 Sep 1992 Vo Van Kiet (2nd time) (s.a.) DCSV
Prime ministers
24 Sep 1992 - 25 Sep 1997 Vo Van Kiet (s.a.) DCSV
25 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006 Phan Van Khai (b. 1933 - d. 2018) DCSV
27 Jun 2006 - 7 Apr 2016 Nguyen Tan Dung (b. 1949) DCSV
7 Apr 2016 - 5 Apr 2021 Nguyen Xuan Phuc (s.a.) DCSV
5 Apr 2021 - Pham Minh Chinh (b. 1958) DCSV

Territorial Disputes:Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of Asian swine fever; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments along border; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; progress on a joint development area and establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; an estimated 300,000 Vietnamese refugees reside in China; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; China occupies the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Brunei claims a maritime boundary extending beyond as far as a median with Vietnam, thus asserting an implicit claim to Lousia Reef; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in theSpratly Islands ; in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Economic Exclusion Zone negotiations with Indonesia are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary; in May 2018, Russia's RosneftVietnam unit started drilling at a block southeast of Vietnam which is within the area outlined by China's nine-dash line and Beijing issued a warning.

Party abbreviation:DCSV = Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist,
authoritarian, government party, to 20 Dec 1976 named Vietnam Workers's Party[Dang Lao Dong Viet Nam], est.1930)








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